{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-22T10:16:34.939Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"personal-information","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"unknown","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":1,"coverage":{"cases":1,"countries":1,"languages":1,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":1,"lawsuits":0,"regulatory":0,"minors":0,"coreRelations":1,"contextualRelations":0,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2022-hangzhou-man-sold-ai-face-swap-obscene-videos-of-public-figures-and-private-people-jailed-and-ordered-to-pay-public-interest-damages","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'2022年8月，杭州市萧山警方在网上巡查中获取一条线索，辖区内有人利用AI技术制作淫秽视频在网上进行大量传播，警方依法对此立案侦查，并迅速抓获了犯罪嫌疑人'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Xiaoshan police opened a case in August 2022 after an online patrol found someone in the district making obscene videos with AI technology and spreading them widely online, and arrested the man.","causal_attribution":"Police and procuratorate account via CCTV."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'利用“AI换脸”软件生成大量淫秽视频进行传播'; '还将“AI换脸”软件分为初级、中级和高级三个等级进行销售并传授使用教程，同时还提供网上非法收集的他人人脸素材'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'根据顾客的需要，还可以使用不同的女明星的形象，进行“私人定制”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Prosecutors said he used AI face-swap software to make obscene videos, spread them in paid groups, took custom face-swap orders and sold the software with tutorials and face material.","causal_attribution":"Procuratorate account."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'被“AI换脸”侵害人脸敏感信息的受害者，不仅包括多位知名公众人物，还有很多不特定的普通人'; '其中就有人提出想要定制自己暗恋女生的换脸视频'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'“私人定制”换脸的对象，不仅包括明星，也有生活中的普通人'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Prosecutors said the victims whose faces were swapped included several well-known public figures and many unspecified private people, and that one customer asked for the face of a woman he had a crush on.","causal_attribution":"Procuratorate account; no individual victim is described."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'删除非法获取的个人信息，公开赔礼道歉、消除影响并赔偿损失共60000元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'删除非法获取的个人信息，公开赔礼道歉、消除影响并赔偿损失共60000元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Hangzhou Internet Court granted the prosecutors' public-interest claims, ordering deletion of the personal information, a public apology and 60,000 yuan for personal-information protection.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as relayed; the judgment was not inspected."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'2023年11月，杭州市萧山区人民法院判决被告人'; '犯制作、传播淫秽物品牟利罪，判处有期徒刑七年三个月，并处罚金6万元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'有期徒刑七年三个月'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In November 2023 the Xiaoshan District People's Court sentenced him to seven years and three months in prison and a 60,000-yuan fine for making and spreading obscene material for profit.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as relayed; the judgment was not inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"faces of public figures and private people swapped into obscene videos with AI and spread and sold without consent, per prosecutors","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://app.xinhuanet.com/news/article.html?articleId=50a79df8-e37c-4837-86dd-2b0deef66ca0","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Xinhua app relay of CCTV's report quoting Xiaoshan prosecutors and Hangzhou Internet Court judges; no judgment inspected.","independence_group":"xiaoshan-procuratorate-and-courts-via-cctv"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.jinantimes.com.cn/news-216-4931256.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. New Yellow River roundup (via Jinan Times) restating the same procuratorate and court account; it also covers a separate Beijing case not used here.","independence_group":"xiaoshan-procuratorate-and-courts-via-cctv"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["When the obscene face-swap videos were first made and spread; the reports give 2020 for his first use of the software and August 2022 for the police case.","How many people were depicted and who they were.","Which face-swap software was used.","The date of the Hangzhou Internet Court judgment.","Whether either judgment was appealed."],"geography":{"basis":"Xiaoshan police in Hangzhou found the videos being spread from their district and arrested the man there, and the Xiaoshan court and Hangzhou Internet Court decided the case, so the event is placed in China. Where the depicted people live is not reported.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): Hangzhou prosecutors said a man used AI face-swap software to put public figures' and private people's faces into obscene videos that he spread and sold, and he was jailed and ordered to pay public-interest damages. One reporting chain (procuratorate and courts via CCTV), read in two Chinese sources.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-22"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Prosecutors, an examining party, said the man used AI face-swap software to generate the obscene videos, and the courts convicted him and granted the public-interest claims on that account. The generated videos depicted the faces of public figures and private people (depicted_or_impersonated). The technical basis of the identification beyond the seized material is not described in the reports.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Hangzhou: man who sold AI face-swap obscene videos, including custom swaps of private people's faces, jailed 7 years 3 months; court orders 60,000 yuan","summary":"According to Hangzhou prosecutors and courts as reported by CCTV and relayed by Xinhua in March 2024, police in Xiaoshan district opened a case in August 2022 after finding that a local man was spreading large numbers of obscene videos made with AI technology. Prosecutors said he used AI face-swap software to put faces onto obscene videos, spread them in paid social-media groups to attract customers, sold the software and tutorials, and took custom orders, swapping in the faces of public figures and of private people; one customer asked for the face of a woman he had a crush on. Victims included several well-known public figures and many unspecified private people. In a civil public-interest suit brought by prosecutors, the Hangzhou Internet Court ordered him to delete the personal information he had obtained, apologise publicly and pay 60,000 yuan for personal-information protection. In November 2023 the Xiaoshan District People's Court sentenced him to seven years and three months in prison and a 60,000-yuan fine for making and spreading obscene material for profit.","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2024-03-21","aiSystem":"AI face-swap software, not named in the reports, that the man used to replace faces in obscene videos and sold to others with tutorials and face material","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to Hangzhou prosecutors, the man swapped the faces of public figures and of many private people into obscene videos without consent and spread and sold them; the courts imposed a prison term and ordered public-interest damages for the infringement of personal information.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"Prosecutors describe several well-known public figures and many unspecified private people as victims; no count is given. Group sizes (95 to 2,053 members), 1,200-plus videos and 1,600-plus images are audiences and material, not harmed people.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://app.xinhuanet.com/news/article.html?articleId=50a79df8-e37c-4837-86dd-2b0deef66ca0","primarySourceLabel":"Xinhua app (CCTV report), 21 March 2024: AI face-swap obscene videos of actresses, court rules","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-22T03:12:22.743729+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-22T03:12:22.743729+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["face-swap","sexual-deepfakes","criminal-conviction","public-interest-litigation","hangzhou","china","depicted-or-impersonated"]}]}