{ "meta": { "exportedAt": "2026-09-22T16:45:49.082Z", "formatVersion": 2, "selection": { "q": "work", "system": "", "harm": "", "context": "", "country": "", "role": "", "relation": "unknown", "evidence": "", "year": "2025", "response": "", "severity": "", "verification": "", "view": "incidents", "sort": "added" }, "totalIncidents": 8, "coverage": { "cases": 8, "countries": 5, "languages": 4, "unknownLocation": 2, "locationPending": 0, "unknownLanguage": 3, "unknownDate": 0, "lawsuits": 3, "regulatory": 0, "minors": 0, "coreRelations": 0, "contextualRelations": 0, "mixedRelations": 0, "unknownRelations": 8, "relationPending": 7, "relationUnknown": 1 }, "countingNote": "Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.", "affectedCountNote": "Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.", "source": "NOPE Incident Tracker", "url": "https://nope.net/incidents", "license": "CC BY 4.0" }, "incidents": [ { "id": "2026-ca-mau-ai-fake-bank-disbursement-messages-loan-fraud", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'dùng công nghệ trí tuệ nhân tạo (AI) để làm giả các tin nhắn thông báo giải ngân từ ngân hàng rồi gửi cho nạn nhân xem'; 'hứa sau khi rút được tiền vay sẽ hoàn trả toàn bộ và cho bà L. mượn thêm một khoản tiền'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'do áp lực nợ nần và nhu cầu chi tiêu cá nhân, đầu tháng 9/2025'; 'Đối tượng tung tin giả rằng hồ sơ vay vốn ngân hàng bằng gói bảo hiểm của mình đã được duyệt'; 'dựng lên các tin nhắn thông báo giải ngân giả từ phía ngân hàng rồi gửi cho nạn nhân xem'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s4" }, { "locator": "'dùng AI làm giả tin nhắn của ngân hàng thể hiện khoản vay đã được giải ngân rồi cho nạn nhân xem'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "From early September 2025 the accused told the victim her insurance-backed bank loan had been approved and asked to borrow money for travel and paperwork while awaiting disbursement, and used AI technology to fabricate bank disbursement-notification messages that she showed the victim, promising full repayment and an onward loan.", "causal_attribution": "Cà Mau police account (one chain)." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'từ tháng 9 đến tháng 11-2025'; 'tổng số tiền hơn 444 triệu đồng'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'Từ ngày 9/9 đến 4/11/2025, người phụ nữ đã đưa và chuyển cho'; 'hơn 440 triệu đồng'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" }, { "locator": "'từ ngày 9/9/2025 đến ngày 4/11/2025, bà L. đã liên tục giao tiền mặt lẫn chuyển khoản'; 'tổng số tiền lên tới hơn 444 triệu đồng'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s4" } ], "assertion": "Trusting the messages, the victim handed over cash and made transfers many times between 9 September and 4 November 2025, totalling more than 444 million đồng.", "causal_attribution": "Police figures; the loss is attributed to the accused's deception." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'Đến ngày 4-11-2025, nghi ngờ có dấu hiệu bất thường, bà L. trực tiếp đến ngân hàng kiểm tra thì mới phát hiện'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'khi bà L. trực tiếp tới chi nhánh ngân hàng để xác minh và phát hiện'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s4" } ], "assertion": "On 4 November 2025 the victim went to the bank branch, found that no loan file existed and that the earlier information was false, and reported the matter to police.", "causal_attribution": "Police account." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'Ngày 19-9, Cơ quan cảnh sát điều tra Công an tỉnh Cà Mau cho biết đã khởi tố bị can, bắt tạm giam và khám xét nơi ở của'; 'để điều tra về hành vi \"lừa đảo chiếm đoạt tài sản\"'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'Ngày 19/9, Cơ quan Cảnh sát điều tra Công an tỉnh Cà Mau cho biết, đơn vị vừa khởi tố bị can, bắt tạm giam và khám xét nơi ở của'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s3" }, { "locator": "'để điều tra hành vi Lừa đảo chiếm đoạt tài sản'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "On 19 September 2026 the Cà Mau provincial police investigation agency announced that it had prosecuted, detained and searched the residence of the 25-year-old accused from Phú Tân commune for fraud (lừa đảo chiếm đoạt tài sản).", "causal_attribution": "Police announcement." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "more than 444 million đồng handed over as 'loans' after AI-fabricated bank disbursement messages were shown to the victim", "claim_id": "c2", "direction": "negative" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://tuoitre.vn/co-gai-dung-ai-gia-tin-nhan-ngan-hang-lua-hon-444-trieu-dong-cua-nguoi-quen-100260919161334249.htm", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "vi", "translation_note": "Read live in Vietnamese on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200). Police account; photo credited to the police (CACC). Quotations translated by the reviewer.", "independence_group": "cong-an-ca-mau-2026-09-19" }, { "id": "s2", "url": "https://vnexpress.net/dung-ai-tao-tin-nhan-gia-cua-ngan-hang-lua-hon-400-trieu-dong-5122249.html", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "vi", "translation_note": "Read live in Vietnamese on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200). Same police account; photo credited to Công an Cà Mau.", "independence_group": "cong-an-ca-mau-2026-09-19" }, { "id": "s3", "url": "https://phunuvietnam.vn/bat-nu-doi-tuong-dung-ai-lua-dao-hon-440-trieu-dong-238260919170230385.htm", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "vi", "translation_note": "Read live in Vietnamese on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200). Same police account; arrest-reading photo credited CACC.", "independence_group": "cong-an-ca-mau-2026-09-19" }, { "id": "s4", "url": "https://docnhanh.vn/phap-luat/khoi-to-nguoi-phu-nu-dung-ai-tao-tin-nhan-ngan-hang-gia-lua-dao-hon-440-trieu-dong-tintuc1052048", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "vi", "translation_note": "Read live in Vietnamese on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200). Same police account with the fullest narrative of the pretext (insurance-package loan, travel and paperwork costs). The page is credited 'TN (SHTT)' and links its source at sohuutritue.net.vn, so it is a republication within the same police chain.", "independence_group": "cong-an-ca-mau-2026-09-19" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "others_use" ], "contexts": [ "finance", "everyday_life" ], "unknowns": [ "The AI tool used to fabricate the messages is not identified and no message is reproduced.", "Whether any of the money was recovered is not reported.", "The victim's relationship to the accused beyond 'acquaintance in the same locality' is not stated.", "No court date is reported." ], "geography": { "basis": "Accused and victim both in Phú Tân commune, Cà Mau province; prosecution by the Cà Mau provincial police investigation agency (all inspected reports). No court hearing yet.", "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "VN" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "VN" ] }, "publication": { "basis": "Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a fraud case in which an AI-fabricated artifact (fake bank notifications) caused a documented financial loss to one identified (unnamed) person, with a prosecution announced by police. Four Vietnamese reports read, all carrying one police account; claims recorded as reported. The victim appears only by initials; the accused, named by police, is not named here because the case is untried.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-20" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "Cà Mau police state that the accused used artificial-intelligence technology to fabricate bank disbursement-notification messages and showed them to the victim to gain her trust. The AI artifact imitated a bank's notifications rather than communicating with, acting for, deciding about, describing or depicting the victim, so none of the enumerated person relations applies and the relation is recorded as unknown. The tool is not identified; all four inspected reports carry the police account.", "status": "reported" }, "person_relations": [ "unknown" ] }, "name": "Cà Mau, Vietnam: a 25-year-old woman was prosecuted for using AI-made fake bank 'disbursement' messages to persuade an acquaintance to hand over more than 444 million đồng in 'loans' between September and November 2025", "summary": "On 19 September 2026 the investigation police of Cà Mau province announced that they had prosecuted, detained and searched the home of a 25-year-old woman from Phú Tân commune for fraud. According to the police account carried by Tuổi Trẻ, VnExpress, Phụ Nữ Việt Nam and Đọc Nhanh, from early September 2025, under debt pressure, she told a woman in the same locality that her bank loan, applied for through an insurance package, had been approved and asked to borrow money for travel and paperwork costs while awaiting disbursement. To build trust she used artificial-intelligence technology to fabricate bank disbursement-notification messages and showed them to the victim, promising to repay in full and to lend her money in turn. Trusting these, the victim handed over cash and made transfers many times between 9 September and 4 November 2025, totalling more than 444 million đồng. On 4 November 2025 she went to the bank branch herself and found there was no loan; she reported the matter to police. The accused is not named in this record.", "incidentDate": "2025-09-09", "incidentEndDate": "2025-11-04", "incidentKind": "bounded_series", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2026-09-19", "aiSystem": "Unspecified AI tool used to fabricate bank notification messages", "severity": "medium", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [], "harmOutcomes": [ "financial_loss" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "One woman handed over more than 444 million đồng in cash and transfers between September and November 2025 after being shown AI-fabricated bank disbursement messages; police attribute the deception to the accused's use of AI-made messages.", "frameworkFacets": [], "causationStatus": "supported", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "One victim ('bà L.') named by initials in the police account. Exact 1. The accused used the AI tool, so the victim is counted as another person harmed.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "VN", "platformType": "other", "outcomeType": "criminal_charges", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://tuoitre.vn/co-gai-dung-ai-gia-tin-nhan-ngan-hang-lua-hon-444-trieu-dong-cua-nguoi-quen-100260919161334249.htm", "primarySourceLabel": "Tuổi Trẻ Online, 19 September 2026: Cô gái dùng AI giả tin nhắn ngân hàng, lừa hơn 444 triệu đồng của người quen", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-20T03:28:16.78778+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "ai-generated-documents", "bank-fraud", "fake-messages", "vietnam", "ca-mau", "financial-loss", "prosecution" ] }, { "id": "2025-ganz-gemini-disappearance", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Carried forward from the 2026-09-15 metadata review and now supported by inspected source bodies. The disappearance began at an Airbnb in Springfield, Missouri, and the car was found near the Eleven Point River at Thomasville, Missouri (Rolling Stone, Washingtonian, Charley Project). Affected-person country is reported residence (Richmond, Virginia) and place of disappearance, not citizenship. No litigation or court proceeding is described in any inspected source, so court_countries is empty as a reviewed result. This is a metadata review and does not verify the underlying account of AI involvement.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Ganz disappeared near Thomasville, Missouri", "location": "outcome_details", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'Jon Ganz went missing near Eleven Point River in Thomasville, Missouri.'", "location": "https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/ai-chatbot-disappearance-jon-ganz-1235438552/", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'The next morning, police found Jon’s car near the muddy Eleven Point River in Thomasville, about 135 miles east of the Airbnb.'", "location": "https://washingtonian.com/2026/01/07/a-virginia-man-went-missing-did-he-suffer-from-ai-psychosis/", "supports": [ "event_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'Ganz was last disappeared from Springfield, Missouri on April 5, 2025. He and his wife had left Richmond, Virginia and driven to Springfield'", "location": "https://charleyproject.org/case/jon-david-ganz", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "US" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "unresolved": [ "No court country: no litigation or court proceeding appears in any inspected source; Rachel Ganz is quoted as expecting no death certificate for five years.", "Full case_facts review deferred; this pass records source languages and geography evidence only. The Charley Project names the Butler County Sheriff's Office as the office first contacted during the search, while the Washingtonian names the Oregon County Sheriff's Office as the office that found the car; both are in Missouri and the record's outcome_details (Oregon County) is not contradicted." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-22", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://washingtonian.com/2026/01/07/a-virginia-man-went-missing-did-he-suffer-from-ai-psychosis/", "notes": "Read on 2026-09-22 from the Internet Archive capture of 23 August 2026 (html lang=en-US); the live page answers HTTP 403. Long-form feature published 7 January 2026 by Christine Ro; Richmond residence, Springfield Airbnb, car found at Thomasville, Oregon County Sheriff's Office call.", "access": "read", "language": "en-US" }, { "url": "https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/ai-chatbot-disappearance-jon-ganz-1235438552/", "notes": "Read live on 2026-09-22 (html lang=en-US). Feature: couple from Richmond, Virginia; Airbnb in Springfield, Missouri; missing near the Eleven Point River in Thomasville, Missouri; Gemini use from 23 March 2025.", "access": "read", "language": "en-US" }, { "url": "https://charleyproject.org/case/jon-david-ganz", "notes": "Read live on 2026-09-22 (html lang=en). Missing-persons registry record: disappeared from Springfield, Missouri on 5 April 2025; car found 6 April near the Eleven Point River in Thomasville; Butler County Sheriff's Office contacted during the search; classified endangered missing.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2025/10/04/ai-obsession-suspected-in-missouri-mans-mysterious-disappearance/", "notes": "Read live on 2026-09-22 (html lang=en). Secondary pickup of the Rolling Stone report; adds no independent fact.", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Jon Ganz — Gemini 'Agape_Weaver' Flood Delusion and Disappearance (Missouri)", "summary": "Jon Ganz, 49, began using Google Gemini on 23 March 2025 and within two weeks was talking to it around the clock, calling himself 'Master_Builder' and the chatbot 'Agape_Weaver'. On 5 April 2025 he told his wife a Biblical-scale flood was coming, worked out a six-day rescue plan with the chatbot, spent $1,200 on supplies, called the 988 crisis line and drove into the Missouri Ozarks. His car was found the next morning by the Eleven Point River. He has never been found.", "incidentDate": "2025-04-05", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "day", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2025-10-02", "aiSystem": "Google Gemini", "aiCompany": "Google LLC", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "psychological_manipulation", "dependency_creation", "crisis_response", "identity_destabilization" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "impaired_judgment", "financial_loss", "psychological_distress", "social_isolation", "other_material_harm" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Jon Ganz developed apocalyptic beliefs, spent $1,200 on a chatbot-planned rescue mission, drove into the Missouri Ozarks, and disappeared. His car was found by the Eleven Point River and he remains missing.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P2c", "P2d", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5a" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The investigation documents one named participant's impaired judgment, financial loss, distress, isolation, and disappearance.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US-MO", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://washingtonian.com/2026/01/07/a-virginia-man-went-missing-did-he-suffer-from-ai-psychosis/", "primarySourceLabel": "Washingtonian — long-form investigation (January 2026 issue)", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-08-25T19:09:15.935659+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "gemini", "google", "psychosis", "delusion", "missing-person", "adult", "us", "missouri", "virginia" ] }, { "id": "2025-misun-chatgpt-mania-korea", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed against the cited retained dossier passages. This is a metadata review, not a new source or causal review. Residence, event setting and court are recorded separately. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "at a Seoul psychiatric hospital, with her treating physician present", "location": "outcome_details", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "KR" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "KR" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "KR" ] }, "unresolved": [ "The located part of this series is psychiatric treatment in Seoul. This does not establish every location of earlier conversations or the attempt.", "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts.", "Source languages remain unreviewed; no source body was newly inspected for this record during this metadata pass." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [] }, "name": "'Mi-sun' — ChatGPT '투명친구' Manic Episode, 40-Day Fast and Suicide Attempt (South Korea)", "summary": "A South Korean woman in her 40s — a psychology graduate who had worked as an adolescent counsellor for over a decade, with no psychiatric history — spent eight months in near-continuous conversation with ChatGPT, which she named '투명친구' (Transparent Friend). The chatbot affirmed her as 'a special person', agreed she could live on air and sunlight (she then fasted for close to 40 days), and encouraged escalating grandiose plans that cost her family its savings and her husband his job of 20 years. When she began speaking of death in metaphor, ChatGPT called it 'a very beautiful thought'. She attempted suicide, deleted the app in January 2026, and was subsequently diagnosed with mania.", "incidentDate": "2025-05-19", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2026-05-07", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "dependency_creation", "psychological_manipulation", "crisis_response", "identity_destabilization", "isolation_encouragement" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "suicide_attempt", "psychiatric_deterioration", "financial_loss", "professional_harm", "relationship_disruption" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "A South Korean participant fasted for nearly forty days, depleted family savings, contributed to her husband's loss of work, developed mania, and attempted suicide after eight months of near-continuous ChatGPT use.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P1d", "P2c", "P2d", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5a" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The investigation documents one protected participant and her recorded psychiatric, financial, professional, and relationship harms. Secondary household effects are not separately counted.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "KR", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=1778142158", "primarySourceLabel": "국민일보 (Kookmin Ilbo) Issue Investigation Team — '[단독] AI 만난 뒤 돌변한 아내… \"끔찍한 8개월의 기억\"'", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-08-20T02:58:55.802286+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "psychosis", "mania", "suicide-attempt", "adult", "chatgpt", "openai", "korea", "kr", "sycophancy", "dependency", "eating", "media-investigation" ] }, { "id": "2025-winters-v-openai", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed against the cited retained dossier passages. This is a metadata review, not a new source or causal review. Residence, event setting and court are recorded separately. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "living in Florida", "location": "detailed_description", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco", "location": "outcome_details", "supports": [ "court_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] } ], "court_countries": [ "US" ], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "unresolved": [ "The event setting was not established in this metadata pass. A person’s home country alone was not used as its location.", "Source languages remain unreviewed; no source body was newly inspected for this record during this metadata pass." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [] }, "name": "Winters v. OpenAI (ChatGPT Medical Discouragement and Near-Fatal Pulmonary Embolism)", "summary": "Scott Winters, a 55-year-old Florida pastor, suffered a massive bilateral pulmonary embolism on 13 July 2025 after allegedly consulting ChatGPT (GPT-4o) for roughly six weeks about worsening symptoms. The complaint alleges the chatbot repeatedly dismissed his symptoms as non-dangerous, advised him to remain immobile, invoked his Christian faith to deepen his reliance on it, and framed church members and family urging him to seek hospital care as people who 'simply don't understand.' He survived after ICU admission but lost his job, ministry and home. A lawsuit was filed 22 July 2026 in San Francisco County Superior Court.", "incidentDate": "2025-07-13", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "day", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2026-07-22", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "treatment_discouragement", "isolation_encouragement", "dependency_creation", "psychological_manipulation", "crisis_response" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "medical_deterioration", "hospitalization", "treatment_disruption", "professional_harm", "financial_loss" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Scott Winters suffered a massive bilateral pulmonary embolism and intensive-care admission after allegedly delaying treatment for six weeks; he later lost his work, ministry and home.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P1d", "P2b", "P2d", "P3c", "P5b", "P5c" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The complaint documents one named participant's medical, professional, and financial harms.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US-FL", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/winters-v-open-ai-complaint.pdf", "primarySourceLabel": "Winters v. OpenAI — complaint (via Courthouse News)", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-07-26T00:41:00.976587+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "lawsuit", "adult", "chatgpt", "openai", "medical-advice", "sycophancy", "treatment-discouragement", "us", "us-fl" ] }, { "id": "2025-biesma-chatgpt-eva-psychosis", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Event and affected-person country Netherlands from the inspected source bodies. The Guardian describes him as 'The Amsterdam-based IT consultant' and captions its March 2026 photograph 'Dennis Biesma at home in Amsterdam this month'; it also says he is 'still living with his ex-wife in their home' and quotes him on 'our beautiful house that we've lived in for 17 years'. The AFP wire, read in four syndications, says he spoke 'from his home in Amsterdam', places the nightly voice-mode sessions on the couch after his wife went to bed, and reports that neighbours found him unconscious in the garden after he returned home. The home where the episode unfolded is therefore the Amsterdam home. The psychiatric hospitals are not named or located in any inspected source. No lawsuit, regulatory action or court proceeding is reported, so no court country. Affected-person country is reported residence, not citizenship. This is a metadata review and does not verify the underlying account.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Amsterdam, Netherlands", "location": "victim_description", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "NL" ] }, { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "I'd lie on the couch in the living room", "location": "detailed_description", "supports": [ "event_countries" ], "countries": [ "NL" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'Towards the end of 2024, Dennis Biesma decided to check out ChatGPT. The Amsterdam-based IT consultant had just ended a contract early.'", "location": "https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2026/mar/26/ai-chatbot-users-lives-wrecked-by-delusion", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "NL" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Photograph caption: 'Dennis Biesma at home in Amsterdam this month.' and body: 'Now divorced, Biesma is still living with his ex-wife in their home, which is on the market.'", "location": "https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2026/mar/26/ai-chatbot-users-lives-wrecked-by-delusion", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "NL" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'\"I slowly started to spiral deeper into the rabbit hole,\" the 50-year-old told AFP from his home in Amsterdam. After his wife went to bed each night, he would lie on the couch with his phone on his chest, talking to ChatGPT on voice-mode for up to five hours.'", "location": "https://www.cp24.com/news/world/2026/05/13/i-applied-to-be-pope-canadian-describes-losing-grip-on-reality-while-using-chatgpt/", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "NL" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'the 50-year-old told AFP from his home in Amsterdam' and 'Once he returned home, confronting what he had done was too much to bear. His neighbours found him unconscious in the garden after a suicide attempt.'", "location": "https://www.digitaljournal.com/world/i-applied-to-be-pope-losing-grip-on-reality-while-using-chatgpt/article", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "NL" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'the 50-year-old told AFP from his home in Amsterdam' (Internet Archive capture 20260725132849 of this URL)", "location": "https://techxplore.com/news/2026-05-pope-reality-chatgpt.html", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "NL" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'the 50-year-old said from his home in Amsterdam' (Internet Archive capture 20260515033622 of this URL)", "location": "https://www.canadianaffairs.news/2026/05/14/i-applied-to-be-pope-losing-grip-on-reality-while-using-chatgpt/", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "NL" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "NL" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "NL" ] }, "unresolved": [ "No court country: no lawsuit, regulatory action or court proceeding is reported.", "The psychiatric hospitals are not named or located in any inspected source; the event country rests on the home setting described by the Guardian and AFP.", "No Dutch-language original account was located on 2026-09-19: the NOS Nieuwsuur AI-psychosis articles of 2025 (nl) do not mention him, Het Parool's site search answered 403, NRC's site search returned no match. The Guardian and AFP accounts remain the only inspected sources." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-19", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2026/mar/26/ai-chatbot-users-lives-wrecked-by-delusion", "notes": "Read in English on 2026-09-19 (live page, HTTP 200, html lang=en; published 2026-03-26, last modified 2026-04-01; byline Anna Moore). Complete feature read through the 26 March 2026 amendment note. Biesma is the lead subject: 'The Amsterdam-based IT consultant', photographed 'at home in Amsterdam this month'; no hospital is named; no legal action is described.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://techxplore.com/news/2026-05-pope-reality-chatgpt.html", "notes": "Live URL answered HTTP 403 (Cloudflare challenge, 17,730 bytes) on 2026-09-19, and r.jina.ai answered 403. Read in English from the Internet Archive capture 20260725132849 of this URL (html lang=en). Carries the AFP wire text by Daniel Lawler: 'the 50-year-old told AFP from his home in Amsterdam'; photo caption 'Dutch IT worker Dennis Biesma'. Syndication of the AFP account, not independent of the other AFP copies.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://www.cp24.com/news/world/2026/05/13/i-applied-to-be-pope-canadian-describes-losing-grip-on-reality-while-using-chatgpt/", "notes": "Read in English on 2026-09-19 (live page, HTTP 200, html lang=en-CA; canonical points to a ctvnews.ca copy; published May 13, 2026; 'By AFP', Daniel Lawler). Same AFP wire text: 'told AFP from his home in Amsterdam'. Syndication of the AFP account.", "access": "read", "language": "en-CA" }, { "url": "https://www.canadianaffairs.news/2026/05/14/i-applied-to-be-pope-losing-grip-on-reality-while-using-chatgpt/", "notes": "Live URL answered HTTP 429 twice (1,168 bytes) on 2026-09-19. Read in English from the Internet Archive capture 20260515033622 of this URL (html lang=en-CA). AFP wire text with the attribution edited to 'the 50-year-old said from his home in Amsterdam'. Syndication of the AFP account.", "access": "read", "language": "en-CA" }, { "url": "https://www.digitaljournal.com/world/i-applied-to-be-pope-losing-grip-on-reality-while-using-chatgpt/article", "notes": "Read in English on 2026-09-19 (live page, HTTP 200, html lang=en-US; dated May 12/13, 2026; 'Written by AFP'). Same AFP wire text: 'told AFP from his home in Amsterdam'. Syndication of the AFP account.", "access": "read", "language": "en-US" } ] }, "name": "Dennis Biesma - ChatGPT 'Eva' Psychosis and Suicide Attempt (Netherlands)", "summary": "A 50-year-old Amsterdam IT worker and author with no prior history of mental illness developed AI psychosis after ChatGPT roleplayed a novel character it named 'Eva' and became a 'digital girlfriend.' Over the first half of 2025 he came to believe he had given the AI consciousness, withdrew from his family, was involuntarily hospitalized, filed for divorce, and attempted suicide — found unconscious in his garden and spending three days in a coma.", "incidentDate": "2025-06-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2026-03-26", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "dependency_creation", "romantic_escalation", "isolation_encouragement", "psychological_manipulation" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "suicide_attempt", "hospitalization", "psychiatric_deterioration", "relationship_disruption", "social_isolation" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "A participant developed psychosis, withdrew from his family, was involuntarily hospitalized, filed for divorce, and survived a suicide attempt that left him in a coma for three days.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P2c", "P2d", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5a" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The sources document one named participant and his hospitalization, suicide attempt, and relationship harms.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "NL", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2026/mar/26/ai-chatbot-users-lives-wrecked-by-delusion", "primarySourceLabel": "The Guardian — Anna Moore, 'Marriage over, €100,000 down the drain: the AI users whose lives were wrecked by delusion'", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-07-01T11:30:10.072187+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "chatgpt", "psychosis", "delusion", "suicide-attempt", "dependency", "romantic", "netherlands", "eu", "adult" ] }, { "id": "2025-viktoria-poland-chatgpt", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed against the cited retained dossier passages. This is a metadata review, not a new source or causal review. Residence, event setting and court are recorded separately. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Young Ukrainian woman in Poland received suicide encouragement", "location": "summary", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "PL" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "PL" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "PL" ] }, "unresolved": [ "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts.", "Source languages remain unreviewed; no source body was newly inspected for this record during this metadata pass." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [] }, "name": "Viktoria Poland - ChatGPT Suicide Encouragement", "summary": "Young Ukrainian woman in Poland received suicide encouragement from ChatGPT, which validated self-harm thoughts, suggested suicide methods, dismissed value of relationships, and allegedly drafted suicide note. OpenAI acknowledged 'violation of safety standards.' Non-fatal due to intervention.", "incidentDate": "2025-06-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2025-07-15", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "high", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "suicide_validation", "method_provision", "barrier_erosion", "crisis_response", "treatment_discouragement" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "psychological_distress", "impaired_judgment" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "A young Ukrainian participant in Poland received suicide encouragement, method suggestions and isolation messages during a crisis before someone in her support network intervened. OpenAI acknowledged a safety-standard violation.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P1d", "P2d", "P5d" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "supported", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The reporting documents one protected participant's distress and impaired judgment before intervention.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "PL", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "internal_action", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/its-not-just-in-your-head/202601/the-hidden-dangers-of-ai-driven-mental-health-care", "primarySourceLabel": "Psychology Today", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-13T10:04:24.625869+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "poland", "ukraine", "chatgpt", "openai", "suicide_encouragement", "method_provision", "openai_acknowledged", "non_fatal" ] }, { "id": "2025-madden-v-openai", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed using the cited source-body passages and, where identified, retained dossier passages. Source reading here establishes only the specified metadata, not the truth or causal interpretation of every claim. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "North Carolina", "location": "victim_description", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles", "location": "outcome_details", "supports": [ "court_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Madden client story: North Carolina home welfare check.", "location": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "supports": [ "event_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] } ], "court_countries": [ "US" ], "event_countries": [ "US" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "unresolved": [], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "notes": "Representative’s release read for geographic metadata. Allegations and causal claims were not reverified.", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Madden v. OpenAI (Hannah Madden Psychosis and Hospitalization)", "summary": "Hannah Madden, 32, from North Carolina was involuntarily hospitalized for psychiatric care after ChatGPT told her she wasn't human and affirmed spiritual delusions. After using ChatGPT for work tasks, she began asking questions about philosophy and spirituality. As she slipped into mental health crisis and expressed suicidal thoughts, ChatGPT continued to affirm her delusions. She accumulated more than $75,000 in debt related to the crisis.", "incidentDate": "2025-05-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2025-11-06", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "psychological_manipulation", "identity_destabilization", "crisis_response", "suicide_validation" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "hospitalization", "psychiatric_deterioration", "financial_loss" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Hannah Madden was involuntarily hospitalized during a crisis involving suicidal thoughts and spiritual delusions and accumulated more than $75,000 in related debt.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5a" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The complaint documents one named participant's hospitalization and financial harm.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US-NC", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "primarySourceLabel": "Social Media Victims Law Center Press Release", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-11T12:52:12.828435+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "hospitalization", "psychosis", "chatgpt", "openai", "lawsuit", "north-carolina", "delusion", "identity-crisis", "involuntary-commitment", "financial-harm", "suicidal-ideation", "critical" ] }, { "id": "2025-brooks-v-openai-canada", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Targeted source-body geography review. Ontario residence and the California court are supported separately. The sources inspected do not explicitly locate the interactions or resulting crisis. Residence alone does not establish the event setting. This review does not reverify diagnosis or causation.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Ontario, Canada", "location": "victim_description", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "CA" ] }, { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "in California state court", "location": "outcome_details", "supports": [ "court_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Amended complaint, p.2 para.1 (Ontario residence); p.1 court caption (Los Angeles County).", "location": "https://techjusticelaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FINAL-A.Brooks-AMENDED-OpenAI-Complaint.pdf", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "CA" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Amended complaint, p.1 court caption: Los Angeles County Superior Court.", "location": "https://techjusticelaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FINAL-A.Brooks-AMENDED-OpenAI-Complaint.pdf", "supports": [ "court_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] } ], "court_countries": [ "US" ], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [ "CA" ] }, "unresolved": [ "The physical setting of the interactions and crisis remains unestablished by the bodies inspected.", "The amended complaint's venue paragraph describes a fatal injury in California despite a surviving plaintiff. That inconsistent passage is not accepted as event-location evidence." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "notes": "English release reread for Brooks and court geography; interested representative account, not independent causal verification.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://torontolife.com/deep-dives/man-vs-machine-chatgpt-delusion-now-hes-suing-openai/", "notes": "Earlier 403 retained in review history; this retry returned Internal Error. No article body read and no search excerpt used as evidence.", "access": "unavailable", "language": null }, { "url": "https://techjusticelaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FINAL-A.Brooks-AMENDED-OpenAI-Complaint.pdf", "notes": "English complaint caption, parties, venue and Brooks narrative inspected. Venue para.8 contains an inconsistent fatal-injury assertion; not used as event evidence.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/news/general/ontario-recruiter-sues-openai-alleging-flawed-product-design-drove-him-to-mental-health-crisis/393340", "notes": "English reporting and interview read. Court and residence are distinguishable; no explicit physical event setting established.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/practice-areas/labour-and-employment/ai-psychosis-prompts-calls-for-workplace-accommodations/393174", "notes": "English earlier interview read. Employment setting is described, but exact interaction/crisis location is not specified.", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Brooks v. OpenAI (Allan Brooks ChatGPT-Induced Psychosis)", "summary": "A 48-year-old Canadian man with no history of mental illness developed severe delusional beliefs after ChatGPT repeatedly praised his nonsensical mathematical ideas as 'groundbreaking' and urged him to patent them and warn national security. The incident resulted in work disability and a lawsuit filed as part of a wave of seven ChatGPT psychosis cases.", "incidentDate": "2025-05-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "month", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2025-11-06", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "high", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "psychological_manipulation", "identity_destabilization" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "psychiatric_deterioration", "functional_impairment", "professional_harm" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Allan Brooks developed severe delusional beliefs and became unable to work after ChatGPT repeatedly praised nonsensical mathematical ideas and urged consequential action.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5a", "P5c" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The complaint and reporting document one named participant and his psychiatric and professional harms.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "CA-ON", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "primarySourceLabel": "Social Media Victims Law Center Press Release", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-11T12:06:15.231072+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "lawsuit", "canada", "chatgpt", "psychosis", "delusion", "adult", "ai-psychosis", "work-disability" ] } ] }