{
  "meta": {
    "exportedAt": "2026-09-22T15:58:56.522Z",
    "formatVersion": 2,
    "selection": {
      "q": "zoom",
      "system": "",
      "harm": "",
      "context": "",
      "country": "",
      "role": "",
      "relation": "core",
      "evidence": "",
      "year": "",
      "response": "",
      "severity": "",
      "verification": "",
      "view": "incidents",
      "sort": "added"
    },
    "totalIncidents": 2,
    "coverage": {
      "cases": 2,
      "countries": 2,
      "languages": 1,
      "unknownLocation": 0,
      "locationPending": 0,
      "unknownLanguage": 0,
      "unknownDate": 0,
      "lawsuits": 0,
      "regulatory": 2,
      "minors": 0,
      "coreRelations": 2,
      "contextualRelations": 0,
      "mixedRelations": 0,
      "unknownRelations": 0,
      "relationPending": 0,
      "relationUnknown": 0
    },
    "countingNote": "Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.",
    "affectedCountNote": "Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.",
    "source": "NOPE Incident Tracker",
    "url": "https://nope.net/incidents",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0"
  },
  "incidents": [
    {
      "id": "2026-singapore-deepfake-zoom-pm-impersonation-funding-scam",
      "caseFacts": {
        "claims": [
          {
            "id": "c1",
            "status": "reported",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "'A person lost at least $4.9 million after falling for a scam involving the impersonation of senior government officials'; 'received a WhatsApp message with a profile photo of Mr Wong Hong Kuan'; 'transferred the money through a series of transactions to a corporate bank account supplied by the scammers'.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s2"
              },
              {
                "locator": "'He lost at least $4.9 million after believing that Prime Minister Lawrence Wong had sought his help'; 'the email was sent from a Proton Mail account'; 'invited to a Zoom video conference ... fabricated using deepfake artificial intelligence technology'.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s3"
              },
              {
                "locator": "'In one case, a victim lost at least S$4.9 million (US$3.8 million) in what was claimed to be funding assistance related to the Strait of Hormuz'.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s1"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "A businessman lost at least S$4.9 million after being approached by scammers posing as the Secretary to the Cabinet, signing an NDA, receiving a fake letter of guarantee with the Prime Minister's signature, attending a deepfake Zoom conference of government officials, and then transferring money in a series of transactions to a corporate account.",
            "causal_attribution": "Singapore Police Force advisory relayed by three outlets; single official chain."
          },
          {
            "id": "c2",
            "status": "reported",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "'the speech did not synchronise with the speakers' lips'; 'the speech was broadcast via one account throughout the call'; 'end with a deepfake video of PM Wong delivering closing remarks, which included an acknowledgement of the victim's attendance'.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s1"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "Police obtained the footage of the fabricated Zoom conference depicting the Prime Minister, the President, Minister Indranee Rajah, MAS representatives and foreign officials, and identified deepfake indicators: speech out of sync with lips, audio broadcast from one account, and a distorted background and Zoom logo; the fake Prime Minister's closing remarks acknowledged the victim's attendance.",
            "causal_attribution": "Police statement on their own examination of the footage, reported by CNA."
          }
        ],
        "effects": [
          {
            "label": "a businessman lost at least S$4.9 million after a deepfake video conference of government officials and a fake letter of guarantee",
            "claim_id": "c1",
            "direction": "negative"
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "s1",
            "url": "https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/impersonation-scam-fake-zoom-meeting-footage-lawrence-wong-tharman-indranee-police-6125691",
            "kind": "news_report",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-18 (CNA, 16 May 2026). Reports the police release of the fabricated Zoom footage, the participants depicted and the deepfake indicators.",
            "independence_group": "spf-advisory"
          },
          {
            "id": "s2",
            "url": "https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/victim-loses-at-least-4-9m-in-scam-involving-deepfakes-of-pm-wong-government-officials",
            "kind": "news_report",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-18 (Straits Times, 14 May 2026). Reports the SPF advisory: WhatsApp and proton.me approach, NDA, letter of guarantee, Zoom call, transfers, and the 9 May SIM-card charges.",
            "independence_group": "spf-advisory"
          },
          {
            "id": "s3",
            "url": "https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/police-spf-advisory-government-official-impersonation-scam-pm-lawrence-wong-funding-assistance-hormuz-49-million",
            "kind": "news_report",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-18 (AsiaOne, 13/14 May 2026). Same SPF advisory with screenshots of the WhatsApp and email approach.",
            "independence_group": "spf-advisory"
          }
        ],
        "version": 1,
        "ai_roles": [
          "others_use"
        ],
        "contexts": [
          "finance",
          "public_services"
        ],
        "unknowns": [
          "The victim's identity, business and the exact date of the transfers are not published (advisory 14 May 2026).",
          "No arrest for this loss or recovery of funds is reported.",
          "The deepfake tools used are not identified.",
          "Whether the victim has pursued civil recovery is unknown."
        ],
        "geography": {
          "basis": "Singapore Police Force advisory; the victim is described as a Singapore business professional who had dealt with government officials (Straits Times, CNA). No court proceeding for this loss is reported; the 9 May SIM-card charges concern earlier cases.",
          "court_countries": [],
          "event_countries": [
            "SG"
          ],
          "affected_person_countries": [
            "SG"
          ]
        },
        "publication": {
          "basis": "Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an impersonation-fraud case with a large documented loss to one person, where the police examined and released the AI-generated footage. Three Singapore outlets read, all relaying SPF advisories; claims recorded as reported. Victim unnamed; impersonated officials are public figures.",
          "reviewed_on": "2026-09-18"
        },
        "ai_involvement": {
          "basis": "The Singapore Police Force obtained the Zoom footage and described specific deepfake indicators (speech out of sync with lips, audio broadcast from a single account, distorted background and logo). The AI content depicted and impersonated named officials, and the fabricated closing remarks were addressed to the victim, acknowledging his attendance, which is why communicated_with is also recorded.",
          "status": "supported"
        },
        "person_relations": [
          "communicated_with",
          "depicted_or_impersonated"
        ]
      },
      "name": "Singapore: a businessman lost at least S$4.9 million after a deepfake Zoom 'briefing' with fabricated Prime Minister Lawrence Wong and other officials asked him for 'urgent funding assistance'",
      "summary": "In May 2026 the Singapore Police Force (SPF) reported that a man had lost at least S$4.9 million (about US$3.8 million) to a government-official impersonation scam. He received a WhatsApp message carrying the profile photo of Secretary to the Cabinet Wong Hong Kuan and an email from a proton.me address in that name, requesting urgent funding assistance for 'the situation in the Strait of Hormuz', with a fake 'letter of guarantee' bearing the Prime Minister's signature promising reimbursement within 15 business days; he signed a non-disclosure agreement and supplied a copy of his identity card. He was then invited to a Zoom video conference in which Prime Minister Lawrence Wong, President Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Minister Indranee Rajah, Monetary Authority of Singapore representatives and foreign officials appeared; all were fabricated with deepfake AI, and the closing 'remarks' by the fake Prime Minister acknowledged the victim's attendance. Contacted afterwards on WhatsApp by a scammer posing as a lawyer, he transferred the money in a series of transactions to a corporate bank account, and realised the fraud only when he contacted the real cabinet secretary. On 16 May the police released footage of the fake conference, noting lips out of sync with speech, audio broadcast from a single account and a distorted background.",
      "incidentDate": "2026-05-01",
      "incidentKind": "single_event",
      "incidentDatePrecision": "month",
      "exposurePattern": "single_interaction",
      "reportedDate": "2026-05-14",
      "aiSystem": "Deepfake AI video and audio fabricating Prime Minister Lawrence Wong, President Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Minister Indranee Rajah and other officials in a Zoom conference (tools not identified)",
      "severity": "high",
      "verificationStatus": "credible",
      "harmCategories": [],
      "harmOutcomes": [
        "financial_loss"
      ],
      "harmOutcomeSummary": "A businessman transferred at least S$4.9 million to scammers after a deepfake video conference fabricating the Prime Minister and other officials; the police documented the AI-generated footage.",
      "frameworkFacets": [],
      "causationStatus": "supported",
      "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0,
      "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1,
      "affectedCountStatus": "exact",
      "affectedCountEvidence": "Police describe a single victim who lost at least S$4.9 million. Exact count of one; the impersonated officials are not counted.",
      "victimAgeRange": "adult",
      "jurisdiction": "SG",
      "platformType": "other",
      "outcomeType": "investigation_opened",
      "outcomeStatus": "ongoing",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/victim-loses-at-least-4-9m-in-scam-involving-deepfakes-of-pm-wong-government-officials",
      "primarySourceLabel": "The Straits Times, 14 May 2026: Victim loses at least $4.9m in scam involving deepfakes of PM Wong, government officials (Singapore Police Force advisory)",
      "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-18T03:25:14.306192+00:00",
      "scopeVersion": "facts-v3",
      "tags": [
        "deepfake",
        "government-impersonation",
        "zoom",
        "video-conference",
        "fraud",
        "singapore",
        "financial-loss",
        "police-documented"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-leal-ai-impersonation-immigration-scam",
      "caseFacts": {
        "claims": [
          {
            "id": "c1",
            "status": "corroborated",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "'his image and name and even his voice have been cloned with artificial intelligence to deceive desperate immigrants'; 'fake contracts bearing his firm's logo, forged signatures, websites that mimic his site... entirely fabricated immigration hearings'.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s1"
              },
              {
                "locator": "'criminals are creating fake videos using his image, voice and name'; the WhatsApp-to-Zelle/Venmo script.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s2"
              },
              {
                "locator": "'scammers have used AI to produce fake immigration hearings over Zoom to dupe immigrants'.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s4"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "Criminals used AI to clone Ángel Leal's image, name, voice, signature and firm logo, producing fake videos, look-alike websites, forged contracts and fabricated Zoom hearings that offered immigration services (residency, citizenship 'without an exam', work permits) he never provided.",
            "causal_attribution": "Leal's own account, carried by four independent outlets."
          },
          {
            "id": "c2",
            "status": "corroborated",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "'some victims end up with deportation orders without having filed any real paperwork, believing their case was in progress'; payments via Zelle/Venmo/Cash App.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s2"
              },
              {
                "locator": "'It's gotten to the point where I literally have one to two people every day, all day, answering calls of people who have been defrauded or scammed'.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s4"
              },
              {
                "locator": "Leal describes the harm to 'other people's needs'; ABA/AILA describe victims paying scammers who impersonated lawyers.",
                "relation": "context",
                "source_id": "s1"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "Immigrants were defrauded of money paying for services Leal never provided, and some ended up with deportation orders believing their cases were in progress.",
            "causal_attribution": "Reported by Leal and immigration-lawyer groups; individual victims are not named and the total is not quantified."
          },
          {
            "id": "c3",
            "status": "corroborated",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "'6,454 fake profiles linked to these scams have been taken down' since March.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s2"
              },
              {
                "locator": "'in June alone... they had taken down over 6,600 fake videos and profiles'; 'Leal has filed a report with the Doral Police Department.'",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s4"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "Leal changed his phone number, hired an anti-piracy firm that removed thousands of fake profiles and videos (about 6,454 since March per NBC Miami; more than 6,600 by June per WLRN), and reported the fraud to Doral police and federal authorities.",
            "causal_attribution": "Leal and his anti-piracy vendor, as reported; the two removal figures cover different windows."
          }
        ],
        "effects": [
          {
            "label": "attorney's identity cloned with AI and used to defraud immigrants; reputational harm and business disruption to him, financial and legal harm to victims",
            "claim_id": "c1",
            "direction": "negative"
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "s1",
            "url": "https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/scammers-impersonate-immigration-lawyers-rcna348238",
            "kind": "news_report",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-06-04). NBC News national report; Leal interview, FTC/FBI context, ABA and AILA comment.",
            "independence_group": "nbc"
          },
          {
            "id": "s2",
            "url": "https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/south-florida-immigration-lawyers-identity-cloned-with-artificial-intelligence/3817579/",
            "kind": "news_report",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-06-05). NBC6 South Florida; Leal interview, fake videos and WhatsApp/Zelle scheme; story translated from Spanish with an AI tool and editor-reviewed.",
            "independence_group": "nbcmiami"
          },
          {
            "id": "s3",
            "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/south-florida-immigration-attorney-says-ai-scammers-are-using-his-identity-to-target-immigrants/",
            "kind": "news_report",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-17 via the Internet Archive capture 20260728171300 (CBS live returns HTTP 406); datePublished 2026-06-09. CBS News Miami; Leal interview, the $2,200 residency-video scheme, ~6,500 profiles removed.",
            "independence_group": "cbsmiami"
          },
          {
            "id": "s4",
            "url": "https://www.wlrn.org/immigration/2026-08-20/abogado-inmigracion-ai-scam-fraud",
            "kind": "news_report",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-08-20). WLRN Public Media; Leal realised the problem last October, one to two defrauded callers a day, 6,600+ removals in June, fake Zoom hearings, Doral police report.",
            "independence_group": "wlrn"
          }
        ],
        "version": 1,
        "ai_roles": [
          "others_use"
        ],
        "contexts": [
          "justice",
          "finance",
          "everyday_life"
        ],
        "unknowns": [
          "No individual defrauded immigrant is named and the total amount lost is not established; the reported per-victim figure (about $4,820/$5,000) comes from a Latin Times headline not inspected in full.",
          "No arrests are reported and no defendant is identified.",
          "Whether the fabricated 'deportation orders' outcome affected specific named people is not established."
        ],
        "geography": {
          "basis": "Event: South Florida (Doral/Miami); Leal practises there and reported to Doral police (WLRN, NBC Miami). Affected people are immigrants in South Florida. No court proceeding established.",
          "court_countries": [],
          "event_countries": [
            "US"
          ],
          "affected_person_countries": [
            "US"
          ]
        },
        "publication": {
          "basis": "Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an AI-impersonation case with real harm: a named attorney's likeness and voice were cloned to defraud immigrants, causing him reputational and business harm and causing victims financial and reported legal harm. Four independent chains, including his own on-camera interviews; victim count left partial because individual victims are unquantified.",
          "reviewed_on": "2026-09-17"
        },
        "ai_involvement": {
          "basis": "Leal and multiple outlets state that his real videos were manipulated with AI to clone his face and voice; NBC News, NBC Miami, CBS Miami and WLRN carry his account, and an anti-piracy firm documented thousands of AI-generated fake profiles. The specific AI tools are not named.",
          "status": "supported"
        },
        "person_relations": [
          "depicted_or_impersonated"
        ]
      },
      "name": "Miami: scammers cloned immigration attorney Ángel Leal's face and voice with AI to defraud immigrants seeking legal help",
      "summary": "From around October 2025, criminals used AI to clone the image, voice, name, signature and firm logo of Ángel Leal, a long-established immigration attorney in Doral, Florida. They created fake videos, look-alike websites, forged contracts and even fabricated Zoom 'immigration hearings' to persuade immigrants to pay for legal services Leal never provided. Immigrants were defrauded of money, and some believed their cases were progressing when they were not; Leal received one to two defrauded callers a day, changed his phone number, hired an anti-piracy firm that removed thousands of fake profiles and videos, and reported the fraud to local police and federal authorities.",
      "incidentDate": "2025-10-01",
      "incidentKind": "ongoing_experience",
      "incidentDatePrecision": "month",
      "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions",
      "reportedDate": "2026-06-04",
      "aiSystem": "AI voice- and video-cloning / deepfake tools (not identified in the inspected reporting)",
      "severity": "medium",
      "verificationStatus": "credible",
      "harmCategories": [],
      "harmOutcomes": [
        "reputational_harm",
        "financial_loss",
        "legal_harm"
      ],
      "harmOutcomeSummary": "An immigration attorney's identity was cloned with AI and used to defraud immigrants, causing him reputational harm and business disruption (he changed his phone number and hired an anti-piracy firm) and causing defrauded immigrants financial loss, with some reportedly left facing deportation orders after believing their cases were progressing.",
      "frameworkFacets": [],
      "causationStatus": "supported",
      "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0,
      "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1,
      "affectedCountStatus": "partial",
      "affectedCountEvidence": "One counted, identified harmed person: Ángel Leal, whose likeness and voice were cloned and whose practice was disrupted. An unquantified additional group of immigrants was defrauded (Leal reports one to two defrauded callers a day; one legal immigrant reportedly lost about $4,820 per a Latin Times headline not inspected in full); no reliable victim count is established, so the status is partial.",
      "victimAgeRange": "adult",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "platformType": "other",
      "outcomeType": "investigation_opened",
      "outcomeStatus": "ongoing",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/scammers-impersonate-immigration-lawyers-rcna348238",
      "primarySourceLabel": "NBC News, 4 June 2026: Scammers impersonate immigration lawyers (Angel Leal interview; FTC/FBI context; ABA/AILA comment)",
      "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-17T03:27:41.533841+00:00",
      "scopeVersion": "facts-v3",
      "tags": [
        "deepfake",
        "voice-clone",
        "impersonation",
        "immigration",
        "fraud",
        "united-states",
        "florida",
        "depicted-or-impersonated"
      ]
    }
  ]
}