{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-14T14:59:47.988Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"suspension","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"core","evidence":"","year":"","response":"regulatory","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":2,"coverage":{"cases":2,"countries":2,"languages":2,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":0,"regulatory":2,"minors":1,"coreRelations":2,"contextualRelations":0,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2025-ontario-lawyer-chatgpt-factum-invented-cases-contempt-referral-licence-suspension","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'On May 1, the applicant’s counsel presented a motion seeking relief in this application. During oral submissions, she delivered a factum and cited cases to support the applicant’s arguments.'; 'The judge asked the lawyer if AI like ChatGPT supported the preparation of the factum. She said she would have to ask her clerk.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'After the hearing, the judge again reviewed the factum and found two more incorrect citations — one to a non-existent case and another to a case that stood for the opposite proposition than that for which it had been cited.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'When Justice Myers confronted her in open court about whether she had used ChatGPT, she categorically denied it, stating, “I did not.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'whether she had used ChatGPT to write her factum'; 'said she had not.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"At a motion hearing on 1 May 2025 in an Ontario Superior Court of Justice estate and family-law application, the applicant’s lawyer relied in writing and orally on a factum citing cases that the judge could not find or that did not support the propositions cited; asked whether AI such as ChatGPT had been used, the lawyer said, according to Canadian Lawyer and LawSites, that she would have to ask her clerk, while Law360 Canada and the tribunal reasons as reported by Law Times say she denied using ChatGPT.","causal_attribution":"Account of the court’s first endorsement (2025 ONSC 2766) as relayed by two legal-press outlets, with the lawyer’s answer in court given differently by Law360 Canada and by the tribunal reasons as reported by Law Times; the endorsement itself was not read."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'factum may have been created by AI and that before filing the factum and relying on it in court, she might not have checked to make sure the cases were real'; 'the judge ordered the attorney to show cause why she should not be cited for contempt.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'counsel was ordered to return for a show cause hearing to argue why she should not be cited for contempt of court'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The judge found that the factum appeared to have been created by AI and not checked, and ordered the lawyer to show cause why she should not be cited for contempt of court.","causal_attribution":"The court’s own statement, as quoted by LawSites and summarised by Cassels."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'At an informal scheduling conference on May 16, 2025, counsel was forthright in admitting her error and provided an explanation.'; 'In a written decision released on May 20, 2025, the Court found it unnecessary to continue with contempt proceedings'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'explaining that her staff had used ChatGPT to prepare the factum without her knowledge. She apologized for the mistake and promised to complete at least six hours of continuing professional education in legal ethics and technology.'; 'suffered a public shaming near the end of an unblemished career,'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"After telling the court that her staff had used ChatGPT to prepare the factum without her knowledge, apologising and undertaking continuing professional education, the lawyer had the show-cause order withdrawn in a decision released on 20 May 2025, which noted that she had suffered a public shaming near the end of an unblemished career.","causal_attribution":"The court’s second decision (2025 ONSC 2965) as summarised by Cassels and recited in the tribunal reasons reported by Law Times."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'admitting the truth: there was no student.'; 'The new disclosure raises issues of deception of the court in a contempt of court proceeding. The procedural context and the quality of the acts are very different.'; 'the court appointed amicus curiae Dean Embry to ensure'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'revealing that she alone prepared the AI-assisted factum, reversing her prior claim that others were involved. The court treated this as a fresh act of potential contempt and referred the matter to the Attorney General.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"On 30 September 2025 the lawyer wrote to the court that she alone had prepared the factum using ChatGPT and that her earlier account blaming staff was untrue; on 4 December 2025 the court referred the matter to the Attorney General of Ontario for criminal contempt proceedings and appointed an amicus curiae.","causal_attribution":"The court’s third decision (2025 ONSC 6785) as described by Law360 Canada and WeirFoulds; both relay the same decision."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'will have her license to practise law suspended for six months starting July 17. The tribunal'; 'to pay $10,000 to the Law Society of Ontario'; 'containing only non-existent or irrelevant case law generated by an artificial intelligence tool” and later lying to the court about not using the tool.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 16 July 2026 the Law Society Tribunal suspended the lawyer’s licence for six months from 17 July and ordered her to pay $10,000 to the Law Society of Ontario, finding that she relied on a factum containing only non-existent or irrelevant case law generated by an AI tool and later lied to the court about not using the tool.","causal_attribution":"The tribunal’s order as reported by Law Times; the order itself was not read."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'the lawyer failed to serve her client in a family law matter by using ChatGPT to prepare a factum containing AI-hallucinated case citations and arguments.'; 'Later, she admitted that she had prepared the factum herself and did not know hallucinations existed until Myers confronted her about her submissions.'; 'we are extremely troubled by the lawyer’s subsequent repeated lies to the court and to the law society'; 'had little to no prior experience with ChatGPT'; 'That case remains ongoing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"The tribunal’s reasons, as reported, say the lawyer failed to serve her client by using ChatGPT to prepare a factum containing hallucinated citations and arguments, that she had prepared the factum herself with little or no prior experience of ChatGPT, that her repeated lies to the court and the Law Society troubled the tribunal more than the reliance, and that the criminal contempt case remained ongoing.","causal_attribution":"The tribunal’s reasons as reported by Law Times; the reasons themselves were not read."}],"effects":[{"label":"show-cause order for contempt, referral for criminal contempt and a six-month licence suspension after relying on ChatGPT-generated nonexistent case law","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/practice-areas/family/superior-court-says-family-law-case-factum-may-have-fake-legal-citations-due-to-ai-hallucinations/392433","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Canadian Lawyer, 13 May 2025, reporting the first endorsement (2025 ONSC 2766); HTTP 200. The endorsement itself (CanLII) returned 403 live and from the Internet Archive.","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.lawnext.com/2025/05/ai-hallucinations-strike-again-two-more-cases-where-lawyers-face-judicial-wrath-for-fake-citations.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. LawSites (LawNext), 14 May 2025, summarising the same endorsement; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://cassels.com/insights/fantasies-in-the-footnotes-ontario-court-rebukes-counsel-for-fake-and-misleading-ai-generated-case-citations/","kind":"legal_commentary","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Cassels law-firm commentary, 23 May 2025, summarising 2025 ONSC 2766 and 2025 ONSC 2965; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.law360.ca/ca/articles/2419185","kind":"legal_commentary","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Law360 Canada analysis, 8 Dec 2025, describing 2025 ONSC 6785 and quoting it; HTTP 200 (full text served).","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.weirfoulds.com/pdf-article?id=36828","kind":"legal_commentary","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. WeirFoulds law-firm article PDF, 23 Dec 2025, on 2025 ONSC 6785; HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext.","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.lawtimesnews.com/resources/professional-regulation/law-society-tribunal-temporarily-suspends-lawyers-license-after-finding-she-lied-about-chatgpt-use/393450","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Law Times, 16 Jul 2026, on the Law Society Tribunal order; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"law-society-tribunal-order-and-reasons-2026"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://www.lawtimesnews.com/resources/professional-regulation/out-of-character-tribunal-explains-six-month-suspension-of-lawyer-who-lied-about-chatgpt-use/393453","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Law Times, 21 Jul 2026, on the tribunal reasons; HTTP 200. The tribunal order and reasons themselves were not read.","independence_group":"law-society-tribunal-order-and-reasons-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["The outcome of the criminal contempt proceeding referred to the Attorney General; the latest source read (21 July 2026) says it remained ongoing.","Whether the client suffered any concrete consequence in the estate application; the tribunal found the lawyer failed to serve her client but no source read describes an effect on the case.","Which ChatGPT version was used and what prompts produced the citations.","The court endorsements and the tribunal order and reasons were not read directly (CanLII returned 403); all claims rest on legal-press and law-firm accounts of them."],"geography":{"basis":"The factum was filed and argued at a hearing of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, and the lawyer is described as a Toronto lawyer licensed by the Law Society of Ontario, whose tribunal suspended her.","court_countries":["CA"],"event_countries":["CA"],"affected_person_countries":["CA"]},"publication":{"basis":"Legal-press and law-firm accounts of three Ontario Superior Court decisions and a Law Society Tribunal order describe a lawyer who relied on ChatGPT-generated nonexistent case law in a factum, was ordered to show cause for contempt, later admitted she alone had used ChatGPT and had misled the court, was referred for criminal contempt and was suspended for six months.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The lawyer told the court in September 2025 that she alone prepared the factum using ChatGPT, and the Law Society Tribunal, as reported by Law Times, found that she relied on a factum containing only non-existent or irrelevant case law generated by an AI tool and that she used ChatGPT to prepare it. ChatGPT’s output (citations to cases that do not exist or do not support the propositions) reached the lawyer, who filed it and relied on it orally at the 1 May 2025 hearing; the court’s contempt proceedings and the tribunal’s suspension followed from that reliance and from her later false account of it. The tribunal’s main concern was her dishonesty, which is a separate act by the lawyer.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Ontario: lawyer who relied on ChatGPT-invented case law in a factum was referred for criminal contempt and suspended for six months, legal press reports","summary":"An Ontario lawyer relied, at a 1 May 2025 Superior Court hearing in an estate and family-law matter, on a factum citing cases that do not exist or do not support the propositions cited. The judge ordered her to show cause why she should not be cited for contempt, then withdrew the order on 20 May 2025 after she said her staff had used ChatGPT without her knowledge. On 30 September 2025 she told the court that she alone had prepared the factum with ChatGPT and that her earlier account was untrue; the court referred the matter to Ontario’s Attorney General for criminal contempt proceedings in December 2025. In July 2026 the Law Society Tribunal suspended her licence for six months, finding she relied on AI-generated non-existent case law and lied about it. The account comes from legal-press and law-firm reports of the decisions; the criminal contempt case was still ongoing at the last report read.","incidentDate":"2025-05-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-05-13","aiSystem":"ChatGPT, which the lawyer admitted using to prepare the factum and which the Law Society Tribunal found generated the non-existent or irrelevant case law","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","legal_harm","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to legal-press reports of the court and tribunal decisions, the lawyer faced a contempt show-cause order and a referral for criminal contempt, and the Law Society Tribunal suspended her licence for six months and ordered her to pay $10,000 to the Law Society of Ontario; the court noted she had suffered a public shaming near the end of an unblemished career.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the lawyer who used ChatGPT, is reported to have suffered the contempt proceedings and the suspension. The tribunal found she failed to serve her client, but no source read describes a concrete consequence for the client, who is not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CA","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.lawtimesnews.com/resources/professional-regulation/out-of-character-tribunal-explains-six-month-suspension-of-lawyer-who-lied-about-chatgpt-use/393453","primarySourceLabel":"Law Times, 21 Jul 2026: tribunal explains six-month suspension of lawyer who lied about ChatGPT use","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:13:48.661937+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:13:48.661937+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["hallucinated_citations","courts","lawyer_sanction","contempt_of_court","professional_discipline","canada","ontario"]},{"id":"2026-chile-puente-alto-school-ai-fake-nude-images-classmates-superintendencia","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Luego, las imágenes eran intervenidas mediante herramientas de inteligencia artificial, con las que se modificaban para generar las representaciones falsas.'; 'Las imágenes comenzaron a compartirse mediante plataformas digitales y terminaron llegando a otros estudiantes del establecimiento.'; 'La situación se conoció el 10 de julio, cuando un grupo de estudiantes encontró el material en la galería del celular de uno de los involucrados.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'encontraron en el celular de uno de sus compañeros imágenes sexuales falsas de ellas mismas y otras estudiantes del establecimiento'; 'Las fotografías habían sido creadas mediante inteligencia artificial a partir de imágenes comunes y corrientes obtenidas desde redes sociales.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Ordinary photos that female students had posted on Instagram were altered with AI tools into fake nude images, which circulated among other students; the case came to light on 10 July 2026 when students found the material on a classmate's phone.","causal_attribution":"Families' account as reported by Teletrece; no official finding on how the images were made is reported."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'cuatro alumnos participaron en las distintas etapas de este proceso, desde la obtención de las fotografías hasta la circulación del material.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the families, four students took part in obtaining the photos, altering them and circulating the material.","causal_attribution":"Attributed by Teletrece to the families of the affected students."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Algunas alumnas presentaron crisis de pánico, según relataron posteriormente sus apoderados.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Some of the affected students had panic attacks, according to their parents.","causal_attribution":"Parents' account."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'el establecimiento aplicó una suspensión de 15 días a los estudiantes señalados como responsables.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'El colegio suspendió por 15 días a los estudiantes señalados por su participación en la creación y difusión del material.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The school suspended the students identified as responsible for 15 days.","causal_attribution":"Reported by Teletrece; the school did not respond to questions."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'durante el primer recreo los estudiantes comenzaron a burlarse de las jóvenes. Tres de ellas reaccionaron y fueron a golpearlos.'; 'Tuvimos que poner denuncias en PDI y todo el tema porque el padre andaba rondando el colegio'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"After the suspended students returned, a parent says they mocked the affected girls, three of the girls hit them, and the father of one of the students involved then made threats; she says they had to file reports with the PDI because the father was then loitering near the school.","causal_attribution":"One parent's account to Teletrece; the father's account is not reported."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'El organismo informó que otorgó máxima prioridad al caso'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'está siendo sometido a una investigación formal por el caso y señaló que la situación recibió máxima prioridad.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Superintendencia de Educación confirmed that the school is under formal investigation over the case and said the matter received maximum priority.","causal_attribution":"Superintendency confirmation as reported by Teletrece."}],"effects":[{"label":"fake nude images of female students made with AI from their own photos circulated among schoolmates","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"some affected students had panic attacks, according to their parents","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.t13.cl/noticia/nacional/mama-paso-algo-grave-apoderados-denuncian-abuso-sexual-digital-contra-sus-hijas-3-10-2026","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read live in Spanish on 2026-10-04 (T13, 3 October 2026, Reportajes Teletrece). Reconstructs the case from families' accounts. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"t13-reportajes-puente-alto"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.t13.cl/noticia/nacional/se-veran-bien-cara-marcada-amenaza-padre-estudiante-agredido-tras-difundir-imag-3-10-2026","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read live in Spanish on 2026-10-04 (T13, 3 October 2026). Same Teletrece reporting; adds the suspension, the fight, the threats and the Superintendency's confirmation. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"t13-reportajes-puente-alto"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy"],"unknowns":["When the images were made and first shared; 10 July 2026 is the date students found them.","Which AI tool was used.","How many students were depicted.","Whether a criminal complaint was filed over the images themselves, and any prosecutor action.","The outcome of the Superintendency's investigation."],"geography":{"basis":"The school is in Puente Alto and the case is under investigation by Chile's Superintendencia de Educación (T13). No court proceeding is reported.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["CL"],"affected_person_countries":["CL"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a core case: AI-altered fake nude images depicting identifiable minors circulated in their school, with reported distress, school sanctions and a regulator's investigation. The account rests on one Teletrece reporting chain built on families' testimony, with the Superintendency's confirmation. Minors are not named, the school name is withheld from public fields, and the images are not described beyond the source's general description.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-04"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Teletrece, citing the families' account, says the students' photos were altered with AI tools to create the false images. No tool is named and no forensic or official finding on AI use is reported.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Chile: Puente Alto students find AI-made fake nude images of female classmates, families say; school suspends those involved, Superintendency investigates","summary":"Teletrece reported on 3 October 2026 that on 10 July 2026 female students at a secondary school in Puente Alto, Chile, found fake sexual images of themselves and other students on a classmate's phone. Families say the images were made with AI tools from ordinary photos the girls had posted on Instagram, that four students took part in obtaining, editing and circulating them, and that the material reached other students. Some of the girls had panic attacks, according to their parents. The school suspended the students identified as responsible for 15 days; after their return, parents say, they mocked the girls, a fight followed, and a parent accuses the father of one of the students involved of threats and of loitering near the school, after which she says they filed reports with the PDI. The Superintendencia de Educación confirmed a formal investigation of the school.","incidentDate":"2026-07-10","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-03","aiSystem":"Unnamed AI tools used to alter students' social-media photos into fake nude images (per families' account to Teletrece)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"AI-made fake nude images of female secondary-school students circulated among their schoolmates; parents report panic attacks, and the case led to suspensions, a physical fight, threats and a regulator's investigation of the school (families via Teletrece).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":3,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"At least three affected female students are counted: T13 says three of the affected girls confronted the students involved after their return. Teletrece says the material affected students from primero to cuarto medio without giving a number, so more affected students are unquantified. The father's threats are not counted separately.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"CL","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.t13.cl/noticia/nacional/mama-paso-algo-grave-apoderados-denuncian-abuso-sexual-digital-contra-sus-hijas-3-10-2026","primarySourceLabel":"T13, 3 October 2026: Mamá, pasó algo grave: apoderados denuncian abuso sexual digital contra sus hijas mediante IA","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:47:21.211562+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-07T03:19:53.602734+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfakes","ai-generated-images","non-consensual-intimate-imagery","minors","school","chile","superintendencia-de-educacion","depicted-or-impersonated"]}]}