{
  "meta": {
    "exportedAt": "2026-09-22T14:34:08.067Z",
    "formatVersion": 2,
    "selection": {
      "q": "school",
      "system": "",
      "harm": "",
      "context": "",
      "country": "",
      "role": "",
      "relation": "unknown",
      "evidence": "",
      "year": "2023",
      "response": "",
      "severity": "",
      "verification": "",
      "view": "incidents",
      "sort": "added"
    },
    "totalIncidents": 1,
    "coverage": {
      "cases": 1,
      "countries": 1,
      "languages": 1,
      "unknownLocation": 0,
      "locationPending": 0,
      "unknownLanguage": 0,
      "unknownDate": 0,
      "lawsuits": 0,
      "regulatory": 0,
      "minors": 1,
      "coreRelations": 0,
      "contextualRelations": 0,
      "mixedRelations": 0,
      "unknownRelations": 1,
      "relationPending": 1,
      "relationUnknown": 0
    },
    "countingNote": "Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.",
    "affectedCountNote": "Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.",
    "source": "NOPE Incident Tracker",
    "url": "https://nope.net/incidents",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0"
  },
  "incidents": [
    {
      "id": "2023-glow-minimax-removal-china",
      "metadataReview": {
        "version": 1,
        "geography": {
          "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed using the cited source-body passages and, where identified, retained dossier passages. Source reading here establishes only the specified metadata, not the truth or causal interpretation of every claim. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.",
          "evidence": [
            {
              "kind": "source_body",
              "locator": "Paragraphs identify the affected school student in southern China and other affected users in Guangzhou and Xi’an.",
              "location": "https://restofworld.org/2023/glow-china-ai-social-chatbot-moderation/",
              "supports": [
                "event_countries",
                "affected_person_countries"
              ],
              "countries": [
                "CN"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "court_countries": [],
          "event_countries": [
            "CN"
          ],
          "affected_person_countries": [
            "CN"
          ]
        },
        "unresolved": [
          "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts."
        ],
        "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15",
        "source_reviews": [
          {
            "url": "https://restofworld.org/2023/glow-china-ai-social-chatbot-moderation/",
            "notes": "Body read. English reporting, not an original Chinese-language item.",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en"
          }
        ]
      },
      "name": "Glow AI Companion App Removal (MiniMax, China)",
      "summary": "MiniMax's Glow AI companion app was removed from Chinese app stores in March 2023 after reports that 80% of users were engaging in sexual/explicit content with AI characters. Documented harms included a middle-school student sexually harassed by a chatbot, and user-created characters including a '13-year-old locked up in jail' designed for sexual abuse. MiniMax relaunched as Talkie (international) and 星野/Xingye (China).",
      "incidentDate": "2023-03-01",
      "incidentKind": "bounded_series",
      "incidentDatePrecision": "month",
      "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions",
      "reportedDate": "2023-03-15",
      "aiSystem": "Glow (by MiniMax)",
      "aiCompany": "MiniMax",
      "severity": "high",
      "verificationStatus": "verified",
      "harmCategories": [
        "minor_exploitation",
        "romantic_escalation",
        "psychological_manipulation",
        "third_party_harm_facilitation"
      ],
      "harmOutcomes": [
        "psychological_distress",
        "exploitation_or_abuse"
      ],
      "harmOutcomeSummary": "Reporting documented a middle-school participant being sexually harassed by a Glow chatbot. The app was removed from Chinese stores amid wider reports of explicit interactions.",
      "frameworkFacets": [
        "P1d",
        "P2b",
        "P2c",
        "P5d"
      ],
      "pathwayDirection": "inward",
      "causationStatus": "supported",
      "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1,
      "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0,
      "affectedCountStatus": "partial",
      "affectedCountEvidence": "The reporting documents one middle-school participant who was sexually harassed. Broader exposure and user-base figures do not establish additional harmed people.",
      "victimAgeRange": "minor",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "platformType": "companion",
      "outcomeType": "product_shutdown",
      "outcomeStatus": "resolved",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://restofworld.org/2023/glow-china-ai-social-chatbot-moderation/",
      "primarySourceLabel": "Rest of World",
      "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-29T10:33:24.275555+00:00",
      "scopeVersion": "participant-v2",
      "tags": [
        "china",
        "minimax",
        "glow",
        "talkie",
        "ai-companion",
        "minor",
        "sexual-content",
        "product-shutdown",
        "content-moderation-failure",
        "non-western"
      ]
    }
  ]
}