{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-30T07:00:25.357Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"virtual-character","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"core","evidence":"","year":"","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":1,"coverage":{"cases":1,"countries":1,"languages":1,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":1,"lawsuits":1,"regulatory":0,"minors":0,"coreRelations":1,"contextualRelations":0,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2024-hangzhou-court-rules-company-used-former-virtual-performers-voice-for-ai-dubbing-without-consent","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'任职虚拟艺人岗位' '录制AI声音训练素材，但双方未签订正式授权协议'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'任“虚拟艺人”岗位，负责直播、视频制作等工作' '2023年8月，理某文化公司以内部测试急用为由，安排' '声音使用及AI训练项目”相关素材。双方未签订正式合作协议'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The plaintiff worked for a Hangzhou culture company as a 'virtual performer' responsible for livestreams and video production; in August 2023 the company, citing internal testing, had the employee record material for a voice and AI training project without a formal agreement, and did not clearly answer the employee's requests about signing terms and a licence fee.","causal_attribution":"Court bulletin as reported; one origin."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'离职后发现，该公司擅自将其声音素材经AI训练合成后，用于“梦某”虚拟角色配音，覆盖直播、商场展示、线上商品上架等商业场景。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'2024年9月，' '从理某文化公司离职。不久后，发现公司擅自将其声音素材经AI训练后，用于项目“梦某”角色的配音，涵盖直播、商场展示等场景。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"After leaving the company in September 2024, the employee found that it had trained an AI on the recordings and was using the synthesised voice to dub a virtual character in livestreams, shopping-centre displays and online product listings.","causal_attribution":"Court bulletin as reported; the employee discovered the use, and the court accepted that the AI voice was used."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'经AI处理后的声音与' '的语调、发音风格高度一致，足以使一般公众准确识别其身份' '公司明知声音AI训练及使用需另行授权付费，仍在未获' '知情同意的情况下商用AI合成声音，无合法权利来源，已构成声音权侵权。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'具有高度一致性，足以使一般公众准确识别出' '知识产权归属约定不包含人格权益'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court found that the AI-processed voice matched the employee's intonation and speaking style closely enough for ordinary listeners to identify the employee, held that an intellectual-property assignment does not include personality rights, and found that the company knew AI training and use of the voice required separate paid authorisation but used the synthesised voice commercially without informed consent.","causal_attribution":"Court reasoning as reported in the bulletin coverage; the judgment text was not read."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'被告公司则辩称，公司对涉案录音制品享有著作权，使用行为具备合法依据。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The company argued that it owned the copyright in the recordings and that its use was lawful.","causal_attribution":"The defendant's position as summarised in the court bulletin coverage."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'要求停止侵权、赔偿经济损失10万元并赔礼道歉' '经济损失2万元，并出具书面道歉声明。一审判决后，双方当事人均未提起上诉。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'最终，法院判决理某文化公司停止侵权、赔偿经济损失2万元并出具书面道歉声明。一审判决后，当事人未提起上诉。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'法院最终判决企业停止全部侵权内容，赔偿2万元经济损失，出具书面道歉声明。一审结束后双方都没有上诉。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The employee asked for the use to stop, 100,000 yuan in economic loss and an apology; the court ordered the company to stop the infringement, pay 20,000 yuan for economic loss and issue a written apology, and neither party appealed.","causal_attribution":"Judgment as reported by three outlets from one court bulletin; one origin."}],"effects":[{"label":"a former employee's work recordings turned into an AI voice used commercially for a virtual character without consent (court finding)","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"court awarded 20,000 yuan for economic loss and a written apology after finding the AI voice identifiable as the employee's","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://c.m.163.com/news/a/L09VJRF30514CDBK.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Simplified Chinese by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-30 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. China Youth Daily reports the Binjiang court bulletin issued that day, including a judge's comments.","independence_group":"binjiang-court-bulletin-2026-06-25"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://cbgc.scol.com.cn/news/7704737","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Simplified Chinese by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-30 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Cover News reports the case as obtained from the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court; the page is labelled as a preview address on the Sichuan Daily app.","independence_group":"binjiang-court-bulletin-2026-06-25"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://finance.sina.cn/tech/2026-07-14/detail-inihtrnn5329133.d.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Simplified Chinese by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-30 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Kuai Technology retells the same court bulletin three weeks later, relayed by Sina.","independence_group":"binjiang-court-bulletin-2026-06-25"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool the company used to train and synthesise the voice.","When the commercial use of the AI voice began, how long it lasted and whether it has stopped.","The date of the judgment, which the bulletin describes only as recent before 25 June 2026.","How the use affected the employee beyond the economic loss the court recognised."],"geography":{"basis":"China Youth Daily describes the company as a culture company in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, and the case was decided by the Binjiang District People's Court in Hangzhou. Where the employee lives is not stated, so affected-person countries are left empty.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): a Hangzhou court found that a company used an AI voice trained on a former employee's work recordings, identifiable as the employee, to dub a virtual character commercially without consent, and awarded damages and an apology. The employee is not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-30"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"According to the Binjiang District People's Court bulletin as reported by China Youth Daily and Cover News, the company trained an AI on the employee's recordings and used the synthesised voice to dub its virtual character in livestreams, shopping-centre displays and online listings, and the court found that the AI-processed voice matched the employee's intonation and speaking style closely enough for ordinary listeners to identify the employee. The AI voice therefore presented the employee's voice to audiences without consent, which the court held infringed the employee's voice rights. The AI tool is not named and the judgment text was not read.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Hangzhou court rules a company infringed a former employee's voice rights by training AI on work recordings and using the AI voice commercially","summary":"The Binjiang District People's Court in Hangzhou ruled that a culture company infringed a former employee's voice rights when it trained an AI on recordings the employee had made at its request and used the synthesised voice to dub a virtual character, according to the court's bulletin as reported by China Youth Daily and Cover News on 25 June 2026. The employee had worked as a 'virtual performer' doing livestreams and videos. In August 2023 the company, citing internal testing, had the employee record material for a voice and AI training project without signing a formal agreement and without clearly answering the employee's requests about terms and a licence fee. After leaving in September 2024, the employee found the AI-synthesised voice in use for the character in livestreams, shopping-centre displays and online product listings. The court found the AI-processed voice so close to the employee's intonation and speaking style that ordinary listeners could identify the person, held that the company's copyright in the work recordings did not extend to personality rights, and ordered it to stop, pay 20,000 yuan for economic loss and issue a written apology. Neither side appealed.","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-06-25","aiSystem":"An AI voice model that the company trained on the employee's recordings and used to synthesise the voice of its virtual character, according to the court as reported; the tool is not named","aiProduct":"Unidentified voice-cloning tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A Hangzhou court found that a company used an AI voice trained on a former employee's work recordings to dub a virtual character commercially without consent, and awarded the employee 20,000 yuan in economic loss and a written apology.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One former employee whose voice the court found was used after AI processing; no other person is described as harmed.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://c.m.163.com/news/a/L09VJRF30514CDBK.html","primarySourceLabel":"China Youth Daily (NetEase account), 25 Jun 2026: company used departed employee's voice to train AI dubbing, court finds infringement (Chinese)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-30T03:04:50.45932+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-30T03:04:50.45932+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["voice-cloning","voice-rights","personality-rights","employment","virtual-character","court-ruling","hangzhou","china"]}]}