{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-27T06:04:29.978Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"pay","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"2025","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":31,"coverage":{"cases":31,"countries":12,"languages":11,"unknownLocation":5,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":9,"regulatory":10,"minors":3,"coreRelations":19,"contextualRelations":8,"mixedRelations":2,"unknownRelations":6,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":6},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2025-ramat-gan-supreme-court-finds-city-denied-special-education-pupils-school-transport-with-ai-invented-circular-and-rulings","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'נדחתה בקשתו של האב .במענה מיום  25.5.2025נכתב ,כי בהתאם להוראות \"חוזר מנכ\"ל'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'בתגובה, במאי 2025 עובדי העירייה שלחו מכתב רשמי ומפורט שבו דחו את בקשתו.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 25 May 2025 the municipality refused transport for the pupil from his father's home, citing an Education Ministry director-general circular and quotations from recent rulings.","causal_attribution":"Facts recited by the Supreme Court from the documents before it."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'המנכ\"ל אליו מפנה עיריית רמת גן אינו מוכר לנו'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'גם במשרד החינוך אמרו כי החוזר שהעירייה הפנתה אליו לא מוכר להם'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Education Ministry told the father's lawyer that it did not know the circular the municipality cited.","causal_attribution":"The ministry's reply as quoted in the judgment."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'עיון במסמכים שצורפו לערעור ,לא מותיר מקום לספק באשר לשימוש שעשתה'; 'כפי שהוצגה למערער – התבססה בבירור על שימוש לא מבוקר בבינה מלאכותית'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'עיריית רמת גן תשלם הוצאות בסך 30,000 שקל בשל \"שימוש מופקר\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The Supreme Court found that the documents left no doubt that the municipality had used AI, and that its decision, at least as presented to the pupil, clearly rested on uncontrolled use of artificial intelligence.","causal_attribution":"The court's own finding on the AI use; the municipality did not deny it but argued the errors were technical."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'בתשלום הוצאות על סך של  – ₪ 30,000'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'ביולי העירייה הסכימה לפנים משורת הדין להחזיר לילד את הזכאות להסעות'; 'בית המשפט העליון חייב את עיריית רמת גן לשלם לאב 30,000 ש\"ח הוצאות משפט'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The municipality agreed in July 2025 to restore the transport, and the Supreme Court ordered it to pay 30,000 shekels in costs.","causal_attribution":"Outcome as recorded in the judgment and reported."}],"effects":[{"label":"special-education pupil refused school transport on the basis of AI-invented authorities; family forced to litigate","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://z.calcalist.co.il/assets/pickerul/f8edf1ed-a81f-40ca-9d68-80fe1e65d86e.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"he","translation_note":"Read in Hebrew by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-27 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Supreme Court judgment PDF hosted by Calcalist; the live file returned HTTP 403, so a Web Archive capture of the same URL was read in full (text extracted from the PDF).","independence_group":"israel-supreme-court-judgment"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.davar1.co.il/665441/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"he","translation_note":"Read in Hebrew by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-27 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Davar report of 24 March 2026 with comment from the father's lawyer; the live page returned HTTP 403, so a Web Archive capture of the same URL was read in full.","independence_group":"davar-report"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.bizportal.co.il/takdin/news/article/20029328","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"he","translation_note":"Read in Hebrew by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-27 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Bizportal (Takdin) report of 22 March 2026 quoting the judgment; HTML read, HTTP 200.","independence_group":"bizportal-takdin-report"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["education","public_services","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI system the municipality used and who in the municipality used it.","How long the pupil was without transport from his father's home between the refusal and July 2025.","Any disciplinary outcome inside the municipality."],"geography":{"basis":"The decision was taken by the Ramat Gan municipality and litigated in the Tel Aviv District Court and the Israeli Supreme Court (judgment and Davar). The family's residence is not used as the event location.","court_countries":["IL"],"event_countries":["IL"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as an AI-informed administrative decision about a person: the Israeli Supreme Court found that Ramat Gan municipality's refusal of a special-education pupil's school transport rested on uncontrolled AI use with an invented circular and rulings, and ordered costs against the municipality.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-27"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Supreme Court found that the documents left no doubt that the municipality had used AI in its initial decision and in the proceedings, and that the refusal, at least as presented to the pupil, clearly rested on uncontrolled AI use: the circular it cited was unknown to the Education Ministry and the quoted rulings did not contain the passages. The AI output thus supplied the reasons for the municipality's decision about the pupil. The specific AI system is not named.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Israel: Supreme Court finds Ramat Gan refused a special-education pupil school transport in a letter resting on uncontrolled AI use and invented rulings","summary":"In May 2025 the Ramat Gan municipality in Israel refused a request that a special-education pupil be given school transport from his father's home, citing an Education Ministry director-general circular and quotations from recent rulings. The father's lawyer could not find the circular, and the Education Ministry said it did not know it. After the father petitioned the Tel Aviv District Court, the municipality agreed in July 2025 to restore the transport but again filed invented quotations, and the district court refused costs. On appeal, the Supreme Court (Deputy President Noam Sohlberg, ruling published 22 March 2026) held that the documents left no doubt that the municipality had used artificial intelligence and that its decision, at least as presented to the pupil, clearly rested on uncontrolled AI use. It ordered the municipality to pay 30,000 shekels in costs.","incidentDate":"2025-05-25","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-03-22","aiSystem":"Unidentified generative AI system whose uncontrolled use, according to the Israeli Supreme Court, produced the non-existent circular and invented case-law quotations in the Ramat Gan municipality's refusal letter and court filings","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["educational_harm","legal_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The pupil was refused school transport from his father's home on the basis of invented authorities, and the family had to petition the courts; the father's lawyer told Davar the father felt anger and frustration. Transport was restored in July 2025.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The pupil (the appellant) and his father, who brought the request and the litigation; the ruling and Davar describe both. The municipality's staff used the AI system, so neither is counted as a user.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"IL","platformType":"other","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://z.calcalist.co.il/assets/pickerul/f8edf1ed-a81f-40ca-9d68-80fe1e65d86e.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Israel Supreme Court, appeal judgment of Deputy President N. Sohlberg (Ramat Gan school transport), March 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-27T03:19:07.496358+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-27T03:19:07.496358+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["public-services","education","special-education","hallucinated-authorities","supreme-court","israel"]},{"id":"2025-yaroslavl-court-orders-parents-of-pupil-who-made-ai-video-turning-teacher-into-bare-chested-man-to-pay-her-damages","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Инцидент произошел в феврале 2025 года, когда ученик снял на видео преподавательницу математики одной из школ города на уроке без ее ведома и согласия.'; 'Затем с помощью нейросети на основе полученного изображения подросток сгенерировал видео, в котором педагог превращается в мужчину с обнаженным торсом атлетического сложения, и опубликовал этот ролик в чате класса.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'В пресс-службе суда рассказали, что инцидент произошел в феврале 2025 года.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Видео разлетелось по чату класса, и педагог, узнав об этом, обратилась в суд с иском к родителям ученика.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The court's press service says that in February 2025 a seventh-grade pupil filmed his teacher at work without her knowledge or consent and used a neural network to generate a video from it in which she turns into a man with a bare athletic torso, which he posted in the class chat.","causal_attribution":"Court press-service account relayed by three outlets (one origin); the parents did not dispute the filming or the video."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Женщина рассказала в заявлении, что после произошедшего не хотела возвращаться в класс, чувствовала на себе косые взгляды детей, а ее авторитет среди учеников пошатнулся.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'В суде педагог пояснила, что распространение такого контента нанесло урон ее авторитету, сформировало негативное общественное мнение.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The teacher told the court that afterwards she did not want to return to the classroom, felt the pupils' sideways looks and that her authority among the pupils had been damaged.","causal_attribution":"The teacher's account to the court, as relayed from the court's announcement."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Родители ученика иск не признали, однако не стали оспаривать, что их сын снял на телефон учителя и создал видео. При этом они отметили, что мальчик не сам придумал сюжет ролика, а лишь применил трендовый эффект.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Мать и отец школьника пытались оправдаться: утверждали, что сын использовал трендовый эффект и сам сюжет не придумывал.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The parents contested the claim, saying their son had only applied a trending effect and had not invented the plot and that the teacher disliked him; they did not dispute that he filmed her and created the video.","causal_attribution":"The parents' position as reported from the court's announcement."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Суд пришел к выводу, что истцу по вине семиклассника, распространившего сведения, порочащие ее честь, достоинство и деловую репутацию, причинены нравственные страдания.'; 'С матери и отца школьника суд взыскал компенсацию морального вреда в размере 10 тысяч рублей с каждого.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Суд обязал родителей семиклассника выплатить компенсацию морального вреда за видео с учителем, созданное их ребенком с помощью нейросети.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Суд пришел к выводу, что распространенное видео порочит честь, достоинство и деловую репутацию учительницы.'; 'Суд взыскал с каждого из родителей по 10 тысяч рублей компенсации морального вреда.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The court found that the seventh-grader's dissemination of the video harmed the teacher's honour, dignity and professional reputation and caused her moral suffering, and ordered each parent to pay her 10,000 roubles.","causal_attribution":"The court's ruling as announced by its press service; the judgment text was not read, so the claim is reported."}],"effects":[{"label":"shame and loss of authority after a generated video of her circulated in the class chat","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://mel.fm/novosti/5723968-v-yaroslavle-nakazali-roditeley-shkolnika-kotory-s-pomoshchyu-ii-sozdal-video-gde-uchitelnitsa-prevr","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-27 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Education news site reporting the court's announcement on its VK page, 16 March 2026; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"yaroslavl-court-press-service-mar-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://mskvremya.ru/article/2026/2326-uchitel-nakazala-roditeley-shkolnika-za-video-yaroslavl-sud","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-27 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Moscow newspaper reporting the court press service's account, 25 March 2026; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"yaroslavl-court-press-service-mar-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://altapress.ru/story/shkolnik-razdel-uchitelnitsu-neyrosetyu-i-vilozhil-v-chat-posledstviya-383263","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-27 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Regional news site relaying TASS, 17 March 2026; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"yaroslavl-court-press-service-mar-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","work"],"unknowns":["The school, the court of first instance, the case number and the date of the judgment.","The app or tool used to generate the video.","Whether the ruling was appealed."],"geography":{"basis":"The reports place the filming in a lesson at a school in the city of Yaroslavl, Russia, where the teacher works; the case was decided by a Yaroslavl court.","court_countries":["RU"],"event_countries":["RU"],"affected_person_countries":["RU"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): a court's own announcement says a pupil generated a video of his teacher with a neural network and posted it in the class chat, and the court awarded her compensation for the resulting moral harm. The teacher and pupil are not named and the school is not identified.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-27"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court's press service, reporting a ruling in the teacher's civil claim, says the pupil used a neural network to generate, from footage of the teacher, a video in which she turns into a bare-chested man; the parents did not dispute that he created the video and said he had applied a trending effect. The generated video depicting her is what circulated in the class chat and what the court found harmed her honour and reputation.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Yaroslavl (Russia) court orders parents of pupil who used a neural network to turn his filmed teacher into a bare-chested man in a video to pay her damages","summary":"A court in Yaroslavl, Russia, ordered the parents of a seventh-grade pupil to pay a mathematics teacher 10,000 roubles each in compensation for moral harm, according to reports in March 2026 of the court's own announcement. The court's press service said that in February 2025 the boy filmed the teacher at work without her knowledge or consent, then used a neural network to generate a video from the footage in which she turns into a man with a bare athletic torso, and posted it in the class chat. The teacher told the court that afterwards she did not want to go back into the classroom, felt the pupils' sideways looks and that her authority had been damaged. The parents contested the claim, saying their son had only applied a trending effect and that the teacher disliked him; they did not dispute that he filmed her and made the video. The court found that the video harmed her honour, dignity and professional reputation.","incidentDate":"2025-02-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-03-16","aiSystem":"A neural-network video effect applied by a pupil to classroom footage of his teacher, generating a video in which she turns into a bare-chested man; the court's press service describes it as created with a neural network, and no tool or app is named","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm","psychological_distress","professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The teacher told the court the video damaged her authority and left her ashamed and reluctant to enter the classroom; the court found moral harm and awarded 20,000 roubles in total.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the teacher depicted in the video, to whom the court awarded compensation.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"RU","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://mel.fm/novosti/5723968-v-yaroslavle-nakazali-roditeley-shkolnika-kotory-s-pomoshchyu-ii-sozdal-video-gde-uchitelnitsa-prevr","primarySourceLabel":"Mel, 16 March 2026: Yaroslavl court punishes parents of a pupil who made an AI video turning a teacher into a half-naked man","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-27T03:15:48.583916+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-27T03:15:48.583916+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai_generated_video","school","teacher","civil_damages","russia"]},{"id":"2025-amsterdam-court-jails-man-who-used-deepfakes-of-other-peoples-id-photos-to-open-47-bank-accounts-in-their-names","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Hij zou 47 bankrekeningen geopend hebben' ... 'met behulp van deepfake-technologie' ... 'Dit gebeurde in de periode van 20 maart 2025 tot en met 14 november 2025' ... 'Hij zou deepfake-technologie gebruiken om het identiteitsverificatiesysteem te misleiden'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Amsterdam District Court said a 34-year-old man was suspected of opening 47 bank accounts in other people's names with deepfake technology between 20 March and 14 November 2025, using it to mislead the identity-verification system.","causal_attribution":"The court's own statement of the charge; documents what was charged, not guilt."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Volgens het OM omzeilde de man dat door de foto op ID-bewijzen te vervangen door een pasfoto van hemzelf' ... 'Ook paste hij volgens justitie zijn eigen gezichtsfoto' ... 'aan, zodat die leken op de pasfoto' ... 'In de gezichtsscan van de man zijn kenmerken uit de pasfoto van de vrouw te zien'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"At the hearing the prosecution said the man got past ABN AMRO's app check by replacing ID-document photos with a photo of himself and by adjusting his own face photos to resemble them, and the judge noted that a selfie submitted with a woman's identity document showed features of her passport photo.","causal_attribution":"Prosecution's account and the judge's remark, reported from the hearing."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ID-bewijzen van slachtoffers op wier naam rekeningen waren geopend'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The prosecution said identity documents of victims in whose names accounts were opened were found on his phone.","causal_attribution":"Prosecution's statement in court."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'waarin hij verklaarde dat hij vanaf 28 september 2025 wetenschap had van de strafbare feiten' ... 'De rechtbank heropent daarom het onderzoek ter terechtzitting'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In a written statement the man said he only knew of the offences from 28 September 2025, and on 31 March 2026 the court reopened the investigation to examine the data on his phone.","causal_attribution":"Interim ruling and the content of his written statement, documented by the court's release."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'krijgt 2,5 jaar cel' ... 'De rechtbank ging mee met de eis van het OM' ... '13.000 euro schadevergoeding betalen aan ABN Amro' ... 'Van de 2,5 jaar cel zijn zes maanden een voorwaardelijke straf'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"According to AT5, on 17 June 2026 the court followed the prosecution's demand and sentenced him to two and a half years in prison, six months of it suspended, and ordered him to pay 13,000 euros to ABN AMRO.","causal_attribution":"Verdict as reported by AT5; judgment text not inspected."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Hij wist 47 rekeningen te openen door gezichtskenmerken van zijn slachtoffers met AI op zijn eigen gezicht te plakken' ... 'Een deel van deze bankrekeningen is gebruikt voor bankhelpdeskfraude en het opnemen van contant geld'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"AT5 reports that he opened the 47 accounts by pasting his victims' facial features onto his own face with AI, and that part of the accounts was used for bank-helpdesk fraud and cash withdrawals.","causal_attribution":"AT5's account of the convicted conduct; consistent with the court's and prosecution's deepfake description."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'De verdachte zegt dat hij in die periode niets met de fraude te maken had'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'De verdachte heeft zelf altijd ontkend'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The man denied involvement in the fraud during the earlier period at the hearing, and AT5 reports that he always denied the charges.","causal_attribution":"Counterevidence: the defendant's denial."}],"effects":[{"label":"identities of other people used to open 47 bank accounts by deepfaked face scans","claim_id":"c6","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.rechtspraak.nl/organisatie-en-contact/organisatie/rechtbanken/rechtbank-amsterdam/nieuws/2026/03/extra-onderzoek-nodig-in-zaak-oplichting-bank-met-deepfake-technologie","kind":"court_press_release","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-26; English renderings are the agent's own translation. Press release of the Amsterdam District Court on its interim judgment, 31 Mar 2026; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"rechtbank-amsterdam-31-mar-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2606734-man-met-wiens-gezicht-tientallen-bankrekeningen-werden-geopend-voor-de-rechter","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-26; English renderings are the agent's own translation. NOS report of the 17 Mar 2026 hearing (prosecution and judge's statements in court); HTTP 200.","independence_group":"nos-hearing-17-mar-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.at5.nl/artikelen/238721/amsterdammer-deepfakes-47-bankrekeningen-openen","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-26; English renderings are the agent's own translation. AT5 report of the 17 Jun 2026 verdict; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"at5-verdict-17-jun-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["finance","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["Which deepfake tool was used.","How many distinct people's identities were used for the 47 accounts.","The losses of the people defrauded through the accounts and whether the verdict was appealed."],"geography":{"basis":"The Amsterdam District Court in the Netherlands heard the case, so NL is the court country. The sources do not state where the accounts were opened from or where the people whose identities were used live, so no event or affected-person country is recorded from the court's seat or the bank's nationality.","court_countries":["NL"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): a Dutch court and prosecutors say a man used deepfake technology to make his face scans match other people's ID photos and open 47 bank accounts in their names, and the court convicted him in June 2026 according to AT5. Private names are not used.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-26"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Amsterdam District Court's press release states that the man was suspected of using deepfake technology to mislead the bank's identity-verification system and open 47 accounts in other people's names. At the hearing the prosecution described how he adjusted his own face photos to resemble the ID photos, and the judge noted that a selfie submitted with a woman's document showed features of her passport photo. AT5 reports that he was convicted and sentenced for opening the accounts by pasting his victims' facial features onto his own face with AI. The specific tool is not named and the written judgment was not inspected.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Amsterdam court jails man who used deepfake technology to pass a bank's face check with other people's IDs and open 47 accounts in their names","summary":"The Amsterdam District Court said in March 2026 that a 34-year-old man was suspected of opening 47 bank accounts in other people's names between 20 March and 14 November 2025 by using deepfake technology to mislead a bank's identity-verification system. At the hearing on 17 March 2026, the prosecution said he had beaten ABN AMRO's app check, which compares a face scan with the photo on an identity document, by replacing ID photos with his own and by adjusting his own face photos to resemble the ID photos; the judge noted that a selfie submitted with one woman's identity document showed features of her passport photo. The prosecution said identity documents of the victims in whose names accounts were opened were found on his phone. The man denied knowing of the fraud before late September 2025, and the court reopened the investigation on 31 March to examine his phone data. According to AT5, on 17 June 2026 the court sentenced him to two and a half years in prison, six months of it suspended, and ordered him to pay 13,000 euros to ABN AMRO; AT5 reports that he pasted his victims' facial features onto his own face with AI and that some of the accounts were used for bank-helpdesk fraud and cash withdrawals.","incidentDate":"2025-03-20","incidentEndDate":"2025-11-14","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-03-17","aiSystem":"Deepfake technology used to alter face scans so that they matched other people's identity-document photos in ABN AMRO's account-opening app, according to the Amsterdam District Court and the prosecution (tool not identified)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","other_material_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the Amsterdam District Court, the prosecution and AT5's report of the verdict, a man used deepfake technology to make his face scans match other people's identity-document photos, opening 47 ABN AMRO accounts in their names; some accounts were then used for bank-helpdesk fraud and cash withdrawals.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"The court says 47 accounts were opened in the names of others, and the hearing report describes two of the identity holders (a man and a woman); the number of distinct people is not stated, so two is the documented minimum. Victims of the bank-helpdesk fraud run through the accounts and the bank itself are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"NL","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.rechtspraak.nl/organisatie-en-contact/organisatie/rechtbanken/rechtbank-amsterdam/nieuws/2026/03/extra-onderzoek-nodig-in-zaak-oplichting-bank-met-deepfake-technologie","primarySourceLabel":"Rechtbank Amsterdam, 31 Mar 2026: further investigation needed in bank fraud case using deepfake technology","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-26T03:20:11.628878+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-26T03:20:11.628878+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","identity-verification","bank-account-fraud","identity-theft","criminal-conviction","netherlands","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-dutch-court-rules-recruitment-consultants-summary-dismissal-invalid-after-employer-cited-his-chatgpt-queries","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Bij brief van 23 juni 2025 heeft'; 'op staande voet ontslagen. In de brief zijn als redenen vermeld'; '6. misbruik van bedrijfsmiddelen en integriteitsinbreuk;'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Uiteindelijk leidde dit tot een ontslag op staande voet op 23 juni 2025, gebaseerd op een combinatie van zeven verwijten.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"By letter of 23 June 2025 the employer dismissed the recruitment consultant with immediate effect, giving seven grounds, one of which was misuse of company resources and an integrity breach.","causal_attribution":"The dismissal letter as recorded by the court; one origin (the court record)."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'heeft de gestelde zoekvragen op ChatGPT niet betwist'; 'met de in ChatGPT ingevoerde informatie zijn geheimhoudingsplicht heeft geschonden'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'De werkgever verwijt de werknemer dat hij met de bedrijfslaptop op ChatGPT heeft gezocht hoe hij een ontslagvergoeding kon vorderen van de werkgever en daarbij lasterlijke beweringen heeft gedaan over de werkgever.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Under that ground the employer accused him of asking ChatGPT on the company laptop how to claim a severance payment from the employer and of making defamatory statements about it there; the dismissal letter said he breached his confidentiality duty with the information he entered into ChatGPT. He did not dispute the queries.","causal_attribution":"The court records the employer's accusation and the employee's response; that the letter made the accusation is documented, its merits are assessed in c4."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Omdat de gestelde misleiding bij sollicitatie niet komt vast te staan en er sprake is van een samengestelde dringende reden moet worden geconcludeerd dat het ontslag op staande voet niet rechtsgeldig is gegeven'; 'in het openbaar uitgesproken op 27 februari 2026'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On 27 February 2026 the sub-district judge ruled the summary dismissal not legally valid, because the alleged misrepresentation at hiring was not established and the grounds formed a composite urgent reason.","causal_attribution":"The court ruling itself."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'de bedrijfslaptop voor privé zoekopdrachten mocht gebruiken'; 'enkel informatie heeft gedeeld over zijn arbeidsrelatie met'; 'is in de beperkte mate verwijtbaar'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On the ChatGPT ground the judge found that private use of the laptop had not been forbidden, that he had shared only information about his employment relationship and no company secrets were shown, and that this was culpable to a limited extent.","causal_attribution":"The court's own finding on the ChatGPT ground."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'een transitievergoeding van € 2.976,04 bruto'; 'een gefixeerde schadevergoeding van € 4.565,70 bruto'; 'hij heeft informatie gedeeld over zijn arbeidsrelatie met'; 'geen aanleiding is om een billijke vergoeding toe te kennen'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 22 May 2026 the court awarded a transition payment of 2,976.04 euros gross, fixed damages of 4,565.70 euros gross and costs, and refused fair compensation, weighing his limited income loss and his own culpable conduct, which it listed as including that he had shared information about his employment relationship.","causal_attribution":"The final decision itself."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'dat zonder het ontslag op staande voet per 1 augustus 2025 geëindigd zou zijn'; 'iets meer verdient dan bij'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The fixed-term contract would have ended on 1 August 2025 without the dismissal, and he started another, slightly better-paid job on that date.","causal_attribution":"The final decision; limits the income loss."}],"effects":[{"label":"employee dismissed with immediate effect on grounds that included his ChatGPT queries about severance","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://data.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraken/content?id=ECLI:NL:RBZWB:2026:1393","kind":"court_decision","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-25 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Interim decision of the sub-district judge, Rechtbank Zeeland-West-Brabant (sitting in Tilburg), given 27 February 2026; open-data XML, HTTP 200, full text read. The court pseudonymises both parties.","independence_group":"rechtbank-zeeland-west-brabant-case-11850634"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://data.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraken/content?id=ECLI:NL:RBZWB:2026:5043","kind":"court_decision","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-25 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Final decision in the same case (case number 11850634), given 22 May 2026; open-data XML, HTTP 200, full text read.","independence_group":"rechtbank-zeeland-west-brabant-case-11850634"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.accountancyvanmorgen.nl/2026/04/03/ontslag-op-staande-voet-na-chatgpt-zoekopdrachten-houdt-geen-stand/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-25 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Accountancy Vanmorgen summary of the interim decision, 3 April 2026; HTTP 200, full text read. It derives from the judgment and is not independent of it.","independence_group":"rechtbank-zeeland-west-brabant-case-11850634"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["Whether either party appealed the decisions.","The wording of the statements the employer called defamatory and of the information he entered into ChatGPT, beyond the questions quoted by the court.","Whether the dismissal would have been given without the ChatGPT ground, which was one of seven."],"geography":{"basis":"The final decision states that the employer is established in Tilburg ('gevestigd te Tilburg'), placing the employment and the dismissal in the Netherlands; the case was decided by the Rechtbank Zeeland-West-Brabant. The employee's residence is pseudonymised and left unknown.","court_countries":["NL"],"event_countries":["NL"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a consequential-response case: a Dutch court recorded that an employer's summary dismissal letter cited, as one of seven grounds, the employee's ChatGPT queries about a severance claim and the information he entered into ChatGPT, ruled the dismissal invalid, and awarded statutory payments. Both court decisions were read in full.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-25"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's response to the employee's own ChatGPT use. The court records that the dismissal letter's sixth ground, misuse of company resources and an integrity breach, concerned his ChatGPT queries on the work laptop about obtaining a severance payment, and that the letter called the information he entered into ChatGPT a breach of his confidentiality duty; the court assessed that ground in its own paragraphs and found the conduct culpable to a limited extent. No source says ChatGPT's replies played any part in the dismissal, so the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption. The ChatGPT ground was one of seven.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Dutch court rules a recruitment consultant's summary dismissal invalid; his employer had cited his ChatGPT queries about severance among seven grounds","summary":"On 23 June 2025 a recruitment agency summarily dismissed a recruitment consultant it had employed since January 2024, giving seven grounds in its dismissal letter. One ground, misuse of company resources and an integrity breach, concerned questions he had put to ChatGPT on his work laptop about how to obtain a severance payment from the employer: the employer said he made defamatory statements about it there and breached his duty of confidentiality with the information he entered. He did not dispute the queries. In a decision given on 27 February 2026, the sub-district judge of the Rechtbank Zeeland-West-Brabant ruled the dismissal invalid, because the employer had not established another ground and the seven grounds formed a single composite reason. On the ChatGPT ground the judge found that private use of the laptop had not been forbidden, that he had shared only information about his employment relationship and no company secrets, and that this was culpable to a limited extent. In a final decision of 22 May 2026 the court awarded him a transition payment of 2,976.04 euros gross, fixed damages of 4,565.70 euros gross and costs, but refused the 25,000 euros of fair compensation he sought, weighing his limited income loss and his own culpable conduct, which it listed as including his sharing of information about the employment relationship. His fixed-term contract would have ended on 1 August 2025, when he started a new job.","incidentDate":"2025-06-23","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-03-04","aiSystem":"ChatGPT, used by the employee on his work laptop to ask how to obtain a severance payment; the employer cited these queries as a ground for summary dismissal","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The consultant was dismissed with immediate effect on grounds that included his ChatGPT queries about severance; the court ruled the dismissal invalid and awarded statutory payments.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the dismissed employee, who was himself the ChatGPT user (both court decisions).","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"NL","platformType":"other","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://data.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraken/content?id=ECLI:NL:RBZWB:2026:1393","primarySourceLabel":"Rechtbank Zeeland-West-Brabant, ECLI:NL:RBZWB:2026:1393, interim decision of 27 February 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-25T03:09:47.953547+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-25T03:09:47.953547+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["dismissal","workplace-ai","labour-court","chatgpt","netherlands","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2025-beijing-internet-court-short-drama-maker-used-ai-face-swap-resembling-well-known-actress-portrait-infringement","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'2025年4月，有网友质疑一部网络短剧疑似把演员AI换脸成知名女演员' ... '大量网友误认为' ... '参演了该剧，相关话题在多个社交平台引发讨论。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In April 2025 internet users questioned whether an online short drama had used AI face-swapping to make a performer look like a well-known actress, and many believed she had appeared in it.","causal_attribution":"Report drawing on Beijing Daily."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'法院认定，短剧制作方A公司擅自使用深度合成技术生成与某知名演员高度相似的形象，侵害其肖像权；短剧播出方B公司未尽合理审查义务，同样承担相应责任。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'法院认定，短剧制作方擅自使用深度合成技术生成与某演员高度相似的形象，侵害其肖像权；短剧播出方未尽合理审查义务，同样承担相应责任。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 20 March 2026 the Beijing Internet Court announced that the production company had used deep-synthesis technology without permission to generate a likeness highly similar to the actress, infringing her portrait rights, and that the broadcaster had failed its duty of reasonable review.","causal_attribution":"The court's notice as reported; a court finding."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'法庭上，A公司辩称，涉案形象系通过AI生成，未输入与原告相关指令，也难以预见生成形象会与原告产生关联。' ... '法院查明，涉案短剧共44集、总时长约90分钟，其中两个片段使用AI换脸技术，换脸后的演员面部与原告外貌具有一定相似度。' ... 'A公司虽提交创作过程说明，但未能按法庭要求复现换脸过程，其证据未被采信。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court found that two segments of the 44-episode, roughly 90-minute drama used AI face-swapping; the maker argued the image was AI-generated without any prompt relating to the actress but could not reproduce the face-swap process in court.","causal_attribution":"Court findings and the maker's argument as reported."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'最终，法院判决A公司、B公司分别在其运营的涉案视频账号向原告发布书面致歉声明并赔偿经济损失。双方均未上诉，一审判决已生效。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'要求其公开致歉并赔偿经济损失。双方均未上诉，判决现已生效。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The court ordered the production company and the broadcaster to post written apologies on their video accounts and pay economic damages; neither appealed and the judgment took effect.","causal_attribution":"The judgment as reported by two outlets relaying the court notice."}],"effects":[{"label":"well-known actress's likeness generated by AI face-swap in a commercial short drama without permission","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://finance.sina.com.cn/wm/2026-03-20/doc-inhrrzus0628987.shtml","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-10-24 (HTTP 200); quoted passages are kept in Chinese and the English sense was rendered by the research agent (an AI), not a human translator. Sina Finance report credited to Beijing Daily and earlier reporting, 20 March 2026.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-notice-20-mar-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://news.bjd.com.cn/2026/03/20/90079784.shtml","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-10-24 (HTTP 200); quoted passages are kept in Chinese and the English sense was rendered by the research agent (an AI), not a human translator. Beijing Daily report of the court's 20 March 2026 notice; the captured page carries only the lead paragraph.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-notice-20-mar-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.jiemian.com/article/14185974.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-10-24 (HTTP 200); quoted passages are kept in Chinese and the English sense was rendered by the research agent (an AI), not a human translator. Jiemian page of 31 March 2026 carrying a Yule Ziben Lun column on the case and the companies involved.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-notice-20-mar-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool was used.","The amount of economic damages awarded.","When the drama was released and how many people saw it."],"geography":{"basis":"The drama was distributed on Chinese social and video platforms and the case was decided by the Beijing Internet Court (Sina, BJD). The actress's country is not stated in the sources and is left empty.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): the Beijing Internet Court found that a short-drama maker used AI face-swap (deep-synthesis) technology to generate an identifiable likeness of a well-known actress without permission and held it and the broadcaster liable for infringing her portrait rights; the maker itself said the image was AI-generated.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-24"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Beijing Internet Court, as reported by Beijing Daily and Sina Finance, found that two segments of the short drama used AI face-swap technology and that the production company used deep-synthesis technology to generate a likeness highly similar to the actress; the company itself told the court the image was AI-generated. The generated face depicts the actress (depicted_or_impersonated) and is the infringement the court found. No tool is named.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Beijing Internet Court finds a short-drama maker used AI face-swapping to give a performer a well-known actress's likeness, infringing her portrait rights","summary":"On 20 March 2026 the Beijing Internet Court announced a portrait-rights judgment over an online short drama in which, it found, the production company used deep-synthesis (AI face-swap) technology to generate an image highly similar to a well-known actress, according to Beijing Daily and a Sina Finance report drawing on it. In April 2025 internet users had questioned whether the drama had face-swapped a performer into the actress, and many believed she had appeared in it. The court found that two segments of the 44-episode, roughly 90-minute drama used AI face-swapping and that the face resembled the actress closely enough for the public to identify her. The maker argued that the image was generated by AI without any prompt relating to her and could not reproduce its process in court. The court held the maker liable for portrait-rights infringement and the broadcaster liable for failing to review the content, and ordered both to post written apologies on their video accounts and pay economic damages; neither appealed. The amount is not reported in the sources read.","incidentDate":"2025-04-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-03-20","aiSystem":"Deep-synthesis (AI face-swap) technology used by the production company in two segments of an online short drama, as found by the court (tool not identified)","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The Beijing Internet Court found that a short-drama maker used AI face-swapping to generate a well-known actress's identifiable likeness without permission, infringing her portrait rights; many viewers believed she had appeared in the drama.","frameworkFacets":[],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the actress whose portrait rights the court found infringed. Viewers who believed she appeared are an audience and are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://finance.sina.com.cn/wm/2026-03-20/doc-inhrrzus0628987.shtml","primarySourceLabel":"Sina Finance (from Beijing Daily), 20 March 2026: court rules on AI face-swap of a well-known actress in a short drama","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-24T03:17:28.483888+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T03:17:28.483888+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-face-swap","deep-synthesis","short-drama","portrait-rights","court-ruling","china","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-karnataka-police-say-ai-generated-trump-video-promoted-trump-hotel-rental-investment-app-lawyer-lost-savings","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'allegedly lured him into investing in a Trump Hotel rentals scheme using an AI-generated video of US President Donald Trump promising high returns, police said on Monday'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The police said cybercriminals used the AI-generated video of Donald Trump to dupe people in Bengaluru, Tumakuru, Mangaluru, and Haveri.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police said the cybercriminals used an AI-generated video of Donald Trump to draw people into a fake 'Trump Hotel Rentals' investment scheme run through a mobile app.","causal_attribution":"Attributed to police by two outlets; the technical basis is not stated, and the police release PTI quotes does not mention AI."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'he came across a video on YouTube offering an investment opportunity in \"Donald Trump Hotel Rentals.\"'; 'When he clicked the link, he was directed to download a mobile application.'; 'he deposited Rs 5,93,240 to various bank accounts, UPI IDs, and digital wallets between January 25 and April 4.'; 'However, he stopped receiving returns and was unable to recover the invested amount.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'claimed he deposited Rs 5,93,240 between January 25 and April 4 this year'; 'In January this year, I came across shorts on YouTube that offered to invest in the Donald Trump Hotel.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"A lawyer saw YouTube videos offering investment in 'Donald Trump Hotel Rentals' in January 2025, downloaded the app and deposited Rs 5,93,240 between 25 January and 4 April 2025, and could not recover it.","causal_attribution":"The lawyer's own account, given in his complaint as relayed by police to PTI and in his interview with the Indian Express: one witness, so reported; whether the clips he saw contained the AI-generated video rests on the police attribution."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'A case has been registered under the IT Act and Section 318(4) (cheating) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, police said.'; 'Rs 1.5 lakh in the bank account to which the money was transferred has been frozen, a senior police officer said.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Police registered a case under the IT Act and the cheating provision of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and froze Rs 1.5 lakh in the receiving account.","causal_attribution":"Police statements reported by PTI."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'More than 200 investors from Karnataka have complained to cybercops that they were collectively defrauded of nearly Rs 2 crore'; 'A total of 15 cases have been registered in Haveri district.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'has been used to dupe more than 200 people in the last few months in several cities of Karnataka'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"More than 200 investors in Karnataka complained to cyber police of losing nearly Rs 2 crore through the app, with cases registered in several districts, 15 of them in Haveri.","causal_attribution":"Police figures relayed by both outlets; one underlying origin. Whether each complainant saw the AI-generated video is not established."}],"effects":[{"label":"lawyer lost Rs 5,93,240 deposited into the fake app after the video","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/05/26/mes19-ka-cyber-fraud.html","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"PTI copy republished by The Week; the live page returned 403, so a 2025 Internet Archive capture was read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-21. No translation was needed.","independence_group":"pti-haveri-police"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/ai-generated-trump-video-dupe-people-karnataka-10029617/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"The live page returned 403; a 2025 Internet Archive capture was read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-21. Includes the Indian Express's own interview with the lawyer. No translation was needed.","independence_group":"indian-express-karnataka"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/trump-app-over-200-in-karnataka-fall-prey-to-investment-fraud-lose-rs-2-crore/articleshow/121428182.cms","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-21 (HTTP 200). Own reporting with a police inspector's quotes. No translation was needed.","independence_group":"times-of-india-bengaluru"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["finance"],"unknowns":["How the police established that the Trump video was AI-generated, and which tool made it.","How many of the more than 200 complainants saw the video before investing.","Whether anyone has been arrested or any money returned beyond the Rs 1.5 lakh frozen."],"geography":{"basis":"Police in Karnataka, India, registered the cases, including the lawyer's complaint, and the reports place the victims in Karnataka districts.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["IN"],"affected_person_countries":["IN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published because investigating police, as reported separately by PTI and the Indian Express, attributed the scheme's promotion to an AI-generated Trump video, and a lawyer's loss of Rs 5,93,240 after seeing such videos is reported from both his police complaint and his own interview. The police attribution's technical basis is undisclosed.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-21"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Investigating police, as reported separately by PTI and the Indian Express, said the scheme used an AI-generated video of Donald Trump to dupe people into the scheme; the lawyer says he saw such YouTube shorts and then installed the app and deposited his money (depicted_or_impersonated: the generated video impersonated Trump toward the people it deceived). The technical basis for the police attribution is not disclosed, and the police release quoted by PTI mentions only fake links. No generation tool is identified.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Karnataka police say an AI-generated Trump video promoted a fake 'Trump Hotel Rental' investment app; a lawyer lost about Rs 5.9 lakh","summary":"Police in Karnataka, India, said in May 2025 that cybercriminals used an AI-generated video of US President Donald Trump to draw people into a fake 'Trump Hotel Rentals' investment scheme run through a mobile app. A lawyer told police and the Indian Express that in January 2025 he saw short YouTube videos offering investment in Donald Trump hotels, downloaded the app, and deposited Rs 5,93,240 between 25 January and 4 April 2025 after small early payouts, then could not withdraw anything. Police registered a case under the IT Act and the cheating provision of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and froze Rs 1.5 lakh in a recipient account. Reports describe more than 200 complaints across Karnataka districts with losses near Rs 2 crore; how many of those people saw the video is not established. The technical basis for the police description of the video as AI-generated is not disclosed.","incidentDate":"2025-01-25","incidentEndDate":"2025-04-04","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-05-26","aiSystem":"Video of Donald Trump promoting 'Trump Hotel Rentals' that police described as AI-generated, used to draw people to a fraudulent investment app; no generation tool is identified","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to police and his own account, a lawyer lost Rs 5,93,240 after a YouTube video, which police described as AI-generated, promoting a fake Trump hotel investment app; police report more than 200 complaints statewide.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"One person counted: the lawyer, whose loss after seeing the video is reported by PTI (from police) and by the Indian Express (his own account). The Times of India reports more than 200 complainants and police claims of more than 800 investors, but the inspected sources do not establish how many of them saw the AI-generated video, so they are left unquantified. He did not use the AI tool, so he is counted under other people harmed.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"IN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/05/26/mes19-ka-cyber-fraud.html","primarySourceLabel":"PTI via The Week: Karnataka lawyer duped by cyber fraudsters using AI-generated Trump video (26 May 2025)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-21T03:05:31.782805+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-21T03:05:31.782805+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["india","karnataka","investment-fraud","trump-impersonation","ai-generated-video","task-scam","youtube"]},{"id":"2025-moscow-court-upholds-sales-directors-dismissal-over-trade-secrets-uploaded-to-deepseek","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Бабушкинский суд Москвы признал законным увольнение топ-менеджера инженерной компании за загрузку сведений, составляющих коммерческую тайну, в нейросеть DeepSeek, сказано в решении суда, с которым ознакомилось РАПСИ.'; 'В решении суда указано, что менеджер направляла на свою личную почту документы об участии в тендере, файл с данными о зарплатах сотрудников, ставила ее в скрытую копию и пересылала корпоративную переписку.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'путем выгрузки внутренних отчетов в нейросеть DeepSeek (дело № 02-1545/2026)'; 'Дополнительным основанием для увольнения стало разглашение стратегической информации поставщику'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"A Moscow district court (the Babushkinsky District Court) upheld an engineering company's dismissal of its head of sales for disclosing trade secrets. The grounds it accepted included uploading protected internal reports to DeepSeek, forwarding company documents and correspondence to her personal email, and disclosing strategic information to a supplier.","causal_attribution":"Court decision as reported by RAPSI and Pravo.ru; the DeepSeek upload is one of several grounds."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'«Выгрузка сведений, составляющих коммерческую тайну и (или) являющихся конфиденциальной информацией, в систему искусственного интеллекта Deepseek является разглашением таких сведений», — указал суд и отклонил иск.'; 'По данным компании, в нейросеть она загрузила отчеты, которые содержат сведения о сделках, поступлении денежных средств, статистические и финансовые данные компании с разбивками по отделам.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Суд подчеркнул: сама по себе загрузка коммерческой тайны или конфиденциальной информации в систему искусственного интеллекта Deepseek уже является разглашением таких сведений.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The court held that uploading trade secrets or confidential information to DeepSeek is in itself a disclosure of that information. According to the company, the uploaded reports held data on deals, incoming payments and the company's financial and statistical figures by department.","causal_attribution":"The court's reasoning as quoted by RAPSI; the description of the reports is the company's."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Она обратилась в суд с требованием изменить формулировку увольнения и выплатить предусмотренный договором «золотой парашют» 5 миллионов рублей.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Требование о выплате 5 млн руб. отклонили, так как суд указал, что выплата «золотого парашюта» предусматривалась исключительно при расторжении договора по соглашению сторон или при сокращении штата, а не при увольнении за виновные действия.'; 'суд отменил необоснованное дисциплинарное взыскание в виде замечания и присудил'; 'компенсации морального вреда'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"She asked the court to change the dismissal to one by mutual agreement and to award a contractual severance payment of 5 million roubles. The court rejected those claims, because the payment applied only to termination by agreement or redundancy; it annulled a separate unfounded reprimand and awarded her compensation for moral harm.","causal_attribution":"Court decision as reported."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'работала с апреля 2025-го.'; 'привлекла сотрудницу к дисциплинарной ответственности, а затем уволила за разглашение охраняемой законом тайны.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'работала в компании с 18 апреля 2025 года с окладом свыше 800 000 рублей в месяц'; 'В сентябре 2025 года её уже привлекали к дисциплинарной ответственности, после чего последовало увольнение за разглашение охраняемой законом тайны.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'истец около полугода работала руководителем отдела продаж с окладом 800 тысяч рублей, уволили ее за разглашение коммерческой тайны.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"She had worked for the company since April 2025, for about half a year, on a monthly salary of over 800,000 roubles. She was disciplined in September 2025 and then dismissed for disclosing legally protected secrets.","causal_attribution":"Case materials as reported; the exact dismissal date is not given."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Решение суда по делу № 02-1545/2026 пока не вступило в законную силу и может быть обжаловано.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"As reported on 27 July 2026, the decision in case No. 02-1545/2026 had not entered into force and could be appealed.","causal_attribution":"HashTelegraph's report of the decision's status."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Она настаивала, что компания не представила доказательств разглашения коммерческой тайны, а основания для увольнения были незаконными.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Работодатель также ссылался на систематическое невыполнение планов продаж.'; 'В ходе процесса ответчик предлагал мировое соглашение с выплатой более 400 000 рублей — половины оклада, — но истица от него отказалась.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In court she argued that the company had not proved any disclosure of trade secrets and that the grounds for dismissal were unlawful. The employer also cited a systematic failure to meet sales plans, and during the proceedings offered a settlement of more than 400,000 roubles, which she refused.","causal_attribution":"The parties' positions in the case as reported by Meduza and HashTelegraph; recorded as counterevidence and context."}],"effects":[{"label":"dismissed for disclosing trade secrets, including DeepSeek uploads, and denied a contractual severance payment","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"http://rapsinews.ru/moscourts_news/20260727/312063726.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-19 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. RAPSI (Russian legal and judicial information agency), 27 July 2026; HTTP 200, full text read. RAPSI says it saw the court's decision; the decision itself was not inspected.","independence_group":"babushkinsky-court-moscow-case-02-1545-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://pravo.ru/news/264969/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-19 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Pravo.ru, 27 July 2026; HTTP 200, full text read; gives the case number. The body names the plaintiff; this record does not.","independence_group":"babushkinsky-court-moscow-case-02-1545-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://meduza.io/news/2026/07/27/v-moskve-top-menedzhera-kompanii-uvolili-za-razglashenie-kommercheskoy-tayny-cherez-deepseek","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-19 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Meduza, 27 July 2026; HTTP 200, full text read; cites the claim materials for the employment and disciplinary dates. Names the plaintiff; this record does not.","independence_group":"babushkinsky-court-moscow-case-02-1545-2026"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://hashtelegraph.com/direktor-po-prodazham-posovetovalas-s-deepseek-lishilas-raboty-i-5-mln-rubley/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-19 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. HashTelegraph, 27 July 2026; HTTP 200, full text read; relays the same decision with the start date and the appeal status. Names the plaintiff; this record does not.","independence_group":"babushkinsky-court-moscow-case-02-1545-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The exact date of the dismissal; the bodies give only the start of employment (18 April 2025), its length (about half a year) and a disciplinary action in September 2025.","Whether the decision was appealed or has entered into force.","Whether any company policy expressly prohibited uploading data to AI services."],"geography":{"basis":"The company is a Moscow engineering company and the case was decided by the Babushkinsky District Court of Moscow (RAPSI; Meduza). She worked for that Moscow company (Meduza); where she lives is not stated.","court_countries":["RU"],"event_countries":["RU"],"affected_person_countries":["RU"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a consequential-response case: a court-upheld dismissal and loss of a severance claim in which the court treated an employee's uploads to DeepSeek as disclosure of trade secrets. The account is the court decision as reported by RAPSI and Pravo.ru. The employee is not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-19"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's dismissal of an employee in response to her use of an AI service, upheld by a court. According to the decision as reported by RAPSI, she uploaded protected company reports to DeepSeek, and the court held that this upload was in itself a disclosure of trade secrets. The DeepSeek upload was one of several grounds, alongside forwarding documents to her personal email and disclosing strategic information to a supplier (Pravo.ru). No source reports any DeepSeek output about her, so the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Moscow court upholds a sales director's dismissal for disclosing trade secrets, including uploading company reports to DeepSeek, and rejects her severance claim","summary":"A Moscow district court upheld an engineering company's dismissal of its head of sales for disclosing trade secrets, according to RAPSI and Pravo.ru reports of 27 July 2026. The grounds included uploading protected internal reports to the Chinese chatbot DeepSeek, forwarding company documents to her personal email and disclosing strategic information to a supplier. The court held that uploading trade secrets to DeepSeek is in itself a disclosure. She had sought a dismissal by mutual agreement and a contractual severance payment of 5 million roubles. The court rejected both, annulled a separate reprimand and awarded her compensation for moral harm. The decision was not yet final.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-07-27","aiSystem":"DeepSeek, the chatbot to which, per the court decision as reported, she uploaded internal company reports","aiProduct":"DeepSeek","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A sales director was dismissed for disclosing trade secrets, including by uploading company reports to DeepSeek; a Moscow court upheld the dismissal and rejected her claim to a 5 million rouble severance payment (RAPSI; Pravo.ru).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the dismissed head of sales, who used DeepSeek herself (RAPSI; Pravo.ru). Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"RU","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"http://rapsinews.ru/moscourts_news/20260727/312063726.html","primarySourceLabel":"RAPSI, 27 July 2026: Moscow court upholds dismissal over uploading commercial data to DeepSeek","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-19T03:25:48.347444+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-19T03:25:48.347444+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepseek","workplace","dismissal","trade-secrets","labour-dispute","russia","moscow"]},{"id":"2025-brazil-telegram-group-ai-fake-intimate-images-court-orders-platform-damages","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'O Telegram foi condenado a indenizar em R$ 10 mil uma mulher que teve divulgadas imagens íntimas falsas, criadas com uso de inteligência artificial (IA).'; 'da 32ª Vara Cível de Goiânia'; 'A decisão foi assinada na última terça-feira (06)'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'A Justiça condenou a plataforma de mensagens Telegram a pagar R$ 10 mil por danos morais a uma mulher que teve divulgadas imagens íntimas falsas, criadas com uso de inteligência artificial (IA).'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In a judgment signed on Tuesday 6 October 2026, the 32ª Vara Cível de Goiânia ordered Telegram to pay R$10,000 in moral damages to a woman whose fake intimate images, created with artificial intelligence, were disseminated on the platform.","causal_attribution":"The judgment as reported; the judgment itself was not inspected."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Usuários do Telegram usavam ferramentas de IA para modificar fotos publicadas pela mulher e pelas irmãs dela nas redes sociais. Eles criavam imagens de nudez e situações sexuais que não existiam, sem o consentimento delas.'; 'compartilhavam essas montagens em um grupo com mais de 120 participantes, tecendo comentários ofensivos e de conteúdo sexual às vítimas.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'produzir montagens de cunho sexual com o uso de inteligência artificial'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the judgment as reported, Telegram users used AI tools to alter photos the woman and her sisters had posted on social media into nude and sexual images without their consent, and shared them in a group of more than 120 participants with offensive sexual comments.","causal_attribution":"The court's account of how the images were made and shared, as reported; no tool is named."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'por meio de formulário de suporte, mensagens eletrônicas e atendimento fornecido dentro do aplicativo.'; 'Em uma notificação enviada em 29 de julho de 2025, por exemplo, informou que a imagem dela estava sendo usada sem autorização.'; 'Contudo, não recebeu resposta nem conseguiu interromper a divulgação.'; 'Naquela época, tinha 98 participantes, mas chegou a ter pelo menos 123 um mês depois, no dia 27 de agosto.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"She reported the group to Telegram through its support form, emails and in-app support, including a notification on 29 July 2025, and received no reply; the group had 98 participants then and at least 123 on 27 August.","causal_attribution":"Facts recorded in the judgment as reported by one outlet."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Ele explicou que o Telegram foi responsabilizado porque não removeu as postagens mesmo depois de notificado.'; 'A empresa também deve usar ferramentas de identificação de arquivos e reconhecimento de imagens para impedir a republicação de cópias idênticas ou semelhantes ao conteúdo ilegal.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'que também determinou a retirada do material da plataforma, a adoção de mecanismos para impedir novas publicações e o fornecimento de dados que permitam identificar os usuários envolvidos'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court held Telegram liable because it did not remove the posts after being notified, and ordered it to remove the material, adopt mechanisms against new publication, and provide data identifying the users involved.","causal_attribution":"The court's reasoning and orders as reported."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Não se trata de mero uso indevido de imagem, mas da fabricação de uma intimidade sexual inexistente, que se apropria da identidade visual da vítima para expô-la, de forma degradante, a um número indeterminado de pessoas'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The judge wrote that the case was not mere misuse of an image but the fabrication of a non-existent sexual intimacy that appropriates the victim's visual identity to expose her degradingly to an indeterminate number of people.","causal_attribution":"The judge's words as quoted by one outlet."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'O Telegram foi citado, mas não contestou a ação.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'O POPULAR entrou em contato com a defesa do Telegram sobre a decisão judicial, mas, até a última atualização desta reportagem, não obteve retorno.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Telegram did not contest the action and had not answered O Popular's request for comment.","causal_attribution":"Absence of a response from the platform; no contrary account is reported."}],"effects":[{"label":"fake nude and sexual images of her shared in a Telegram group of more than 120 participants","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://portal6.com.br/2026/10/13/telegram-e-condenado-em-goiania-apos-usuarios-compartilharem-fotos-intimas-de-mulheres-feitas-com-ia/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"pt","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-19 through an Internet Archive capture (the live page returned HTTP 403; bodies/lat-portal6-telegram-wb.html/.txt). Portal 6's report of the judgment, citing the legal news site Rota Jurídica, which was not read. Read in the original Portuguese; the English renderings in claims and notes are translations by the research agent (an AI), not by a human translator.","independence_group":"goiania-32vc-judgment-2026-10-06"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://opopular.com.br/cidades/telegram-e-condenado-em-goiania-por-compartilhamento-de-imagens-intimas-de-mulheres-criadas-com-ia-1.3468089","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"pt","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-19 (live, HTTP 200; bodies/lat-opopular-telegram.html/.txt). O Popular's report of the judgment; the page is paywalled (isAccessibleForFree false) and only the standfirst and the first two paragraphs were readable. Read in the original Portuguese; the English renderings in claims and notes are translations by the research agent (an AI), not by a human translator.","independence_group":"goiania-32vc-judgment-2026-10-06"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tools were used and who made the images.","When the images were first made and shared; the reports give a notification on 29 July 2025 and the group's size then and on 27 August.","How many sisters were depicted.","Whether the users responsible have been identified or prosecuted, and whether Telegram has complied or appealed.","Whether the judgment itself finds that AI tools were used or records the plaintiff's uncontested account; the judgment text was not inspected."],"geography":{"basis":"The judgment was given by the 32ª Vara Cível de Goiânia in Goiás, Brazil, which supports court_countries=BR. The reports do not say where the woman lives or where the group's members were; the court's seat is not used to locate the event or the woman.","court_countries":["BR"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Two Goiás outlets report a civil judgment finding that Telegram users altered a woman's photos into fake sexual images with AI tools and shared them in a group, and that Telegram, after ignoring her reports, must pay damages and remove and block the images. The facts rest on the judgment as reported; the judgment itself was not inspected.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-19"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The judgment, as reported by Portal 6 and O Popular, says Telegram users used AI tools to alter photos the woman and her sisters had posted into nude and sexual images that did not exist, and the court treated the images as fake intimate images created with AI. The generated images depicting her are the harm. O Popular's standfirst says the court understood that the group used AI to create the fake sexual montages. The tools are not named, the judge's quoted words describe fabricated images without naming AI, Telegram did not contest the action, and the reports do not say how the court established that AI was used.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Brazilian court orders Telegram to pay a woman damages after it ignored her reports of a group sharing AI-made fake intimate images of her","summary":"A civil court in Goiânia, Brazil (32ª Vara Cível) ordered Telegram in a judgment signed on 6 October 2026 to pay R$10,000 in moral damages to a woman whose fake intimate images, created with artificial intelligence, were shared on the platform. According to the judgment as reported by Portal 6 (citing the legal news site Rota Jurídica) and O Popular, Telegram users used AI tools to alter photos that she and her sisters had posted on social media into nude and sexual images, and shared them without consent in a group of more than 120 participants with offensive sexual comments. She reported the group to Telegram through its support channels, including a notification on 29 July 2025, and received no reply; the group had 98 participants then and at least 123 a month later. The court held Telegram liable because it did not remove the posts after notification, ordered removal of the material, measures to block identical or similar copies, and disclosure of data identifying the group's creators and users. Telegram did not contest the case and did not answer O Popular.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-13","aiSystem":"AI tools used by members of a Telegram group to alter the woman's photos into fake nude and sexual images, according to the judgment as reported; no tool is named","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the judgment as reported, fake nude and sexual images of the woman made with AI tools were shared without consent in a Telegram group of more than 120 participants with offensive sexual comments, and kept circulating after she reported them. The court found a violation of her personality rights and awarded R$10,000 in moral damages.","frameworkFacets":[],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted person, the woman who brought the case. Her sisters' photos were also altered and shared, but the reports do not say how many sisters; they are not counted. Group participants are an audience and are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"BR","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://portal6.com.br/2026/10/13/telegram-e-condenado-em-goiania-apos-usuarios-compartilharem-fotos-intimas-de-mulheres-feitas-com-ia/","primarySourceLabel":"Portal 6, 13 Oct 2026: Telegram é condenado em Goiânia após usuários compartilharem fotos íntimas de mulheres feitas com IA","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-19T03:19:28.722651+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-19T03:19:28.722651+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-generated-images","non-consensual-intimate-imagery","telegram","platform-liability","civil-judgment","brazil"]},{"id":"2025-pune-police-say-man-lost-rs-43-lakh-after-deepfake-video-of-narayana-murthy-and-sudha-murty","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'recently fell prey to a deepfake video of Infosys founder Narayana Murthy and his wife Sudha Murty promoting AI-based share trading tools and lost Rs 43 lakh to a cyber scam, said the police.'; 'He subsequently approached the cybercrime police station of Pune, and after a preliminary inquiry, the police filed the FIR.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'reportedly had fallen prey to a deepfake video of Murty and her husband, Narayana Murthy, and lost Rs 43 lakh.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Pune police said a man from Pune fell prey to a deepfake video of Infosys founder Narayana Murthy and Sudha Murty promoting AI-based share trading tools and lost Rs 43 lakh to a cyber scam; the police filed an FIR on his complaint after a preliminary inquiry by the cybercrime police station.","causal_attribution":"The police account as reported by The Indian Express; NDTV's later mention adds no independent source."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The advertisement allegedly promised a return of Rs 17 lakh after 28 days of initial investment of Rs 21,000 in a stock.'; 'The probe later revealed that it was a deepfake video that claimed that the initial investment of Rs 21,000 would grow manifold through a platform that uses AI tools for market analysis and investment strategy.'; 'The video also allegedly included deepfake testimonials of investors who claimed to have profited immensely.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the complaint, the man saw an Instagram advertisement promising a return of Rs 17 lakh after 28 days on an initial Rs 21,000 investment; the link led to a video of Narayana Murthy and Sudha Murty which, The Indian Express reports, the probe later revealed was a deepfake claiming the investment would grow through a platform using AI tools, and which allegedly also included deepfake testimonials of investors.","causal_attribution":"The complainant's account and the probe's finding as reported; the technical basis for calling the video a deepfake is not stated."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Between February and May this year, the complainant allegedly received over 120 calls from international numbers in which the callers gave him various reasons to make more transfers, at times forcing him to do so.'; 'he was advised to borrow money from friends or take personal loans.'; 'the complainant allegedly made a total of 19 transfers worth Rs 43.68 lakh to fraudulent mule accounts.'; 'the callers went incommunicado, and he realised that he had been cheated.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the complaint and the police, after an initial Rs 21,000 transfer the man received more than 120 calls from international numbers between February and May 2025, was pressured and at times coerced into further transfers and advised to borrow from friends or take personal loans, and made 19 transfers totalling Rs 43.68 lakh to mule accounts before the callers stopped responding.","causal_attribution":"The complainant's allegations and the police account as reported; the loss is the complaint's figure."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'He claimed that then he sought to finally make a withdrawal as he had exhausted all his savings'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The man said he sought a withdrawal after exhausting all his savings.","causal_attribution":"The complainant's own statement as reported."}],"effects":[{"label":"loss of Rs 43.68 lakh in transfers to a fake share-trading platform","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"savings exhausted","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/deepfake-video-narayana-murthy-sudha-murty-share-trading-cyber-fraud-10173720/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"The Indian Express (Pune), 6 August 2025, reporting the police account and the FIR; the live URL returned HTTP 403 and the Internet Archive capture was read in full.","independence_group":"indian-express-pune-police-aug-2025"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sudha-murtys-deepfake-video-used-for-investment-scam-she-reacts-9845698","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"NDTV, 19 December 2025, a report on a later deepfake of Sudha Murty that mentions the Pune loss in one sentence marked 'reportedly'; the live URL returned HTTP 403 and the Internet Archive capture was read in full. Grouped with The Indian Express because it adds no independent account of the Pune case.","independence_group":"indian-express-pune-police-aug-2025"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["finance"],"unknowns":["How the police established that the video was a deepfake, and which tool produced it.","Who ran the advertisement and the platform, and whether any money was traced or recovered.","The outcome of the police investigation."],"geography":{"basis":"The Indian Express reports that the Pune police registered the FIR on the complaint of a man from Pune, and the cybercrime police station of Pune conducted the preliminary inquiry. Where the platform's callers and accounts operated is not stated.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["IN"],"affected_person_countries":["IN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): the Pune police say a man was drawn into a share-trading fraud by a deepfake video of Narayana Murthy and Sudha Murty reached through an Instagram advertisement, and lost Rs 43.68 lakh in 19 transfers between February and May 2025 after being pressured by callers. The police attribution's technical basis is undisclosed, and the loss figure is the complaint's.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-18"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Pune police, who registered the man's complaint after a preliminary inquiry, say he fell prey to a deepfake video of Narayana Murthy and Sudha Murty promoting share-trading tools, and The Indian Express reports that the probe revealed the video he was directed to from an Instagram advertisement was a deepfake, which allegedly also included deepfake investor testimonials. The video impersonated the two public figures toward him and led him to the platform whose callers obtained his transfers. The police do not disclose how they established that the video was AI-generated or name the tool.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Pune police say a man lost Rs 43 lakh in a share-trading fraud after a deepfake video of Narayana Murthy and Sudha Murty drew him in","summary":"The Indian Express reported in August 2025 that, according to the Pune police, a man from Pune fell prey to a deepfake video of Infosys founder Narayana Murthy and Sudha Murty promoting AI-based share-trading tools and lost Rs 43 lakh. According to the complaint, an Instagram advertisement promised Rs 17 lakh in 28 days on a Rs 21,000 investment and led to the video, which the probe found to be a deepfake; the video also allegedly included deepfake investor testimonials. Between February and May 2025 he received more than 120 calls from international numbers, was pressured and at times coerced into further payments, was advised to borrow from friends or take loans, and made 19 transfers totalling Rs 43.68 lakh to mule accounts before the callers stopped responding and he had exhausted his savings. The police registered an FIR after a preliminary inquiry. They do not say how they established that the video was a deepfake.","incidentDate":"2025-02-01","incidentEndDate":"2025-05-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-08-06","aiSystem":"An unidentified tool used to produce a deepfake video of Narayana Murthy and Sudha Murty, with what were allegedly deepfake investor testimonials, promoting a share-trading platform; the police describe it as a deepfake and name no tool","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the police account and his complaint, the man made 19 transfers totalling Rs 43.68 lakh to mule accounts between February and May 2025 and exhausted his savings.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the complainant described in the Pune police case, who lost Rs 43.68 lakh. The two depicted public figures are not counted because no response or consequence for them in this case is reported.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"IN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/deepfake-video-narayana-murthy-sudha-murty-share-trading-cyber-fraud-10173720/","primarySourceLabel":"The Indian Express, 6 August 2025: Pune man falls for deepfake video of Narayana Murthy and Sudha Murty, loses Rs 43 lakh","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-18T03:09:28.864572+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-18T03:09:28.864572+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["investment_fraud","deepfake_video","fake_celebrity_endorsement","share_trading_fraud","india"]},{"id":"2025-shanghai-yangpu-man-used-ai-faked-food-poisoning-medical-records-to-extort-restaurants-convicted","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'要求商家赔偿2000元医疗费，否则将投诉和曝光'; '最终转账赔付'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'店家赔了钱'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"A customer told a Yangpu barbecue restaurant he had fallen ill after eating there, produced a hospital visit record and invoice, demanded 2,000 yuan in medical costs under threat of complaints and publicity, and the restaurant paid.","causal_attribution":"Police account relayed by Shangguan; the Procuratorate Daily feature gives the same episode briefly. Different reporting chains on the same police case; marked reported because the details (amount, threat) come from the police account."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'材料均系伪造'; '利用AI软件对图片进行篡改，替换姓名、调整日期、伪造金额'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'从未有过相关就医记录'; '于是用手机AI工具生成了虚假材料'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police found the man had no hospital record and the materials were forged; police say he confessed to altering images of other people's medical records with AI software, replacing the name, date and amount.","causal_attribution":"The AI use rests on the man's admission as reported by police (Shangguan) and in China Voice's report of the investigation (Xinhua). The tool is not named, and the accounts differ on whether existing record images were altered or materials generated."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'成功敲诈勒索两起，未遂两起，非法获利2500元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'去年11月第一次索赔成功后，一个月内他又以同样方式对四家餐厅提出索'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police say he succeeded twice and failed twice, obtaining 2,500 yuan; Xinhua reports that after a first successful claim in November of the previous year he made similar claims against four more restaurants within a month.","causal_attribution":"Counts come from the police account (Shangguan) and the China Voice report; they are not reconciled (two plus two versus one plus four), so the record keeps both."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'上海市杨浦区人民法院审理认定'; '判处拘役四个月、缓刑四个月，并处罚金2000元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'利用AI技术伪造就医材料、恶意投诉、敲诈勒索商家的案件依法提起公诉'; '法院审理后以敲诈勒索罪判处'; '利用AI软件生成急性肠胃炎诊断证明和逼真的呕吐物照片'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The Yangpu District People's Procuratorate prosecuted him in June 2026, and the Yangpu District People's Court convicted him of extortion and sentenced him to four months' criminal detention, suspended for four months, and a 2,000 yuan fine; the Procuratorate Daily says he used AI software to generate gastroenteritis diagnosis certificates and vomit photos.","causal_attribution":"Two reporting chains give the same sentence; both relay the court outcome and the judgment itself was not read, so the claim is reported."}],"effects":[{"label":"restaurants paid compensation demanded with AI-forged medical records (police: 2,500 yuan from two successful claims)","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.shobserver.cn/sgh/detail?id=1713109","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese and translated by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-17; no human reviewer inspected the text. Shangguan News report of the Yangpu public security sub-bureau's account, 26 February 2026.","independence_group":"yangpu-police-account-2026-02"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://app.xinhuanet.com/news/article.html?articleId=20260616b5cfed558eda4c739780064335734766","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese and translated by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-17; no human reviewer inspected the text. Xinhua client carry of a China Media Group China Voice report (reporters named in the text), 16 June 2026, drawing on the police investigation and the court judgment.","independence_group":"cmg-china-voice-2026-06"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.chinanews.com.cn/fz/2026/10-14/10714250.shtml","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese and translated by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-17; no human reviewer inspected the text. China News Service carry of a Procuratorate Daily feature ('来源：检察日报'), 14 October 2026.","independence_group":"procuratorate-daily-2026-10"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The AI tool used, and whether it altered existing record images or generated documents and photos from text.","How many restaurants were targeted and paid: the police account gives two successful and two failed claims, Xinhua a first claim plus four more within a month.","The date of the judgment; the text of the judgment was not read."],"geography":{"basis":"The restaurants are in Yangpu district, Shanghai, and the Yangpu police, procuratorate and court handled the case (Shangguan, Xinhua, Procuratorate Daily).","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":["CN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a contextual case (made_claim_about): Yangpu police say a man used AI software to forge medical records claiming food poisoning and obtained 2,500 yuan from restaurants, which he admitted; the Yangpu court convicted him of extortion. Three reporting chains (police account, China Voice, Procuratorate Daily).","reviewed_on":"2026-10-17"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Yangpu police say the man confessed to altering images of other people's medical records with AI software, changing the name, date and amount and adding a beef food-poisoning note, after the hospital confirmed he had no record (Shangguan). China Voice (Xinhua) says he used an AI tool on his phone to generate the false materials, and the Procuratorate Daily says he used AI software to generate diagnosis certificates and vomit photos and was prosecuted for using AI to forge medical materials. The AI output is the forged documents and photos asserting that the restaurants' food had made him ill (made_claim_about), which the restaurants relied on when they paid. The tool is not named.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Shanghai court convicts a man who, police say, used AI software to fake food-poisoning medical records and extort restaurants into paying compensation","summary":"Police in Yangpu district, Shanghai, say a customer extorted restaurants with medical records he had forged using AI software; Xinhua dates his first successful claim to November 2025. In the police account (Shangguan News, 26 February 2026) he claimed to have fallen ill after eating at a barbecue restaurant, showed a hospital visit record and medical invoice, and demanded 2,000 yuan in medical costs, threatening complaints and publicity; the restaurant paid. Police checked with other diners and the hospital, found he had no hospital record and the materials were forged, and say he confessed to using AI software to alter images of other people's medical records, replacing the name, date and amount. Police say he succeeded twice and failed twice, obtaining 2,500 yuan, and that he also filed complaints to market regulators with the forged material to pressure the restaurants. According to Xinhua's June report and the Procuratorate Daily, the Yangpu District People's Court convicted him of extortion and sentenced him to four months' criminal detention, suspended for four months, and a 2,000 yuan fine.","incidentDate":"2025-11-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-02-26","aiSystem":"AI software on the man's phone that, according to Yangpu police, he used to alter images of other people's medical records (name, date, amount) and, according to later reports, to generate gastroenteritis diagnosis certificates, receipts and vomit photos; the tool is not named","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to Yangpu police, restaurants paid compensation demanded with AI-forged medical records: a barbecue restaurant paid 2,000 yuan, and the man obtained 2,500 yuan in total from two successful claims, with two more attempts failing.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"Police say two extortions succeeded and two failed. One payer is described: the barbecue restaurant's person in charge, who paid 2,000 yuan (Shangguan). The second paying restaurant's people are not described, so the count is 1 plus an unquantified remainder.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.shobserver.cn/sgh/detail?id=1713109","primarySourceLabel":"Shangguan News, 26 February 2026: Yangpu police on a barbecue restaurant that paid 2,000 yuan over forged medical records","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-17T03:18:51.274802+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-17T03:18:51.274802+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["fake-medical-records","food-poisoning-claim","extortion","restaurants","criminal-conviction","shanghai","china","made-claim-about"]},{"id":"2025-massachusetts-federal-court-sanctions-out-of-state-lawyer-who-admitted-ai-drafting-brief-with-fictitious-citations","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Defendants filed a Motion to Strike the Second Amended Complaint on November 21, 2025'; 'Within five hours of the Enterprise Defendants' filing of the Motion to Strike'; 'The Strike Opposition was replete with inaccurate citations, including:'; 'Attributing a quotation to a case with a fictitious Westlaw citation.'; 'Citing to a non-existent case.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court found that an opposition filed on 21 November 2025 by the plaintiff's pro hac vice lawyer was replete with inaccurate citations, including a quotation attributed to a case with a fictitious Westlaw citation, and that a later opposition cited a non-existent case.","causal_attribution":"The court's own findings on the filings."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'admitted to using AI to draft the Strike Opposition, explaining that he believed that'; 'the enterprise-level version of AI software he was using did not hallucinate cases'; 'a PDF version of [a] prior draft of the work product rather than the final, verified document'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the order, the lawyer admitted using AI to draft the first opposition, explaining a belief that the enterprise-level version of the AI software in use did not hallucinate cases, and said a prior draft had been filed by mistake.","causal_attribution":"The lawyer's admission in the response to the order to show cause, as recorded by the court. It connects the AI tool's output to the fictitious citations in that filing."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'a prolonged bout of influenza'; 'has not admitted to using AI in the Travelers and'; 'whether AI was used or not'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The lawyer did not admit using AI for the later oppositions, attributing their errors to influenza; the court held sanctions warranted whether or not AI was used for them.","causal_attribution":"The court's record of the lawyer's explanation and its reasoning. The AI contribution is established only for the first opposition."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'is GRANTED and the Court imposes sanctions pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11.'; 'The Court revokes Attorney'; 'pro hac vice status'; 'These fees and costs shall not exceed $10,000.'; 'impose sanctions upon local counsel'; 'Dated: September 25, 2026'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On 25 September 2026 the court granted the defence motion for sanctions under Rule 11, revoked the lawyer's pro hac vice admission and ordered the lawyer's firm to pay the defendants' reasonable fees and costs, not exceeding $10,000; local counsel was not sanctioned.","causal_attribution":"The sanctions order itself."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'indicates that this is not an instance of mere carelessness.'; 'pattern of neglecting to confirm the accuracy of his'; 'has since implemented citation-verification procedures'; 'completed Continuing Legal Education (\"CLE\") credits on the ethical use of AI'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court found that continued submission of false or misleading citations after notice was not mere carelessness and showed a pattern of neglecting to confirm the accuracy of submissions; it credited the lawyer's later citation-verification procedures and continuing legal education on the ethical use of AI.","causal_attribution":"The court's findings and its account of mitigation."}],"effects":[{"label":"lawyer's pro hac vice admission revoked and firm ordered to pay up to $10,000 of the defendants' fees","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.288446/gov.uscourts.mad.288446.155.0.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-16 from CourtListener RECAP storage (HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext); no translation was needed.","independence_group":"d-mass-case-1-25-cv-12395-sanctions-order"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["Which AI product was used and how it was prompted","Whether AI was used for the two later oppositions, which the lawyer did not admit","The final amount of fees and costs, to be agreed or reported to the court by 23 October 2026","Whether the plaintiff suffered any consequence from the sanctions or the change of counsel"],"geography":{"basis":"The filings were made in, and the sanctions imposed by, the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Where the lawyer drafted the filings and where the lawyer lives are not used.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a documented court sanction. A federal court order records a lawyer's admission that AI drafted a filing with fictitious citations, and the court revoked the lawyer's pro hac vice admission and ordered fees of up to $10,000. The lawyer, the plaintiff and the deceased are not named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-16"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The sanctions order records the lawyer's admission that an AI tool was used to draft the 21 November 2025 opposition, which the court found contained a quotation attributed to a case with a fictitious Westlaw citation and other inaccurate citations. The tool's generated draft reached the lawyer, who filed it (communicated_with); the court then sanctioned the lawyer for this and two later filings. The lawyer did not admit AI use for the later filings, and the order does not name the AI product.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Massachusetts federal court revokes an out-of-state lawyer's admission and orders fees after briefs with false citations; the lawyer admitted AI drafted one","summary":"On 25 September 2026 a judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts granted a defence motion for sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 against a California-barred lawyer admitted for one case (pro hac vice) to represent the plaintiff. The court found that an opposition the lawyer filed on 21 November 2025 was replete with inaccurate citations, including a quotation attributed to a case with a fictitious Westlaw citation, and that later oppositions cited a non-existent case. In response to the court's order to show cause, the lawyer admitted using AI to draft the first opposition and explained a belief that the enterprise-level AI software in use did not hallucinate cases. The court revoked the lawyer's pro hac vice admission and ordered the lawyer's firm to pay the defendants' reasonable fees and costs, capped at $10,000. The order does not name the AI product.","incidentDate":"2025-11-21","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-09-25","aiSystem":"An unnamed enterprise-level AI software product that the lawyer admitted using to draft a court filing, according to the sanctions order","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI drafting tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","legal_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the court's order, a lawyer who admitted using AI to draft a brief that contained fictitious citations had pro hac vice admission revoked, and the lawyer's firm was ordered to pay up to $10,000 of the defendants' fees and costs.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the sanctioned lawyer, who admitted using the AI tool (claims c2 and c4). Local counsel was not sanctioned and is not counted. The plaintiff is not counted because the order describes no consequence of the sanctions for the plaintiff.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-MA","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.288446/gov.uscourts.mad.288446.155.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Memorandum and Order on sanctions, Dkt. 155, case 1:25-cv-12395 (25 September 2026)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-16T03:10:29.878255+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-16T03:10:29.878255+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["united-states","massachusetts","legal-profession","sanction","hallucinated-citations","pro-hac-vice"]},{"id":"2025-hangzhou-courts-rule-tech-firm-unlawfully-dismissed-quality-inspector-after-citing-ai-replacement","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'月薪25000元，公司以项目受ＡＩ技术冲击为由协商调岗，将薪资降至15000元，协商未成后直接通知解除劳动合同。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'负责对AI与用户交互所生成的答案进行把关'; '原先2.5万元的月薪降为1.5万元。协商不成后，公司直接通知他解除劳动合同。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'从事的问句质检项目受到AI技术冲击、需对其所在项目进行优化调整为由'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The worker checked the quality of an AI large language model's answers at 25,000 yuan a month; citing the impact of AI technology on the project, the company proposed a transfer cutting his pay to 15,000 yuan and, when negotiation failed, notified him that his contract was terminated.","causal_attribution":"The employer's stated reason, as recorded in the court's typical case and reported by the outlets."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'去年1月，公司提出要将他从主管调到普通运营岗位'; '公司才告诉他具体原因，由于技术升级，他从事的质检工作AI就能完成，他被AI替岗了。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The company proposed the transfer in January 2025 and told the worker only at arbitration that, after a technical upgrade, AI could do his quality-inspection work.","causal_attribution":"China National Radio's account (citing CCTV News); the date is relative to its 3 May 2026 publication."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'认定公司构成违法解除劳动合同，并且需要向他支付26万余元的赔偿金。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'某网讯科技公司不服仲裁裁决结果，诉至杭州市余杭区法院。'; '最终杭州两级法院均认定科技公司构成违法解除。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'which reportedly upheld the lower court’s decision in April 2026'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'ordered a fintech company to pay a former worker more than 260,000 yuan (roughly $38,000) in compensation after it replaced his role with AI'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"'a tech worker displaced by AI in Hangzhou won his case against his employer earlier this year'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"Labour arbitration and courts at first and second instance found the termination unlawful and ordered compensation of more than 260,000 yuan.","causal_attribution":"Reported from the court's typical case; the judgments were not read."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'企业主动引入ＡＩ技术是为适应市场竞争而实施的技术革新，并不必然等同于导致劳动合同无法履行的“客观情况重大变化”，公司提供的降薪方案不构成合理协商方案'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'It reportedly decided AI replacement did not constitute a “major change” in the company’s circumstances'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The court held that a company's voluntary introduction of AI to adapt to competition does not necessarily amount to a major change in objective circumstances making the contract impossible to perform, and that the pay-cut proposal was not a reasonable offer.","causal_attribution":"The court's reasoning as released in its typical case."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'仅仅以公司引入AI降成本来解除劳动合同，并不属于劳动合同法规定的客观情况发生重大变化'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'Shi Guoqiang, judge of the fifth civil division of the Hangzhou court, said that the company did not abide by China’s Labor Contract Law'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"Judge Shi Guoqiang of the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court said that terminating a contract only because a company introduced AI to cut costs is not the major change in objective circumstances that the Labour Contract Law requires, and that the company did not abide by that law.","causal_attribution":"The judge's own words to CCTV and as quoted by Sixth Tone."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'自去年一月公司解除劳动合同至今，他还没能找到合适的新工作。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The worker told CCTV that he had not found a suitable new job since the company terminated his contract in January 2025.","causal_attribution":"The worker's own statement to CCTV (one source)."}],"effects":[{"label":"offered a 40 per cent pay cut and then dismissed after the employer cited AI taking over his work","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"arbitration and two court levels found the dismissal unlawful and ordered compensation","claim_id":"c3","direction":"positive"},{"label":"had not found a suitable new job more than a year after the dismissal (his statement to CCTV)","claim_id":"c6","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://ori.hangzhou.com.cn/ornews/content/2026-04/29/content_9214417.htm","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese and translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. A report of the court press conference.","independence_group":"hangzhou-court-ai-replacement-typical-case-apr-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://news.cnr.cn/native/gd/20260503/t20260503_527609128.shtml","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese and translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. The page states CCTV News as its source; it recounts the same court typical case.","independence_group":"hangzhou-court-ai-replacement-typical-case-apr-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://ia.acs.org.au/article/2026/tech-worker-replaced-by-ai-wins-court-battle.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full. Relays Chinese state media reports of the same court case, so it shares the group.","independence_group":"hangzhou-court-ai-replacement-typical-case-apr-2026"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://china.caixin.com/2026-04-29/102439348.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese and translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Only the opening paragraphs were readable; the rest is behind a paywall.","independence_group":"hangzhou-court-ai-replacement-typical-case-apr-2026"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2026/05-03/10614979.shtml","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-10-16 and translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. China News Service page carrying the CCTV news-client report (3 May 2026), the same CCTV report China National Radio relays; it adds the judge's interview and the worker's statement to CCTV.","independence_group":"hangzhou-court-ai-replacement-typical-case-apr-2026"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1018530","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-16 (Sixth Tone, 14 May 2026). Reports the ruling as released by the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court and quotes the presiding judge and the worker's lawyer.","independence_group":"hangzhou-court-ai-replacement-typical-case-apr-2026"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://www.npr.org/2026/08/10/nx-s1-5822592/chinas-courts-side-with-workers-displaced-by-ai-but-employees-remain-anxious","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-16 (NPR, 10 August 2026). Mentions the case briefly in a report on Chinese rulings about AI-related dismissals.","independence_group":"hangzhou-court-ai-replacement-typical-case-apr-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The employer's name and what AI system took over the inspection work.","The dates of the termination, the arbitration award and each judgment, beyond the January 2025 transfer proposal and the April 2026 appeal ruling as reported.","Whether the compensation figure of more than 260,000 yuan is the total or an additional amount; ACS describes it as further compensation."],"geography":{"basis":"The employer is described as a Hangzhou technology company and the case was decided by the Yuhang District court and the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court in Zhejiang, China. The worker's own country is not stated.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as an employer's consequential response to AI adoption: a worker whose job was to check an AI model's answers was offered a 40 per cent pay cut and dismissed after the employer cited AI, and arbitration and two court levels found the dismissal unlawful. The facts rest on the Hangzhou court's typical case as reported by Hangzhou media, China National Radio, Caixin, ACS Information Age, China News Service (CCTV) and Sixth Tone, with the judge's reasoning and the worker's own statement to CCTV.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-16"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's response to its own adoption of AI: according to the Hangzhou court's typical case as reported by Hangzhou media and Caixin, the company cited the impact of AI technology on the worker's answer-quality-inspection project to propose a transfer at 15,000 instead of 25,000 yuan a month and terminated his contract when he refused; China National Radio reports that the company said at arbitration that AI could now do his inspection work. No source describes an AI output about the worker, so the relation is recorded as unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Hangzhou courts rule a tech firm unlawfully dismissed a quality-inspection supervisor after it cited AI replacement and he refused a 40% pay cut","summary":"A technology company in Hangzhou, China, employed a worker to check the quality of answers produced by an AI large language model, at 25,000 yuan a month. In January 2025, citing the impact of AI technology on his project, it proposed moving him to an ordinary operations post at 15,000 yuan a month; when he did not agree, it notified him that his contract was terminated, according to a typical case released by the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court on 28 April 2026 and reported by Hangzhou media and China National Radio. China National Radio, citing CCTV News, reports that the company told him only at arbitration that after a technical upgrade AI could do his inspection work. A labour arbitration panel and then two levels of court in Hangzhou found the termination unlawful and ordered compensation of more than 260,000 yuan. The court said that introducing AI to stay competitive is not in itself the kind of major change in objective circumstances that makes an employment contract impossible to perform, and that the pay-cut offer was not a reasonable proposal. The worker told CCTV that he had not found a suitable new job since the termination.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-04-28","aiSystem":"No AI product is named. The employer cited the impact of AI technology on the worker's project checking a large language model's answers, and, as China National Radio reports, said at arbitration that AI could now do that inspection work","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI quality-inspection tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The worker was offered a 40 per cent pay cut and then dismissed after the employer cited AI taking over his quality-inspection work; arbitration and two court levels found the dismissal unlawful and ordered compensation of more than 260,000 yuan (Hangzhou court typical case as reported by Hangzhou media and China National Radio). He told CCTV he had not found a suitable new job since the dismissal.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One worker was dismissed (court typical case as reported by Hangzhou media and China National Radio). He is counted under other people harmed because the AI was the employer's, not his own tool.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://ori.hangzhou.com.cn/ornews/content/2026-04/29/content_9214417.htm","primarySourceLabel":"Hangzhou net, 28 April 2026: report of the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court press conference on AI-era labour disputes","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-16T03:07:06.486524+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-16T03:19:12.664193+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["dismissal","ai-replacement","labour-arbitration","pay-cut","workplace-ai","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2025-bilbao-court-rules-draughtsmans-dismissal-unfair-after-employer-cited-ai-tools-it-had-not-shown-in-use","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'El Tribunal de Instancia de Bilbao ha declarado improcedente el despido objetivo de un delineante mecánico después de que la empresa justificara su salida, entre otros motivos, por la implantación de nuevas tecnologías y herramientas de Inteligencia Artificial'; 'El despido se produjo el 31 de octubre de 2025'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'La empresa explicó que estaba inmersa en un proceso de transformación digital y que había empezado a trabajar con la metodología Model Based Definition (MBD) , junto con otras soluciones de Inteligencia Artificial.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'al declarar improcedente el cese de un delineante mecánico cuya empresa justificó su despido asegurando que un software de IA podía realizar sus funciones con un ahorro superior al 80%'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'La Compañía ha apostado por la innovación continua , instaurando nuevos sistemas de Inteligencia Artificial (\"IA\") que permiten automatizar tareas técnicas anteriormente realizadas por personal especializado'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The employer dismissed a mechanical draughtsman on 31 October 2025, justifying the dismissal, among other reasons, by its introduction of new technologies and artificial-intelligence tools.","causal_attribution":"The employer's justification as recorded in the dismissal letter and judgment, relayed by the outlets; one origin (the judgment)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La compañía también alegó que las licencias de estas herramientas costaban 4.725 euros al año, mientras que el salario bruto anual del trabajador ascendía a 29.871 euros'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Había adquirido tres licencias por 4.725 euros anuales , mientras que el salario bruto anual del trabajador ascendía a 29.871 euros, según los cálculos incluidos en la carta de despido.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The employer put the cost of the tool licences at 4,725 euros a year against the worker's gross annual salary of 29,871 euros and argued that the saving exceeded 80%.","causal_attribution":"The employer's figures from its dismissal letter as relayed by the outlets; one origin."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'El Tribunal de Instancia de Bilbao ha declarado el despido improcedente porque la compañía no demostró ni las pérdidas económicas ni la implantación real de esas herramientas.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'El caso llegó al Tribunal de Instancia de Bilbao que en su sentencia 252/2026 ( ECLI:ES:TIS:2026:2026 ) dio parcialmente la razón al trabajador al declarar el despido como improcedente'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The Bilbao court declared the dismissal unfair because the company proved neither its economic losses nor the real implementation of the tools it cited.","causal_attribution":"The court's finding as relayed by the outlets; the judgment text was not read; one origin."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'una trabajadora declaró que había recibido formación para usarla pero que nunca había llegado a trabajar con ella'; 'fechado en junio de 2026 , pero el despido se había producido siete meses antes , en octubre de 2025'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Una empleada que había recibido formación en el sistema MBD reconoció que nunca había llegado a trabajar con él .'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Evidence before the court included a trained employee's testimony that she had never worked with the new design tool and an implementation report dated June 2026, seven months after the dismissal.","causal_attribution":"Testimony and documents as summarised from the judgment by the outlets; one origin."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Al declarar el despido improcedente , la empresa debe elegir en cinco días entre readmitir al trabajador o indemnizarle. La indemnización por improcedencia se calculó en 12.330,56 euros .'; 'Como ya había cobrado 6.452,85 en el momento del despido, la cantidad pendiente se queda en 5.877,71 euros.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'El juzgado, sin embargo, rechazó que el despido fuera nulo por vulneración de derechos fundamentales.'; 'Tampoco aceptó reconocer al trabajador una categoría profesional superior ni las diferencias salariales que reclamaba'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'una reciente sentencia, fechada de principios de junio y compartida en redes sociales por el abogado laboralista Pere Vidal'; 'Es por ello que la empresa deberá pagar una compensación de 12.330,56 euros al trabajador damnificado.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The company must choose between reinstating the worker and paying 12,330.56 euros in compensation, less the 6,452.85 euros already paid; the court rejected his claims that the dismissal was void and for a higher job category.","causal_attribution":"Remedy as relayed from the judgment; one origin. Whether the judgment is final is not stated."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La decisión de reducir la plantilla no afectó únicamente a este empleado, ya que la compañía también prescindió de otros tres trabajadores de la misma categoría. En total, cuatro delineantes fueron despedidos.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"EmpleoJob reports that the company dismissed three other draughtsmen as well, four in total.","causal_attribution":"Single outlet; the reasons given for the other three dismissals are not described."}],"effects":[{"label":"draughtsman dismissed in a restructuring his employer justified with AI design tools","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.noticiastrabajo.es/empleo/derechos-trabajador/le-despiden-porque-una-nueva-tecnologia-hacia-su-trabajo-un-80-mas-barato-la-justicia-declara-el-despido-improcedente/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in Spanish by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-16 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. NoticiasTrabajo report on the Bilbao judgment, 25 September 2026; HTTP 200, full text read. The judgment itself was not read.","independence_group":"bilbao-tribunal-de-instancia-judgment-draughtsman"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.hoyaragon.es/bolsillo/despedido-fulminantemente-porque-ia-trabajo-80-mas-barato-juez-declara-despido-como-improcedente-sienta-precedente/20260925130002147288.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in Spanish by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-16 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Hoy Aragón report on the same judgment, 25 September 2026; HTTP 200, full text read.","independence_group":"bilbao-tribunal-de-instancia-judgment-draughtsman"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://as.com/actualidad/sociedad/apelan-al-comodin-de-la-ia-para-ahorrarse-30000-euros-de-sueldo-el-trabajador-reclama-y-la-justicia-sentencia-con-improcedente-f202609-n/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in Spanish by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-16 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. AS (Diario AS) report on the same judgment, September 2026; HTTP 200, full text read.","independence_group":"bilbao-tribunal-de-instancia-judgment-draughtsman"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://empleojob.es/lo-despiden-porque-una-inteligencia-artificial-hace-su-trabajo-un-80-mas-barato-y-en-la-mitad-de-tiempo-y-ahora-tendran-que-readmitirlo-o-indemnizarlo/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in Spanish by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-16 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. EmpleoJob report on the same judgment, which it identifies as judgment 252/2026 of the Tribunal de Instancia de Bilbao, 15 October 2026; HTTP 200, full text read.","independence_group":"bilbao-tribunal-de-instancia-judgment-draughtsman"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.elperiodico.com/es/economia/20260829/inteligencia-artificial-condena-empresa-excusa-despedir-trabajadores-sentencia-133759731","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in Spanish by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-16 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. El Periódico report, 29 August 2026, on the same judgment (it gives the same 12,330.56-euro compensation), which it attributes to Bilbao social court No. 7, dates to early June 2026 and says a labour lawyer shared on social media; it calls the worker an engineer where the other outlets say mechanical draughtsman; HTTP 200, full text read.","independence_group":"bilbao-tribunal-de-instancia-judgment-draughtsman"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The exact date of the judgment (El Periódico says early June 2026) and whether it is final or under appeal.","Whether the court was social court No. 7 (El Periódico) and whether the worker was a draughtsman or an engineer: El Periódico calls him an engineer, the other outlets a mechanical draughtsman.","Which AI tools the employer had in mind; the reports name only the model-based-definition method and unspecified AI tools.","Whether the three other draughtsmen were dismissed on the same AI-related grounds.","The name of the employer, which the reports do not give."],"geography":{"basis":"El Periódico describes the employer as a Basque company ('la compañía vasca'), placing the employment relationship and the dismissal in Spain; the case was heard by the Tribunal de Instancia de Bilbao. The worker's residence is not stated and is left unknown.","court_countries":["ES"],"event_countries":["ES"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a consequential-response case: an employer dismissed a draughtsman on 31 October 2025, citing in its dismissal letter AI design tools that it said did his work for over 80% less, and a Bilbao labour court ruled the dismissal unfair because the company had not shown the tools were in real use. All facts come from press reports of the judgment, which was not read.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-16"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's dismissal of a draughtsman in response to its stated adoption of AI tools. According to the judgment as reported, the dismissal letter cited the introduction of new technologies and artificial-intelligence tools, together with a model-based-definition design method, and argued that the tools cost over 80% less than his salary; the court found that the company had not shown the tools were actually implemented. No source says an AI system produced any output about the worker, so the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Bilbao court rules a draughtsman's dismissal unfair after his employer justified it with AI design tools it did not show were in use","summary":"A company that designs and manufactures industrial furnaces dismissed a mechanical draughtsman on 31 October 2025 for objective reasons, citing a fall in business and the introduction of new technologies in its engineering department, including a model-based-definition design method and artificial-intelligence tools. According to press reports of the judgment, the dismissal letter put the cost of the tool licences at 4,725 euros a year against his gross annual salary of 29,871 euros and argued that the saving exceeded 80%. The social section of the Tribunal de Instancia de Bilbao declared the dismissal unfair, finding that the company had proved neither its economic losses nor the real implementation of the tools: an employee trained on the new method testified that she had never worked with it, and an implementation report was dated June 2026, seven months after the dismissal. The company must choose between reinstating the worker and paying 12,330.56 euros in compensation, less the amount already paid; the court rejected his claims that the dismissal was void and for a higher job category. One outlet reports that four draughtsmen were dismissed in total. El Periódico, which reported the same judgment in August 2026, dates it to early June 2026 and quotes the dismissal letter's statement that the company had introduced new artificial-intelligence systems that automate technical tasks previously done by specialised staff. The judgment was not read, and whether it is final is not reported.","incidentDate":"2025-10-31","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-08-29","aiSystem":"Unspecified artificial-intelligence design tools and a model-based-definition (MBD) design method that, according to the employer's dismissal letter as reported, could automate part of a draughtsman's work; no product is named","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI design tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The draughtsman lost his job in a dismissal his employer justified with AI design tools; a court later declared the dismissal unfair, according to press reports of the judgment.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The claimant draughtsman (all four reports). EmpleoJob says three other draughtsmen were also dismissed, but no report describes their grounds, so they are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"ES","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.noticiastrabajo.es/empleo/derechos-trabajador/le-despiden-porque-una-nueva-tecnologia-hacia-su-trabajo-un-80-mas-barato-la-justicia-declara-el-despido-improcedente/","primarySourceLabel":"NoticiasTrabajo, 25 September 2026: dismissed because new technology and AI did his work 80% cheaper; court rules the dismissal unfair","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-16T03:07:02.743358+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-16T03:07:02.743358+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["dismissal","workplace-ai","labour-court","unfair-dismissal","spain","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2025-revolut-chatbot-said-loyalty-points-worth-1119-pounds-ombudsman-raised-compensation","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'In September 2025 Mr M got in touch with'; 'Revolut through its chatbot.'; 'It said it would refund £22.38 to his account'; 'and deduct the 1,119 loyalty points he’d earned using that feature.'; 'he was told then that 1,119 points equated to £22.38'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In September 2025 the customer contacted Revolut through its chatbot to ask for a refund of loyalty points earned through its spare change feature; Revolut said it would refund £22.38 and deduct the 1,119 points, which Revolut later described as the chatbot telling him the points equated to £22.38.","causal_attribution":"Facts set out in the ombudsman's decision."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'The chatbot confirmed it could refund 1,119 points as a one-time goodwill gesture.'; 'It said this had a cash value of £1,119.'; 'chatbot confirmed it had done that.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Four days later the chatbot confirmed it could refund the 1,119 points as a one-time goodwill gesture, said they had a cash value of £1,119, and confirmed it had processed the refund.","causal_attribution":"Facts set out in the ombudsman's decision; the chatbot's own statements."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'A few hours later the chatbot said the'; 'information it had given was incorrect and the refund of £1,119 wasn’t being processed.'; 'Mr M then asked to speak to a ‘live agent’ who confirmed that the refund of £1,119 was'; 'It said it had'; 'issued a refund for £22.38.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Later that day the chatbot said its information was incorrect and the £1,119 refund was not being processed; a live agent then said it was being processed; the next day the chatbot said it had issued £22.38.","causal_attribution":"Facts set out in the ombudsman's decision."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'There’s no doubt Revolut gave Mr M the wrong information.'; 'Revolut misled Mr M'; 'not once but on several occasions over the course of that day.'; 'Mr M was never entitled to £1,119'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The ombudsman found there was no doubt Revolut gave the customer wrong information, repeated later the same day, and that it misled him on several occasions over that day; the ombudsman held he was never entitled to £1,119.","causal_attribution":"The ombudsman's findings."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'He says the financial pressure of'; 'losing the expected refund was substantial and destabilising.'; 'He also gave us a letter from his GP that'; 'confirmed his heightened anxiety, insomnia, headaches, and persistent overthinking.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The customer told the ombudsman the financial pressure of losing the expected refund was substantial and destabilising, and provided a GP letter that, according to the decision, confirmed heightened anxiety, insomnia, headaches and persistent overthinking.","causal_attribution":"The customer's account and his GP's letter as summarised by the ombudsman; the ombudsman also noted he was likely aware the higher figure was wrong."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'I uphold this complaint and direct Revolut Ltd to pay Mr M a further £50 on top of the £50 it’s'; 'already paid him'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Revolut had paid £50; the ombudsman upheld the complaint and directed Revolut to pay a further £50.","causal_attribution":"The ombudsman's final decision."}],"effects":[{"label":"told by the chatbot that his points were worth £1,119 and the refund was processed, then reversed; described financial pressure and anxiety","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/decision/DRN-6062372.pdf","kind":"ombudsman_decision","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-15 from the Financial Ombudsman Service PDF (full text, two pages). The decision names neither the customer (Mr M) nor the date it was issued; it asks for acceptance before 5 February 2026.","independence_group":"financial-ombudsman-service-drn-6062372"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["finance","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["The date the decision was issued (the text gives only the 5 February 2026 acceptance deadline).","Whether the customer accepted the decision.","The chatbot's technology and the chat transcript.","Where the customer lives."],"geography":{"basis":"The decision is by the Financial Ombudsman Service and amounts are in pounds, but it does not say where the customer lives or where the exchanges took place; no country is recorded from the ombudsman's remit or the currency.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a concrete adverse experience with a bank's chatbot: an ombudsman's final decision records the chatbot's statements that the customer's points were worth £1,119 and the refund was processed, finds that Revolut misled him on several occasions that day, and raises his compensation for the impact.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Financial Ombudsman Service's decision sets out what Revolut's chatbot told the customer: that 1,119 loyalty points had a cash value of £1,119, that it could refund them as a goodwill gesture and had processed the refund, and hours later that this was incorrect. A human live agent then also confirmed the £1,119 refund. The ombudsman found Revolut gave him wrong information on several occasions that day and awarded compensation for the impact. The decision calls the system a chatbot and does not describe its technology.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Ombudsman finds Revolut misled a customer after its chatbot said his loyalty points were worth £1,119 and confirmed a refund; compensation raised to £100","summary":"In September 2025 a Revolut customer asked the bank, through its chatbot, to cash in loyalty points he had earned through its spare change feature. According to the Financial Ombudsman Service's final decision (DRN-6062372), the chatbot first said the 1,119 points would be refunded as £22.38; four days later it told him the 1,119 points had a cash value of £1,119, offered that as a one-time goodwill gesture and confirmed it had processed the refund. A few hours later the chatbot said that information was wrong; a live agent then said the £1,119 refund was being processed, and the next day the chatbot said it had issued £22.38. Revolut upheld his complaint and paid £50. The ombudsman found that Revolut gave him the wrong information on several occasions that day, held that he was never entitled to £1,119, and directed Revolut to pay a further £50. The customer said the lost expected refund caused financial pressure, and gave a GP letter describing anxiety and insomnia.","incidentDate":"2025-09-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","aiSystem":"Revolut's customer chatbot, which answered a customer's requests to cash in loyalty points and stated the refund value and whether it had been processed","aiProduct":"Revolut chatbot","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the Financial Ombudsman Service, Revolut's chatbot told a customer his loyalty points were worth £1,119 and confirmed the refund, then reversed itself; the customer described substantial financial pressure and anxiety, and the ombudsman raised his compensation to £100.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the customer whose complaint the Financial Ombudsman Service decided (Mr M in decision DRN-6062372). Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"unknown","platformType":"chatbot","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/decision/DRN-6062372.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Financial Ombudsman Service final decision DRN-6062372 (Revolut Ltd), acceptance deadline 5 February 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-15T03:09:28.982046+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-15T03:09:28.982046+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["customer-service-chatbot","banking","wrong-refund-information","ombudsman-decision","loyalty-points"]},{"id":"2025-oregon-federal-court-dismisses-family-plaintiffs-claims-after-briefs-with-ai-fabricated-citations","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'The issue before the Court is the appropriate sanctions for Plaintiffs' misuse of generative artificial intelligence'; 'Plaintiffs filed three briefs containing citations to fifteen non-existent cases and fabricated quotations falsely attributed to eight legitimate authorities'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The plaintiffs filed three summary-judgment briefs citing fifteen nonexistent cases and fabricated quotations attributed to eight real authorities, and the court framed its sanctions as being for the plaintiffs' misuse of generative artificial intelligence.","causal_attribution":"The court's own findings."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'[t]he inclusion of inaccurate citations was inadvertent and the result of reliance on an automated legal citation tool'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The plaintiffs told the court the inaccurate citations were inadvertent and resulted from reliance on an automated legal citation tool.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiffs' filing as quoted by the court."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'The Court finds that Plaintiffs share responsibility with'; 'for the submission of fifteen non-existent cases and eight fabricated quotations'; 'is a serial self-represented litigator who was likely the person responsible for using artificial intelligence to draft the summary judgment briefs in this case'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court found that the plaintiffs shared responsibility with their lead lawyer and that one plaintiff, a serial self-represented litigator, was likely the person responsible for using AI to draft the briefs.","causal_attribution":"A court finding of likelihood on unrebutted circumstantial evidence; the drafter's AI use is not otherwise established."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'STRICKEN without leave to refile'; 'to pay the Clerk of the Court $15,500 within 30'; 'Defendants are entitled to an award of reasonable attorney' ; 'Plaintiffs' claims are DISMISSED with'; 'Local Rules provides an additional basis for terminating sanctions against Plaintiffs' claims.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court struck the briefs without leave to refile, ordered the lead lawyer to pay $15,500 to the Clerk, awarded the defendants reasonable fees and dismissed the plaintiffs' claims with prejudice; it found the plaintiffs' continual violations of the Local Rules an additional basis for that dismissal.","causal_attribution":"Established by the order."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'finds the requested amount of $94,704.38 reasonable'; 'is ORDERED to pay Defendants 15% of that award, $14,205.66'; 'pay Defendants the remaining 85%'; '$80,498.72 within thirty (30) days'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In March 2026 the court found fees of $94,704.38 reasonable and ordered local counsel to pay 15% ($14,205.66) and the lead lawyer 85% ($80,498.72).","causal_attribution":"Established by the fees order."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Defendants' unopposed Motion for Partial Summary'; 'summary judgment on their eighth counterclaim for breach of contract and ordered specific performance of the inheritance contract'; 'Plaintiffs' Motion for Reconsideration (ECF No. 228) is DENIED.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"In June 2026 the court denied the plaintiffs' motion to reconsider its grant of the defendants' unopposed motion for partial summary judgment, which had awarded specific performance of an inheritance contract on a breach-of-contract counterclaim.","causal_attribution":"Established by the reconsideration order; the orders do not say the counterclaim outcome resulted from the AI sanction."}],"effects":[{"label":"family plaintiffs' claims dismissed with prejudice as a sanction for briefs with AI-fabricated citations","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"},{"label":"lead lawyer fined $15,500 and two lawyers ordered to pay $94,704.38 in fees","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ord.158388/gov.uscourts.ord.158388.215.0.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-15 from CourtListener RECAP storage (HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext); no translation was needed.","independence_group":"d-oregon-case-1-21-cv-00157-orders"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ord.158388/gov.uscourts.ord.158388.225.0.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-15 from CourtListener RECAP storage (HTTP 200, pdftotext); the background and fee-allocation sections were inspected.","independence_group":"d-oregon-case-1-21-cv-00157-orders"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ord.158388/gov.uscourts.ord.158388.233.0.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-15 from CourtListener RECAP storage (HTTP 200, pdftotext); five-page order read in full.","independence_group":"d-oregon-case-1-21-cv-00157-orders"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use","others_use"],"contexts":["justice","relationships"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool was used; the orders name none.","Who drafted the briefs: the court's finding is one of likelihood, and the plaintiffs gave no explanation.","Whether the fine and fees were paid, and the outcome of the order sent to the Oregon State Bar and of a later show-cause order to the lead lawyer.","Whether the counterclaim ruling was affected by the striking of the plaintiffs' briefs."],"geography":{"basis":"The briefs were filed in and the sanctions imposed by the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon. Where the briefs were drafted and where the parties live are not used.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published because the court's own orders establish that it dismissed the family plaintiffs' claims with prejudice and sanctioned their lawyers for briefs citing nonexistent cases and fabricated quotations, which the court attributes to the plaintiffs' misuse of generative AI and finds one plaintiff likely drafted with AI. The three orders were read.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court's 12 December 2025 order describes the sanctions as being for the plaintiffs' misuse of generative artificial intelligence, finds that three briefs cited fifteen nonexistent cases and fabricated quotations, records the plaintiffs' statement that the citations resulted from reliance on an automated legal citation tool, and finds that one plaintiff was likely the person who used AI to draft the briefs (communicated_with). The AI output reached the court in those briefs, and the court dismissed the plaintiffs' claims and sanctioned their lawyers because of it (informed_decision_about). No product is named.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Oregon federal court dismisses family plaintiffs' claims and fines their lawyer after briefs cited 15 nonexistent cases it attributes to generative AI misuse","summary":"On 12 December 2025 the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon dismissed with prejudice the claims of plaintiffs in a family dispute over their late mother's estate and family property, as a sanction for what the court called their misuse of generative artificial intelligence, and found their continual violations of the court's Local Rules an additional basis for the dismissal. Three of the plaintiffs' summary-judgment briefs cited fifteen nonexistent cases and fabricated quotations attributed to eight real authorities. The plaintiffs had said the inaccurate citations came from reliance on an automated legal citation tool. The court found that the plaintiffs shared responsibility with their lead lawyer and that one plaintiff, a frequent self-represented litigant, was likely the person who used AI to draft the briefs. It struck the briefs, ordered the lead lawyer to pay $15,500 to the court and awarded the defendants their fees. In March 2026 it set those fees at $94,704.38, ordering the lead lawyer to pay 85% and local counsel 15%. In June 2026 it denied the plaintiffs' motion to reconsider a later ruling for the defendants on a counterclaim.","incidentDate":"2025-01-31","incidentEndDate":"2025-12-12","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-12-12","aiSystem":"Generative AI used to draft summary-judgment briefs, according to the court; the plaintiffs described it as an automated legal citation tool. No product is named in the orders","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI drafting tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","professional_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the court's orders, the plaintiffs' claims were dismissed with prejudice because their briefs cited nonexistent cases and fabricated quotations that the court attributes to misuse of generative AI, which it found one plaintiff likely used to draft them; the lead lawyer was fined $15,500 and the two lawyers were ordered to pay $94,704.38 in fees.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":3,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"Three people counted from the orders: the individual plaintiff whose claims were dismissed (found likely to have drafted the briefs with AI, so that AI use is a finding of likelihood and she is not counted as an established user), the lead lawyer (fined and ordered to pay 85% of fees) and local counsel (ordered to pay 15% of fees). The estate whose claim was also dismissed has beneficiaries the orders do not count; the LLC plaintiff is not a person.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-OR","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ord.158388/gov.uscourts.ord.158388.215.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon, Opinion and Order, ECF 215, case 1:21-cv-00157 (12 December 2025)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-15T03:05:45.14301+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-15T03:05:45.14301+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["united-states","oregon","legal-profession","sanction","hallucinated-citations","claims-dismissed","client-responsibility"]},{"id":"2025-puerto-rico-federal-court-sanctions-soccer-league-lawyers-over-citations-judge-said-bore-ai-hallmarks","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"The judge ordered attorneys José Olmo-Rodríguez and Ibrahim Reyes Gándara to pay $24,492.10 on September 23, 2025, after finding dozens of inaccurate or nonexistent legal citations across four filings.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"A subsequent order issued on September 23, 2025, established the financial penalty at $24,492.10, payable to FIFA and other defendants.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The judge found dozens of inaccurate or nonexistent legal citations across four filings by the league's attorneys and ordered the two attorneys to pay $24,492.10 on 23 September 2025.","causal_attribution":"The court record as reported; the order itself was not read."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Arias-Marxuach said the errors bore hallmarks of generative AI, although both lawyers denied using the technology. He found that they violated Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure by failing to reasonably verify the legal authorities supporting their arguments.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"previously concluded that filings by the plaintiffs’ lawyers contained 55 erroneous citations that appeared to have been generated with artificial intelligence, according to Reuters.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The judge said the errors bore hallmarks of generative AI and found a Rule 11 violation for failing to reasonably verify the cited authorities.","causal_attribution":"The AI attribution is the judge's assessment; the sanction rests on the failure to verify."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"although both lawyers denied using the technology","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"However, attorneys José Olmo-Rodríguez and Ibrahim Reyes Gándara have denied using artificial intelligence to prepare the problematic submissions.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Both lawyers have denied using artificial intelligence to prepare the filings.","causal_attribution":"Counterevidence to the AI attribution."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"In April 2025, Judge Arias-Marxuach determined that deficiencies in the lawyers' submissions warranted sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 and the court's inherent authority to address litigation misconduct.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The judge decided in April 2025 that the deficiencies warranted sanctions under Rule 11 and the court's inherent authority.","causal_attribution":"Procedural history of the sanction as reported; no causal claim about AI."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"In an October 6, 2026, filing, soccer's international governing body urged Chief U.S. District Judge Raúl Arias-Marxuach to dismiss the Puerto Rico Soccer League's remaining antitrust claim; The attorneys subsequently proposed paying $1,000 per month beginning October 15","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The plaintiffs' lawyers oppose that request, maintaining that dismissal would unfairly penalise their client for the conduct of its legal representatives.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"FIFA asked the court in an October 2026 filing to dismiss the league's remaining antitrust claim because the sanction had not been paid; the lawyers proposed paying $1,000 a month and argued that dismissal would punish their client.","causal_attribution":"The dismissal request responds to the unpaid sanction; its outcome is pending."}],"effects":[{"label":"two attorneys personally sanctioned $24,492.10 over defective citations","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the client's remaining claim faces a dismissal request over the unpaid sanction","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.lawcommentary.com/articles/fifa-antitrust-lawsuit-ai-citations-sanctions","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full; no translation.","independence_group":"lawcommentary-court-record-oct-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/fifa-seeks-to-toss-antitrust-case-over-ai-related-court-sanctions/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full; no translation. PYMNTS attributes its account to Reuters reporting; Reuters itself returned HTTP 401 and was not read.","independence_group":"reuters-fifa-oct-2026-relay"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2026/10/fifa-seeks-dismissal-of-antitrust-lawsuit-over-alleged-ai-misuse/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full; no translation. Its account closely follows the Reuters report relayed by PYMNTS and is grouped with that relay.","independence_group":"reuters-fifa-oct-2026-relay"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["unknown"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["Whether any AI tool was used to prepare the filings, and which one.","The text of the April 2025 and September 2025 sanction orders, which were not read.","Whether the court will dismiss the league's remaining claim or accept the instalment plan."],"geography":{"basis":"The filings were made in, and the sanction imposed by, the U.S. District Court before Chief U.S. District Judge Arias-Marxuach in Puerto Rico (Law Commentary: 'a federal judge in Puerto Rico'). The event is recorded under Puerto Rico's ISO code PR, and the court, a U.S. federal district court, under US. The attorneys' residence is not stated.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["PR"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a concrete court sanction on two attorneys for defective citations that the judge said bore hallmarks of generative AI, with the lawyers' denial recorded. The AI involvement is the judge's assessment and is disputed.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is a court's sanction responding to defective citations that the court attributed to suspected generative AI use. Law Commentary reports that the judge said the errors bore hallmarks of generative AI, and PYMNTS, citing Reuters, reports his conclusion that the 55 erroneous citations appeared to have been generated with AI. Both lawyers deny using AI, no source names a tool, and the sanction itself rests on the failure to verify the citations. Because no AI output is established as reaching the lawyers or the court, the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"suspected"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Puerto Rico federal judge sanctions a soccer league's lawyers over 55 defective citations he said bore hallmarks of generative AI; the lawyers deny using AI","summary":"In an antitrust lawsuit that the Puerto Rico Soccer League brought against FIFA, CONCACAF and Puerto Rican football officials, Chief U.S. District Judge Raúl Arias-Marxuach found dozens of inaccurate or nonexistent legal citations across four filings by the league's two attorneys. According to Law Commentary, he said the errors bore hallmarks of generative AI and found that the lawyers violated Rule 11 by failing to reasonably verify the authorities they cited. Lawyer Monthly reports that the sanctions were decided in April 2025 and that an order of 23 September 2025 set the penalty at $24,492.10, payable to FIFA and the other defendants. Both lawyers have denied using artificial intelligence. In an October 2026 filing FIFA asked the court to dismiss the league's remaining claim because the sanction had not been paid. The lawyers proposed paying $1,000 a month, cited financial difficulties and an injury one of them suffered in March 2026, and argued that dismissal would punish their client for penalties imposed on them personally. The court had not ruled on the dismissal request when these reports were published.","incidentDate":"2025-04-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-07","aiSystem":"Generative AI that the judge said the defective citations bore hallmarks of; the lawyers deny using AI and no source names a tool","aiProduct":"Unidentified legal research tool (suspected)","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","financial_loss","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Two attorneys were personally ordered to pay $24,492.10 over defective citations the judge said bore hallmarks of generative AI, and their client's remaining claim now faces a dismissal request over the unpaid sum (court record as reported by Law Commentary and Lawyer Monthly)","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"disputed","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two attorneys were ordered to pay the sanction (Law Commentary and Lawyer Monthly name both). They are counted as other people harmed because both deny using AI, so neither is established as a direct AI user. The league is an organisation and is not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.lawcommentary.com/articles/fifa-antitrust-lawsuit-ai-citations-sanctions","primarySourceLabel":"Law Commentary, 12 October 2026: FIFA wants antitrust lawsuit dismissed after lawyers sanctioned over suspected AI-generated citations","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-13T03:08:38.415526+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-13T03:08:38.415526+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["legal-citations","court-sanction","rule-11","generative-ai-suspected","consequential-response","puerto-rico"]},{"id":"2025-chanthaburi-police-romance-fraud-suspect-says-ai-made-fake-bank-deposit-certificate","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ผู้ต้องหารู้จักกับผู้เสียหายที่ร้านนวดแห่งหนึ่งในกรุงเทพมหานคร เมื่อประมาณเดือนมีนาคม 2568'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'ผู้ต้องหารู้จักกับผู้เสียหายเมื่อประมาณเดือนมีนาคม 2568 ที่ร้านนวดแห่งหนึ่งในกรุงเทพฯ'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police say the suspect met the victim around March 2025 at a massage shop in Bangkok, developed a romantic relationship and borrowed money with promises to repay.","causal_attribution":"Police briefing; the victim's own account is not reported."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'รวมทั้งสิ้น 623 ครั้ง ระหว่างวันที่ 21 เมษายน 2568 ถึง 19 กันยายน 2569 คิดเป็นมูลค่าความเสียหายรวม 21,287,731.88 บาท'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'ผู้เสียหายได้มอบเงินและทรัพย์สินให้แก่ผู้ต้องหาอย่างต่อเนื่อง รวมทั้งสิ้น 623 ครั้ง คิดเป็นมูลค่าความเสียหาย 21,287,731.88 บาท'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police evidence shows the victim handing over money and property 623 times between 21 April 2025 and 19 September 2026, totalling 21,287,731.88 baht.","causal_attribution":"Police account of the evidence gathered; not independently checked."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ผู้ต้องหาได้ส่งภาพเอกสารที่อ้างว่าเป็นหนังสือรับรองยอดเงินฝากจากธนาคารกสิกรไทยผ่านแอปพลิเคชัน LINE โดยระบุยอดเงินฝากจำนวน 14,067,897.05 บาท'; 'เมื่อตรวจสอบภายหลังพบว่าเอกสารทั้งสองรายการเป็นเอกสารปลอม'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'โดยอ้างว่าเป็นเอกสารจากธนาคารกสิกรไทย แสดงยอดเงินฝาก 14,067,897.05 บาท'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'ก่อนนำเอกสารปลอมมาแสดงเพื่อสร้างความน่าเชื่อถือ ทำให้ผู้เสียหายมอบเงินและทรัพย์สินรวมมูลค่า 21,287,731.88 บาท'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The suspect sent over LINE an image of a certificate of deposit presented as from Kasikornbank showing 14,067,897.05 baht, and a document claimed to be from a Nonthaburi police station about his mother's arrest; both were later found to be forged. Police say the forged documents were shown to build credibility, leading the victim to hand over the money.","causal_attribution":"Police briefing."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ผู้ต้องหาให้ข้อมูลเบื้องต้นว่า ได้ใช้ AI ช่วยสร้างและดัดแปลงภาพเอกสาร รวมถึงแก้ไขรายละเอียด เช่น ยอดเงินและตัวเลข'; 'เจ้าหน้าที่ยังอยู่ระหว่างตรวจสอบพยานหลักฐานที่เกี่ยวข้อง'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'ประเด็นการใช้ปัญญาประดิษฐ์เป็นข้อมูลจากการสอบถามผู้ต้องหาเบื้องต้น ซึ่งยังอยู่ระหว่างการตรวจสอบพยานหลักฐานที่เกี่ยวข้อง'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'ผู้ต้องหายังใช้เทคโนโลยีปัญญาประดิษฐ์ (AI) สร้างและดัดแปลงภาพหนังสือรับรองยอดเงินฝาก'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Police say the suspect told them in his preliminary account that he used AI to create and alter the document images, editing amounts and figures so they looked genuine, and that this was still being checked against evidence.","causal_attribution":"The suspect's own preliminary statement as conveyed by police; police had not completed verification."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'การจับกุมดังกล่าวเกิดขึ้นเมื่อวันที่ 10 ตุลาคม 2569'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'ในความผิดเกี่ยวกับการนำเข้าข้อมูลคอมพิวเตอร์ปลอมหรือข้อมูลอันเป็นเท็จ การปลอมและใช้เอกสารราชการปลอม และฉ้อโกง'; 'เงินส่วนใหญ่ถูกนำไปเล่นพนันออนไลน์'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Police arrested the suspect on 10 October 2026 under a Chanthaburi Provincial Court warrant for importing false computer data, forging and using official documents, and fraud, and say most of the money went on online gambling.","causal_attribution":"Police briefing; no court finding."}],"effects":[{"label":"a romance-fraud victim lost 21.3 million baht after being shown forged documents, including a deposit certificate the suspect says he made with AI","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.topnews.co.th/news/1716876","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"th","translation_note":"Read in Thai by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 and translated by that agent; no human translation. Buddhist-era years converted (2568 = 2025, 2569 = 2026). TOPNEWS, 11 Oct 2026 17:17, HTTP 200; report by its Chanthaburi correspondent of the provincial police briefing.","independence_group":"chanthaburi-provincial-police-briefing-11-oct-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.dailynews.co.th/news/6266540/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"th","translation_note":"Read in Thai by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 and translated by that agent; no human translation. Buddhist-era years converted (2568 = 2025, 2569 = 2026). Daily News, 11 Oct 2026, HTTP 200; report of the same briefing, with the police caveat that the AI point was still being checked.","independence_group":"chanthaburi-provincial-police-briefing-11-oct-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://mgronline.com/local/detail/9690000098782","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"th","translation_note":"Read in Thai by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 and translated by that agent; no human translation. Buddhist-era years converted (2568 = 2025, 2569 = 2026). MGR Online, 11 Oct 2026 19:50, HTTP 200; report of the same briefing.","independence_group":"chanthaburi-provincial-police-briefing-11-oct-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["finance","relationships"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool was used, and whether police verification confirmed the suspect's account.","When the forged certificate was sent relative to the 623 payments, and how much of the loss followed it.","The victim's own account.","Whether the Nonthaburi police document was also AI-made."],"geography":{"basis":"The pair met in Bangkok, the warrant was issued by the Chanthaburi Provincial Court, and the arrest and searches were in Bangkok and Nakhon Pathom, all in Thailand. The victim's nationality is not stated, and Thailand as the affected person's country rests on the victim meeting the suspect at a Bangkok massage shop and filing a complaint with Thai police.","court_countries":["TH"],"event_countries":["TH"],"affected_person_countries":["TH"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core impersonation case: Chanthaburi police say a romance-fraud suspect told them he used AI to create a forged Kasikornbank deposit certificate shown to the victim to make repayment seem assured, and police evidence records 21.3 million baht handed over in 623 transfers. The AI account is the suspect's preliminary statement and police were still checking it; the record says so. The suspect and the victim are not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Chanthaburi provincial police say the suspect told officers that he used AI to create and alter the document images, editing amounts and figures so that a certificate of deposit looked as if Kasikornbank had issued it; the forged certificate was sent to the victim to make the victim believe he could repay the loans, and the commander's briefing (Daily News) says the forged documents were shown to build credibility, leading the victim to hand over the money. The generated image impersonated the bank toward the victim (depicted_or_impersonated). Police said the AI point came from the suspect's preliminary account and was still being checked, and the share of the loss that followed the forged certificate is not reported.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Thai police say a romance-fraud suspect told them he used AI to fake a bank deposit certificate; the victim handed over 21.3 million baht in 623 transfers","summary":"Chanthaburi provincial police in Thailand announced on 11 October 2026 the arrest, the previous day, of a man accused of a romance fraud in which the victim, whom he met at a massage shop in Bangkok around March 2025, gave him money and property 623 times between 21 April 2025 and 19 September 2026, totalling 21,287,731.88 baht. Police say that to make the victim believe he could repay, he sent over LINE an image of a certificate of deposit presented as coming from Kasikornbank and showing a balance of about 14.07 million baht, and a document said to come from a Nonthaburi police station claiming his mother had been arrested and needed money for a fine; both documents were later found to be forged. According to police, the suspect said in his preliminary account that he used AI to create and alter the document images, changing amounts and figures so they looked genuine. Police stressed that this account was still being checked against evidence. They say most of the money went on online slot gambling. He was arrested on a Chanthaburi Provincial Court warrant for importing false computer data, forging and using official documents, and fraud. The suspect and the victim are not named here.","incidentDate":"2025-04-21","incidentEndDate":"2026-09-19","incidentKind":"ongoing_experience","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-10-11","aiSystem":"Unnamed AI technology that, according to the Chanthaburi provincial police briefing, the suspect said he used to create and alter images of documents, including a certificate of deposit presented as issued by Kasikornbank and showing a balance of 14,067,897.05 baht; police said the AI use came from the suspect's preliminary account and was still being checked","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to Chanthaburi police, a romance-fraud victim handed over 21,287,731.88 baht in 623 transfers between April 2025 and September 2026; police say forged documents shown to the victim to build credibility, including a certificate of deposit that the suspect told police he made with AI, led to the payments.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the victim who handed over the money, described by police as a single complainant (ผู้เสียหาย). The victim did not use the AI tool, so is counted as another person harmed. The bank and the police station whose documents were forged are institutions and are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"TH","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.topnews.co.th/news/1716876","primarySourceLabel":"TOPNEWS, 11 Oct 2026: Chanthaburi police arrest man who used AI to fake bank documents in 21-million-baht romance scam","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:23:10.445794+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:23:10.445794+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["romance-scam","forged-document","ai-generated-image","fraud","thailand","financial-loss","police-arrest"]},{"id":"2025-quebec-appeal-court-costs-self-represented-appellant-ai-drafted-filings-nonexistent-judgments","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Elle réclame aussi 10 000 $ en dommages-intérêts'; 'références juridiques inexistantes générées par l’intelligence artificielle dans ses actes de procédure'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The respondent asked the Court of Appeal for $10,000 in damages, alleging that the appellant had included non-existent legal references generated by artificial intelligence in his filings.","causal_attribution":"The decision documents that the respondent made this request; the allegation is hers."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'parce qu’il a utilisé l’intelligence artificielle pour la rédaction'; 'déclaration d’appel et de son exposé, qui comportent deux références à des arrêts inexistants et une référence inexacte quant à un paragraphe cité'; 'L’appelant a contrevenu à cet Avis de la Juge en chef'; 'une forme de négligence plutôt que de la mauvaise foi'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Ruling on the respondent's request, the court described the appellant's notice of appeal and brief as written with artificial intelligence and as containing two references to non-existent judgments and one inaccurate reference to a cited paragraph, and found that he had breached the Chief Justice's notice on AI use through negligence rather than bad faith.","causal_attribution":"Finding stated in the Court of Appeal decision of 1 October 2026; the decision does not name the tool."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'une telle connaissance de la part de l’appelant n’a pas été démontrée'; 'il y a lieu de le condamner aux frais de justice en vertu de l’article 340 C.p.c.'; 'en matière familiale, de chacune'; 'REJETTE la demande visant à sanctionner un manquement au déroulement'; 'LE TOUT, avec les frais de justice en faveur de l’intimée.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Because knowledge of the invented references was not shown, the court rejected the separate monetary sanction but ordered court costs against the appellant under article 340 C.p.c. to sanction the conduct.","causal_attribution":"Disposition stated in the decision; the costs are the court's response to the AI-drafted filings."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'ACCUEILLE en partie l’appel'; 'peine de 100 heures de travail d’utilité sociale'; 'une mesure coercitive d’emprisonnement de 30 jours'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On the merits the court partly allowed the appeal for reasons unrelated to AI and reduced the contempt penalty to 100 hours of community work and 30 days of coercive imprisonment.","causal_attribution":"Disposition stated in the decision; the contempt arose from non-compliance with family-court orders, not from AI use."}],"effects":[{"label":"a self-represented appellant was ordered to pay court costs because his AI-drafted appeal filings cited non-existent judgments","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/3266/Droit-de-la-famille-261553-2026-QCCA-1300.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"fr","translation_note":"Read in full in French by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 from the copy of the decision hosted by the AI Hallucination Cases database (PDF, HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext); the English assertions are the agent's translation and no human translator or reviewer was involved. The locators quote the French original.","independence_group":"qcca-2026-qcca-1300-decision"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","relationships"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool the appellant used and what it produced beyond the two non-existent judgments and the inaccurate paragraph reference.","The amount of the court costs ordered against the appellant.","Whether the appellant has complied with the underlying orders or served the coercive imprisonment."],"geography":{"basis":"The appeal was heard and decided by the Quebec Court of Appeal from a Quebec Superior Court judgment (decision caption and paragraph 1), and the filings were made in that court. The decision states no residence for the appellant, so affected_person_countries is left empty.","court_countries":["CA"],"event_countries":["CA"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published on the court's own decision: the Quebec Court of Appeal described a self-represented appellant's appeal filings as written with AI and as citing non-existent judgments, held that he had breached its AI notice and ordered costs against him. The facts are documented by the decision; the appellant is a private party in a family matter and is not identified.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Ruling on the respondent's request (paragraph 28), the Quebec Court of Appeal decision describes the appellant's notice of appeal and brief as written with artificial intelligence and as containing two references to non-existent judgments and an inaccurate paragraph reference. The court treated that AI drafting and those references as established: it held that he had breached its AI notice (paragraph 30), contrasted his lack of shown knowledge of the hallucinations with an earlier case (paragraphs 31-32) and ordered costs against him for that reason. The AI output reached him as drafted text he filed (communicated_with) and informed the court's costs decision about him (informed_decision_about). The decision does not identify the tool or quote its output.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Quebec Court of Appeal orders costs against a self-represented appellant whose AI-drafted filings cited two non-existent judgments (1 Oct 2026)","summary":"On 1 October 2026 the Quebec Court of Appeal ordered court costs against a self-represented appellant in a family-law contempt appeal as a sanction for appeal filings that, in the court's description, he had written with artificial intelligence and that contained two references to non-existent judgments and one inaccurate reference to a cited paragraph. The court held that AI may be used to draft appeal filings only if the litigant verifies the authorities, found that he had breached the Chief Justice's notice on AI use, and described his conduct as negligence rather than bad faith. It rejected the respondent's request for a separate $10,000 sanction and, for reasons unrelated to AI, reduced the contempt penalty imposed at first instance. The decision does not name the AI tool.","incidentDate":"2025-12-15","incidentEndDate":"2026-10-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-10-01","aiSystem":"Artificial intelligence, not identified in the decision, which the self-represented appellant used to draft his notice of appeal and brief","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI drafting tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The Quebec Court of Appeal ordered court costs against the self-represented appellant as a sanction for filings he drafted with AI that cited non-existent judgments, holding that he breached the court's AI notice through negligence (2026 QCCA 1300, 1 October 2026). The amount of the costs is not stated.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the self-represented appellant who used AI to draft the filings and against whom costs were ordered. The respondent and other family members are not counted as harmed by the AI-related sanction.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CA","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/3266/Droit-de-la-famille-261553-2026-QCCA-1300.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Quebec Court of Appeal, Droit de la famille — 261553, 2026 QCCA 1300, 1 October 2026 (copy hosted by the AI Hallucination Cases database)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:17:20.356128+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:17:20.356128+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["hallucinated_citations","courts","self_represented_litigant","costs_order","family_law","canada","quebec"]},{"id":"2025-ontario-lawyer-chatgpt-factum-invented-cases-contempt-referral-licence-suspension","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'On May 1, the applicant’s counsel presented a motion seeking relief in this application. During oral submissions, she delivered a factum and cited cases to support the applicant’s arguments.'; 'The judge asked the lawyer if AI like ChatGPT supported the preparation of the factum. She said she would have to ask her clerk.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'After the hearing, the judge again reviewed the factum and found two more incorrect citations — one to a non-existent case and another to a case that stood for the opposite proposition than that for which it had been cited.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'When Justice Myers confronted her in open court about whether she had used ChatGPT, she categorically denied it, stating, “I did not.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'whether she had used ChatGPT to write her factum'; 'said she had not.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"At a motion hearing on 1 May 2025 in an Ontario Superior Court of Justice estate and family-law application, the applicant’s lawyer relied in writing and orally on a factum citing cases that the judge could not find or that did not support the propositions cited; asked whether AI such as ChatGPT had been used, the lawyer said, according to Canadian Lawyer and LawSites, that she would have to ask her clerk, while Law360 Canada and the tribunal reasons as reported by Law Times say she denied using ChatGPT.","causal_attribution":"Account of the court’s first endorsement (2025 ONSC 2766) as relayed by two legal-press outlets, with the lawyer’s answer in court given differently by Law360 Canada and by the tribunal reasons as reported by Law Times; the endorsement itself was not read."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'factum may have been created by AI and that before filing the factum and relying on it in court, she might not have checked to make sure the cases were real'; 'the judge ordered the attorney to show cause why she should not be cited for contempt.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'counsel was ordered to return for a show cause hearing to argue why she should not be cited for contempt of court'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The judge found that the factum appeared to have been created by AI and not checked, and ordered the lawyer to show cause why she should not be cited for contempt of court.","causal_attribution":"The court’s own statement, as quoted by LawSites and summarised by Cassels."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'At an informal scheduling conference on May 16, 2025, counsel was forthright in admitting her error and provided an explanation.'; 'In a written decision released on May 20, 2025, the Court found it unnecessary to continue with contempt proceedings'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'explaining that her staff had used ChatGPT to prepare the factum without her knowledge. She apologized for the mistake and promised to complete at least six hours of continuing professional education in legal ethics and technology.'; 'suffered a public shaming near the end of an unblemished career,'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"After telling the court that her staff had used ChatGPT to prepare the factum without her knowledge, apologising and undertaking continuing professional education, the lawyer had the show-cause order withdrawn in a decision released on 20 May 2025, which noted that she had suffered a public shaming near the end of an unblemished career.","causal_attribution":"The court’s second decision (2025 ONSC 2965) as summarised by Cassels and recited in the tribunal reasons reported by Law Times."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'admitting the truth: there was no student.'; 'The new disclosure raises issues of deception of the court in a contempt of court proceeding. The procedural context and the quality of the acts are very different.'; 'the court appointed amicus curiae Dean Embry to ensure'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'revealing that she alone prepared the AI-assisted factum, reversing her prior claim that others were involved. The court treated this as a fresh act of potential contempt and referred the matter to the Attorney General.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"On 30 September 2025 the lawyer wrote to the court that she alone had prepared the factum using ChatGPT and that her earlier account blaming staff was untrue; on 4 December 2025 the court referred the matter to the Attorney General of Ontario for criminal contempt proceedings and appointed an amicus curiae.","causal_attribution":"The court’s third decision (2025 ONSC 6785) as described by Law360 Canada and WeirFoulds; both relay the same decision."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'will have her license to practise law suspended for six months starting July 17. The tribunal'; 'to pay $10,000 to the Law Society of Ontario'; 'containing only non-existent or irrelevant case law generated by an artificial intelligence tool” and later lying to the court about not using the tool.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 16 July 2026 the Law Society Tribunal suspended the lawyer’s licence for six months from 17 July and ordered her to pay $10,000 to the Law Society of Ontario, finding that she relied on a factum containing only non-existent or irrelevant case law generated by an AI tool and later lied to the court about not using the tool.","causal_attribution":"The tribunal’s order as reported by Law Times; the order itself was not read."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'the lawyer failed to serve her client in a family law matter by using ChatGPT to prepare a factum containing AI-hallucinated case citations and arguments.'; 'Later, she admitted that she had prepared the factum herself and did not know hallucinations existed until Myers confronted her about her submissions.'; 'we are extremely troubled by the lawyer’s subsequent repeated lies to the court and to the law society'; 'had little to no prior experience with ChatGPT'; 'That case remains ongoing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"The tribunal’s reasons, as reported, say the lawyer failed to serve her client by using ChatGPT to prepare a factum containing hallucinated citations and arguments, that she had prepared the factum herself with little or no prior experience of ChatGPT, that her repeated lies to the court and the Law Society troubled the tribunal more than the reliance, and that the criminal contempt case remained ongoing.","causal_attribution":"The tribunal’s reasons as reported by Law Times; the reasons themselves were not read."}],"effects":[{"label":"show-cause order for contempt, referral for criminal contempt and a six-month licence suspension after relying on ChatGPT-generated nonexistent case law","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/practice-areas/family/superior-court-says-family-law-case-factum-may-have-fake-legal-citations-due-to-ai-hallucinations/392433","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Canadian Lawyer, 13 May 2025, reporting the first endorsement (2025 ONSC 2766); HTTP 200. The endorsement itself (CanLII) returned 403 live and from the Internet Archive.","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.lawnext.com/2025/05/ai-hallucinations-strike-again-two-more-cases-where-lawyers-face-judicial-wrath-for-fake-citations.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. LawSites (LawNext), 14 May 2025, summarising the same endorsement; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://cassels.com/insights/fantasies-in-the-footnotes-ontario-court-rebukes-counsel-for-fake-and-misleading-ai-generated-case-citations/","kind":"legal_commentary","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Cassels law-firm commentary, 23 May 2025, summarising 2025 ONSC 2766 and 2025 ONSC 2965; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.law360.ca/ca/articles/2419185","kind":"legal_commentary","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Law360 Canada analysis, 8 Dec 2025, describing 2025 ONSC 6785 and quoting it; HTTP 200 (full text served).","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.weirfoulds.com/pdf-article?id=36828","kind":"legal_commentary","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. WeirFoulds law-firm article PDF, 23 Dec 2025, on 2025 ONSC 6785; HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext.","independence_group":"ontario-superior-court-endorsements-2025"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.lawtimesnews.com/resources/professional-regulation/law-society-tribunal-temporarily-suspends-lawyers-license-after-finding-she-lied-about-chatgpt-use/393450","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Law Times, 16 Jul 2026, on the Law Society Tribunal order; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"law-society-tribunal-order-and-reasons-2026"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://www.lawtimesnews.com/resources/professional-regulation/out-of-character-tribunal-explains-six-month-suspension-of-lawyer-who-lied-about-chatgpt-use/393453","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read it. Law Times, 21 Jul 2026, on the tribunal reasons; HTTP 200. The tribunal order and reasons themselves were not read.","independence_group":"law-society-tribunal-order-and-reasons-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["The outcome of the criminal contempt proceeding referred to the Attorney General; the latest source read (21 July 2026) says it remained ongoing.","Whether the client suffered any concrete consequence in the estate application; the tribunal found the lawyer failed to serve her client but no source read describes an effect on the case.","Which ChatGPT version was used and what prompts produced the citations.","The court endorsements and the tribunal order and reasons were not read directly (CanLII returned 403); all claims rest on legal-press and law-firm accounts of them."],"geography":{"basis":"The factum was filed and argued at a hearing of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, and the lawyer is described as a Toronto lawyer licensed by the Law Society of Ontario, whose tribunal suspended her.","court_countries":["CA"],"event_countries":["CA"],"affected_person_countries":["CA"]},"publication":{"basis":"Legal-press and law-firm accounts of three Ontario Superior Court decisions and a Law Society Tribunal order describe a lawyer who relied on ChatGPT-generated nonexistent case law in a factum, was ordered to show cause for contempt, later admitted she alone had used ChatGPT and had misled the court, was referred for criminal contempt and was suspended for six months.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The lawyer told the court in September 2025 that she alone prepared the factum using ChatGPT, and the Law Society Tribunal, as reported by Law Times, found that she relied on a factum containing only non-existent or irrelevant case law generated by an AI tool and that she used ChatGPT to prepare it. ChatGPT’s output (citations to cases that do not exist or do not support the propositions) reached the lawyer, who filed it and relied on it orally at the 1 May 2025 hearing; the court’s contempt proceedings and the tribunal’s suspension followed from that reliance and from her later false account of it. The tribunal’s main concern was her dishonesty, which is a separate act by the lawyer.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Ontario: lawyer who relied on ChatGPT-invented case law in a factum was referred for criminal contempt and suspended for six months, legal press reports","summary":"An Ontario lawyer relied, at a 1 May 2025 Superior Court hearing in an estate and family-law matter, on a factum citing cases that do not exist or do not support the propositions cited. The judge ordered her to show cause why she should not be cited for contempt, then withdrew the order on 20 May 2025 after she said her staff had used ChatGPT without her knowledge. On 30 September 2025 she told the court that she alone had prepared the factum with ChatGPT and that her earlier account was untrue; the court referred the matter to Ontario’s Attorney General for criminal contempt proceedings in December 2025. In July 2026 the Law Society Tribunal suspended her licence for six months, finding she relied on AI-generated non-existent case law and lied about it. The account comes from legal-press and law-firm reports of the decisions; the criminal contempt case was still ongoing at the last report read.","incidentDate":"2025-05-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-05-13","aiSystem":"ChatGPT, which the lawyer admitted using to prepare the factum and which the Law Society Tribunal found generated the non-existent or irrelevant case law","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","legal_harm","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to legal-press reports of the court and tribunal decisions, the lawyer faced a contempt show-cause order and a referral for criminal contempt, and the Law Society Tribunal suspended her licence for six months and ordered her to pay $10,000 to the Law Society of Ontario; the court noted she had suffered a public shaming near the end of an unblemished career.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the lawyer who used ChatGPT, is reported to have suffered the contempt proceedings and the suspension. The tribunal found she failed to serve her client, but no source read describes a concrete consequence for the client, who is not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CA","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.lawtimesnews.com/resources/professional-regulation/out-of-character-tribunal-explains-six-month-suspension-of-lawyer-who-lied-about-chatgpt-use/393453","primarySourceLabel":"Law Times, 21 Jul 2026: tribunal explains six-month suspension of lawyer who lied about ChatGPT use","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:13:48.661937+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:13:48.661937+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["hallucinated_citations","courts","lawyer_sanction","contempt_of_court","professional_discipline","canada","ontario"]},{"id":"2025-genoa-labour-court-reinstates-logistics-worker-dismissed-in-reported-ai-replacement","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Quattro lavoratori dipendenti della società Maersk Italia Spa del reparto Customer Service sono stati improvvisamente licenziati'; '21 Gennaio 2025'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'il reintegro della lavoratrice licenziata insieme ad altri tre colleghi a gennaio 2025'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Four Customer Service employees of Maersk Italia, which is based in Genoa, were suddenly dismissed in January 2025, according to the regional transport unions.","causal_attribution":"The unions' statement, and a later news report of the ruling. Maersk's account was not found."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'L’azienda non solo ha deciso di spostare queste lavorazioni a Manila, nelle Filippine, ma ha anche sostituito parte delle mansioni finora svolte dai lavoratori della sede genovese con l’utilizzo dell’Intelligenza Artificiale'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The unions said Maersk moved the work to Manila and replaced part of the tasks done by the Genoa staff with artificial intelligence.","causal_attribution":"The unions' attribution of the dismissals to offshoring and partial AI replacement. The company's explanation was not inspected, and the AI system is not described."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Una giornata di sciopero è stata proclamata per i lavoratori di Maersk Italia'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The unions called a one-day strike over the dismissals.","causal_attribution":"Reported from the unions' strike proclamation."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'aveva deciso di fare causa all'azienda in seguito al licenziamento motivato da un piano di riorganizzazione interna. Gli altri dipendenti, invece, accettarono la buonuscita economica proposta loro come risarcimento'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"One dismissed employee sued, while the other three accepted a severance offer.","causal_attribution":"Euronews's account of the case."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'la sentenza del Tribunale del lavoro di Genova ha disposto giovedì il reintegro della lavoratrice'; 'si tratta di un \"licenziamento illegittimo\" in quanto \"non rispetta l'obbligo di repêchage\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'il licenziamento era dichiarato illegittimo, per il mancato tentativo di ricollocazione (repêchage) del lavoratore'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The Genoa labour court ordered the employee reinstated, finding the dismissal unlawful because the employer had not tried to redeploy her elsewhere in the company before dismissing her.","causal_attribution":"Reports of the judgment. The judgment text was not inspected, the Domani commentary does not name the employer, and the two reports may share an underlying account, so the claim is kept as reported."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'la scelta di licenziare il lavoratore scaturiva da una riorganizzazione aziendale occasionata dall’implementazione ed evoluzione dei sistemi di intelligenza artificiale, che coinvolgeva quattro lavoratori'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"According to a legal commentary on a Genoa judgment that matches this case but does not name the employer, the dismissal arose from a company reorganisation occasioned by the implementation and development of AI systems, which involved four workers.","causal_attribution":"A commentator's summary of the judgment's facts. It describes the reorganisation as occasioned by AI systems and does not describe what any AI system did."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La sentenza reintegra la lavoratrice con il diritto a essere risarcita per i mesi in cui è rimasta scoperta dallo stipendio'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The judgment entitles the employee to compensation for the months she went without pay.","causal_attribution":"Euronews's account of the judgment."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'il reintegro della lavoratrice licenziata insieme ad altri tre colleghi a gennaio 2025 perché \"sostituita dall'Intelligenza artificiale\"'; 'in seguito al licenziamento motivato da un piano di riorganizzazione interna'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Euronews reported that the employee was dismissed in January 2025, together with three colleagues, because she had been 'replaced by artificial intelligence', a phrase it puts in quotation marks without naming who said it, and that the dismissal was motivated by an internal reorganisation plan.","causal_attribution":"Euronews's description of the reason for the dismissal. The quoted phrase is not attributed to the court, the unions or the company, and the judgment was not inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"four Customer Service employees dismissed in a reorganisation the unions attributed partly to AI replacement","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"a dismissed employee went without pay until a court ordered her reinstatement","claim_id":"c7","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://shippingitaly.it/2025/01/21/licenziamenti-e-sciopero-per-maersk-a-genova","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian in full. Quotations and their English renderings in this record were translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translator reviewed them. The article reproduces the regional unions' strike-proclamation note of January 2025.","independence_group":"genoa-unions-jan-2025-note"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://it.euronews.com/business/2026/04/30/genova-tribunale-reintegra-lavoratrice-sostituita-dallia-alla-vigilia-della-festa-del-lavo","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian in full. Quotations and their English renderings in this record were translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translator reviewed them. The live euronews.com page refused the fetcher (HTTP 406); the identical article was read in a Wayback Machine capture of the same URL.","independence_group":"genoa-ruling-news-apr-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.editorialedomani.it/giustizia/ce-un-giudice-a-pechino-no-al-licenziamento-per-la-sostituzione-del-lavoratore-con-lintelligenza-artificiale-th2yxbwr","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian in full. Quotations and their English renderings in this record were translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translator reviewed them. A legal commentary column dated 8 May 2026, mainly about a Chinese ruling, with a paragraph on a Genoa judgment that matches this case (Genoa labour court, four workers, AI reorganisation, failed redeployment) but does not name the employer; the judgment itself was not inspected.","independence_group":"domani-legal-commentary-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI system Maersk Italia adopted and which Customer Service tasks it took over.","Maersk's own explanation of the dismissals and its response to the judgment.","The exact date of the judgment (30 March 2026 in the Domani commentary; a Thursday shortly before 1 May 2026 in Euronews).","Whether the judgment was appealed.","How much of the job loss the unions attribute to AI rather than to moving the work to Manila."],"geography":{"basis":"The dismissed staff worked at Maersk Italia's office in Genoa, which the unions' note and Euronews both locate there, and the ruling was given by the Genoa labour court.","court_countries":["IT"],"event_countries":["IT"],"affected_person_countries":["IT"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a concrete dismissal of four Customer Service employees that their unions attributed partly to AI replacement, followed by a first-instance court ruling reinstating one of them. The AI attribution is the unions' and a commentator's, and the record states that no source describes the AI system.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-11"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's dismissal of staff in response to its own adoption of AI. The regional unions said in January 2025 that Maersk Italia replaced part of the Genoa Customer Service tasks with artificial intelligence while moving the work to Manila, Euronews reported that the claimant was dismissed because she had been 'replaced by artificial intelligence', a phrase it quotes without naming who said it, and a legal commentary on a Genoa judgment that matches this case but does not name the employer says the reorganisation behind that dismissal was occasioned by the implementation of AI systems. No source says an AI system produced any output about the dismissed employees, so the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Genoa court reinstates a Maersk Italia worker whose January 2025 dismissal unions linked to AI replacing customer service tasks","summary":"In January 2025 Maersk Italia, the Genoa-based Italian arm of the Danish logistics group, dismissed four employees of its Customer Service department without warning, according to the regional transport unions Filt Cgil, Fit Cisl and Uiltrasporti, who called a one-day strike. The unions said the company had moved the work to Manila and had also replaced part of the tasks done by the Genoa staff with artificial intelligence. One of the four, a woman, sued, while the other three accepted a severance offer. Euronews reported on 30 April 2026 that the Genoa labour court had ordered her reinstatement with compensation for the months she went unpaid, finding the dismissal unlawful because the employer had not tried to redeploy her within the company. A legal commentary in Domani gives the judgment's date as 30 March 2026, while Euronews says the decision came on Thursday, the eve of 1 May. The unions that backed the case described it as the first Italian case in which judges ruled on a dismissal linked to AI, although the Domani commentary also cites a Rome ruling of November 2025 on an AI-related dismissal. The Domani commentary does not name the employer. No source describes the AI system or what it did, and Maersk's account of the dismissals was not found.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-01-21","aiSystem":"An AI system that, according to the regional unions, took over part of the Customer Service tasks of Maersk Italia's Genoa staff; no source names or describes it","aiProduct":"Unidentified customer-service AI tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Four employees lost their jobs in a reorganisation that their unions said partly replaced their tasks with AI; one went unpaid until a court ordered her reinstatement (union statement and news reports of the ruling).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":4,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Four employees dismissed: the unions' note names four Customer Service employees, and Euronews says the claimant was dismissed together with three colleagues. Counted under other people harmed because the AI was the employer's tool. The count does not establish that AI caused each dismissal.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"IT","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://it.euronews.com/business/2026/04/30/genova-tribunale-reintegra-lavoratrice-sostituita-dallia-alla-vigilia-della-festa-del-lavo","primarySourceLabel":"Euronews Italia, 30 April 2026: Genova, tribunale reintegra lavoratrice sostituita dall'IA","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-11T03:34:40.235932+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-11T03:34:40.235932+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["dismissal","workplace-ai","logistics","labour-court","reinstatement","italy","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2025-uk-upper-tribunal-immigration-adviser-google-ai-mode-fake-case-in-appeal-grounds-regulator-self-report","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'he was the person responsible for the case and drafting of the grounds of 17th March 2025 in this matter.'; 'provide an explanation for the fact that the case Horleston v SSHD [2007] EWCA Civ 654 cited in the grounds of appeal to the Upper Tribunal is not available on BAILII'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Grounds of appeal dated 17 March 2025, drafted by the adviser, cited a case (Horleston v SSHD [2007] EWCA Civ 654) that the Upper Tribunal could not find, under the citation of an unrelated case; the tribunal issued a show cause notice.","causal_attribution":"Established by the judgment's own record of the show cause notice and the adviser's response."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'We confirm unequivocally that no AI large language model (such as ChatGPT) was used in drafting the grounds of appeal.'; 'In absence of an explanation and with how AI operates, I cannot dismiss the fact that the case was an AI creation as there is no other explanation.'; 'his best guess was that he had inadvertently used the “AI Mode” of a Google search by clicking on this on the bar under the search topic.'; 'concluded himself that it was probable that this had happened because of the inadvertent use of an AI large language model'; 'As far as the Panel could establish there had never been a reported case called Horleston but Google AI nevertheless can, depending on the question posed, produce information such as panels of Court of Appeal judges who sat on this non-existent case'; 'By asking Google AI the same question in slightly different ways, we were able to elicit various different compositions of the bench which decided that fictitious case.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The adviser first denied using an AI large language model, later said he could not dismiss that the case was an AI creation, and at the hearing gave as his best guess that he had inadvertently used Google's 'AI Mode'; the tribunal found he had concluded it was probable the fake case came from inadvertent AI use, and the panel elicited varying benches for the fictitious case from Google AI.","causal_attribution":"The tribunal documents what the adviser said and its own test of Google AI; the source of the case in the drafting rests on his conclusion and best guess, so the claim is reported."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'reported himself to the IAA and to the SRA for having unknowingly inserted a non-existent case in grounds of appeal'; 'has already done this and there is no need for us to do so. If he had not done this we wish to make it clear that we would have made a referral'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The adviser reported himself to the IAA and the SRA for having unknowingly inserted a non-existent case, and the tribunal made no referral for that reason, stating it would otherwise have referred him.","causal_attribution":"Established by the judgment's findings and its stated decision on referral."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'he had put client emails he had drafted explaining Home Office decisions into ChatGPT to try to improve them and he had uploaded Home Office decision letters to this platform to summarise them for clients.'; 'He informed us that he now realises that this is a data breach and will inform the clients that he has done this, as well as the IAA and the SRA.'; 'to put client letters and decision letters from the Home Office into an open source AI tool, such as ChatGPT, is to place this information on the internet in the public domain, and thus to breach client confidentiality and waive legal privilege'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The adviser told the tribunal he had put client emails explaining Home Office decisions into ChatGPT and uploaded Home Office decision letters to it to summarise them, called this a data breach he would disclose to the clients, the IAA and the SRA; the tribunal said such uploads breach client confidentiality and waive legal privilege.","causal_attribution":"The uploads rest on the adviser's own account as recorded by the tribunal; the tribunal's statement on confidentiality is its own observation. The clients' number and whether they were told are not stated."}],"effects":[{"label":"non-existent case, probably from Google AI Mode by his own account, placed in appeal grounds he drafted","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"self-reported to the IAA and the SRA; the tribunal would otherwise have referred him","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukut/iac/2026/81","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Full judgment text read on Find Case Law (HTTP 200); no translation.","independence_group":"ukut-2026-81-judgment"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["Whether the false case actually came from Google AI Mode; the judgment records the adviser's best guess and conclusion, with no search history or output","What effect, if any, the false case had on the appellant's permission application","How many clients' emails or decision letters were put into ChatGPT and whether they were informed","The outcome of the IAA and SRA self-reports"],"geography":{"basis":"Event: the grounds were filed with the First-tier and Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), heard at Field House, and the adviser practises under the UK regulators IAA and SRA (judgment). Court: the Upper Tribunal. The adviser's and clients' countries of residence are not stated.","court_countries":["GB"],"event_countries":["GB"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published from the full Upper Tribunal judgment: it documents the false case in grounds the adviser drafted and his self-reports to two regulators, and records his conclusion that the case probably came from inadvertent AI use and his best guess that the tool was Google AI Mode, which the panel's own Google AI test illustrates. The AI source is attributed to his account; his separate account of uploading client documents to ChatGPT is context. The adviser is described by role; the anonymised appellant is not counted.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-11"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The judgment records the adviser's best guess that the non-existent case came from his inadvertent use of Google's 'AI Mode', and finds that he concluded it was probable the case was included because of inadvertent use of an AI large language model; the panel reproduced Google AI generating different benches for the same fictitious case. The output reached him through his own search (communicated_with) and went into the grounds that led to the show cause notice and his self-reports. This rests on his account as recorded by the tribunal; he first denied AI use. His separate account of putting client emails and Home Office decision letters into ChatGPT is described as context and is not part of this case's harm.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"UK Upper Tribunal: immigration adviser gives Google AI Mode as his best guess for a non-existent case in grounds he drafted; he self-reported to regulators","summary":"In the first of two matters decided together in [2026] UKUT 81 (IAC), promulgated on 17 November 2025, the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) examined grounds of appeal dated 17 March 2025 that cited a non-existent Court of Appeal case under the citation of an unrelated equal-pay case. The adviser who drafted them first denied using AI, then told the tribunal his best guess was that he had inadvertently used Google's 'AI Mode', and the tribunal recorded that he had concluded it was probable the case came from inadvertent AI use; the panel itself got Google AI to produce varying benches for the fictitious case. He reported himself to the Immigration Advice Authority and the Solicitors Regulation Authority, and the tribunal said it would otherwise have referred him. He also told the tribunal that he had put client emails and uploaded Home Office decision letters into ChatGPT to summarise them, which he called a data breach he would disclose to the clients; the tribunal said such uploads breach client confidentiality and waive privilege.","incidentDate":"2025-03-17","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-11-17","aiSystem":"Google search 'AI Mode', identified by the adviser as his best guess for the source of the false case","aiProduct":"Google AI Mode (reported)","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the Upper Tribunal's judgment, an immigration adviser placed a non-existent case in appeal grounds, which the tribunal found he had concluded probably came from inadvertent AI use (his best guess: Google AI Mode); he self-reported to the IAA and the SRA, and the tribunal said it would otherwise have referred him.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted person: the adviser, who used the AI and faced the regulatory consequence. His clients whose emails and decision letters he said he put into ChatGPT belong to a separate, undated matter described as context and are not counted. The appellant in the matter is not counted because no consequence of the false case for the appeal is stated.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"GB","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"internal_action","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukut/iac/2026/81","primarySourceLabel":"Find Case Law, [2026] UKUT 81 (IAC), UK v SSHD (AI hallucinations; supervision; Hamid), promulgated 17 November 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-11T03:13:21.379148+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-11T07:27:35.689369+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-hallucination","fabricated-citations","legal","immigration","tribunal","google-ai-mode","united-kingdom","communicated-with"]},{"id":"2025-bengaluru-reported-sadhguru-deepfake-investment-loss","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Article body, retained text line 61: paragraph about Sadhguru video.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The police account says the woman encountered an AI-generated deepfake of Sadhguru promoting a fake investment opportunity.","causal_attribution":"The articles relay the same complaint and police investigation. They are kept in one independence group. The AI link and loss remain reported and causation is alleged."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Article body, retained text line 68: paragraph about transfer total and withdrawals.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Article body, retained text line 69: paragraph about transfer total and withdrawals.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The reported complaint says she transferred about Rs 3.75 crore and realised she had been cheated when she attempted to withdraw the funds.","causal_attribution":"The articles relay the same complaint and police investigation. They are kept in one independence group. The AI link and loss remain reported and causation is alleged."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Article body, retained text line 62: paragraph about dated contact and transfers.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Article body, retained text line 68: paragraph about dated contact and transfers.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Indian Express dates the reported contact and transfers from 25 February to 23 April 2025.","causal_attribution":"The articles relay the same complaint and police investigation. They are kept in one independence group. The AI link and loss remain reported and causation is alleged."}],"effects":[{"label":"Reported substantial investment-scam loss","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-woman-defrauded-crore-sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev-deepfake-ai-police-10243694/","kind":"journalistic","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"original-account-aiid-1206"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/bengaluru/story/ktaka-bengaluru-woman-duped-of-rs-375-crore-by-ai-generated-sadhguru-deepfake-promoting-fake-trading-platform-2787513-2025-09-15","kind":"journalistic","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"original-account-aiid-1206"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["finance"],"unknowns":["The video-generation tool, perpetrators and amount eventually recovered are unknown.","The police and FIR accounts were inspected through journalism, without the original FIR or a technical examination of the video."],"geography":{"basis":"Both articles identify the woman as a Bengaluru resident and the complaint as filed there. No court country is inferred from an unrelated identity-rights proceeding.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["IN"],"affected_person_countries":["IN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Inspected reports describe a dated, concrete investment loss and a case-specific purported AI video. Both reports share the complainant and police chain. The affected woman is unnamed and the reported amount is not upgraded to a judicial finding.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-30"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The reported police complaint links this woman's investment contact to an AI-generated Sadhguru video. The actual video and forensic record were not inspected.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Bengaluru woman reportedly lost Rs 3.75 crore after a Sadhguru deepfake investment pitch","summary":"Bengaluru police said a retired woman lost about Rs 3.75 crore after encountering a purported AI-generated video of Sadhguru promoting investments. The Indian Express reports that the contact and transfers took place from 25 February to 23 April 2025. According to the reported FIR, the video led to a trading platform and subsequent contact with scammers, who showed apparent profits. The woman realised the problem when withdrawal attempts prompted further payment demands. Police were attempting to freeze accounts, while warning recovery would be difficult.","incidentDate":"2025-02-25","incidentEndDate":"2025-04-23","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-09-11","aiSystem":"Reported AI-generated video impersonating Sadhguru","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","aiCompany":"Unknown","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the woman's complaint and police reporting, she transferred about Rs 3.75 crore to the purported investment scheme and could not withdraw her funds.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"One woman is identified as the complainant. Group members, relatives and the impersonated public figure are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","platformType":"other","primarySourceUrl":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-woman-defrauded-crore-sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev-deepfake-ai-police-10243694/","primarySourceLabel":"The Indian Express, 11 September 2025, Bengaluru police and FIR account","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-30T01:10:33.393538+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:57:40.222556+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025"]},{"id":"2025-us-manhattan-airbnb-damage-claim-photos-disputed-as-manipulated-guest-refunded","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"the host told Airbnb that she had caused more than £12,000 worth of damage, and submitted pictures of an apparently cracked coffee table as part of his case.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Airbnb initially told her “after careful review of the photos”, she would have to reimburse the host a total of £5,314. She appealed against the decision.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The host told Airbnb the guest had caused more than 12,000 pounds of damage, submitted pictures including an apparently cracked coffee table, and Airbnb initially told the guest after reviewing the photos that she must reimburse 5,314 pounds.","causal_attribution":"The Guardian relays the guest's account of the host's claim and Airbnb's first decision. Airbnb's ruling and the photos were not inspected. New York Post and Fox Business rewrite this account."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"A close examination of two pictures of the coffee table appears to show differences in the damage, leading the woman to believe they were digitally manipulated or generated by AI.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"He did not respond to a request for comment.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Guardian reports that a close examination of two pictures of the coffee table appears to show differences in the damage, leading the guest to believe they were digitally manipulated or generated by AI. The host did not respond to the Guardian.","causal_attribution":"Guest's belief and the Guardian's description of her comparison. The photos were not inspected and no forensic finding was reported. Whether an AI tool was used is not established."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Airbnb said he had been warned for violating its terms and told he would be removed if there was another similar report. The company told him that it could not verify the images he submitted as part of his complaint.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"We have taken action with the host, and we are reviewing the original handling of this case.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Airbnb told the host it could not verify the images he submitted, warned him for violating its terms and said he would be removed if there was another similar report.","causal_attribution":"Airbnb statements to the Guardian and to Fox Business. Airbnb did not state a finding that the images were AI-generated. The company's review of the photos is described only as 'careful review' with no mention of AI tools."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Five days after Guardian Money raised questions about the case with Airbnb, the woman was told it had accepted her appeal and credited her account with £500.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"the company offered an £854 refund – a fifth of the cost of her booking. She refused to accept this","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"was refunded the full cost (£4,269) of her booking, and a negative review that the host had placed on her profile was taken down.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Airbnb apologised and said there would be a review into how her case was handled.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"After Guardian Money asked Airbnb about the case, Airbnb accepted the appeal, credited 500 pounds, then refunded the full booking cost of 4,269 pounds after the guest refused a partial offer, the host's negative review on her profile was taken down (the Guardian does not say by whom), and Airbnb apologised.","causal_attribution":"The Guardian relays the guest's account and Airbnb's statements. The refund and review removal were not documented by Airbnb records seen here."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"experience fell below our usual high standards.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"assure them that they will not be charged for the reported damage","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Airbnb said the guest's experience fell below its usual standards and that she would not be charged for the reported damage.","causal_attribution":"Airbnb's own statement to Fox Business."}],"effects":[{"label":"Guest told to reimburse the host on the strength of photos she says were manipulated; reversed on appeal","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/02/airbnb-guest-damage-claim-refund-photos","kind":"news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"guardian-report"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://nypost.com/2025/08/06/lifestyle/airbnb-guest-accused-of-causing-16k-in-property-damage-claims-host-used-ai-to-create-fake-photos/","kind":"news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"guardian-report"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/airbnb-apologizes-superhost-allegedly-ai-doctored-photos-claim-16k-fake-damages","kind":"news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"airbnb-statement-to-fox"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life","finance"],"unknowns":["Whether the host's photos were altered, and by what tool, is unknown: no forensic finding, host statement or Airbnb finding on AI is reported.","Airbnb's own review of the photos is described only as a 'careful review'. No source says Airbnb used an AI system to assess them.","The stay dates, the day of the damage claim and the outcome date are not stated beyond 'earlier this year' and the Guardian's 2 August 2025 date.","Whether the guest paid any part of the reimbursement before the appeal succeeded is not stated.","The US outlets give the claim as about 16,000 dollars (Fox Business) and the Guardian as more than 12,000 pounds. The inspected sources do not itemise the claim."],"geography":{"basis":"The Guardian places the apartment in Manhattan, New York, and describes the guest as London-based. Airbnb's location and the Guardian's publication are not used.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["GB"]},"publication":{"basis":"The Guardian report and two rewrites were read in full. The host and guest are not named and the apartment address is not given. The AI element rests on the guest's belief and Airbnb's statement that it could not verify the images. Claims stay at reported status.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The guest says differences between two photos of one table lead her to believe they were manipulated or AI-generated. Airbnb told the host it could not verify the images. The host did not respond, and no source shows an AI tool was used. Fox Business and the New York Post headlines state AI use more strongly than the Guardian body supports.","status":"suspected"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Manhattan Airbnb: guest says host's damage-claim photos were manipulated or AI-generated, Airbnb first ordered payment then refunded her","summary":"The Guardian reported on 2 August 2025 that a London-based academic who rented a Manhattan apartment through Airbnb in 2025 was accused by the host of more than 12,000 pounds of damage, supported by photos including a cracked coffee table. She says differences between two photos of the table show they were digitally manipulated or AI-generated. Airbnb first told her to reimburse 5,314 pounds after reviewing the photos, then, five days after Guardian Money asked about the case, accepted her appeal, credited 500 pounds and, after she refused an 854-pound offer, refunded her booking cost of 4,269 pounds, and the host's negative review of her was taken down. Airbnb apologised. Airbnb told the host it could not verify the images he submitted and warned him. The host did not respond to the Guardian. No source establishes that AI was used.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-08-02","aiSystem":"None identified (guest suspects the host's damage-claim photos were digitally manipulated or AI-generated; no tool or forensic finding is reported)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool (suspected)","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"unverified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["other_material_harm","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The Guardian reports Airbnb initially told the guest to reimburse the host 5,314 pounds on the strength of the host's photos and the host placed a negative review on her profile; Airbnb later refunded her booking cost in full and the review was taken down.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One guest reported subjected to the damage claim. Other Airbnb customers who might face similar claims are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","platformType":"other","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/02/airbnb-guest-damage-claim-refund-photos","primarySourceLabel":"The Guardian (2 Aug 2025)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T13:28:51.915494+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:19.206649+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025"]},{"id":"2025-us-eightfold-ai-match-score-applicant-screening-class-action","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"about unsuspecting job applicants and to score them from 0 to 5 for potential employers based on","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"This results in a Match Score, which ranges from 0 through 5 in increments of","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Employers then use these reports to sift through","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"But candidates who apply for jobs at companies that use those tools are not given notice and a chance to dispute errors","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The complaint alleges that Eightfold collects applicant information and scores applicants from 0 to 5 by predicted likelihood of success for employers, that employers use these reports to sift applications, and that Eightfold provides no notice, access or dispute rights.","causal_attribution":"These are the plaintiffs' allegations as stated in a filing. The filing establishes only its own contents."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"In or around July 2025,","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"applied online via Microsoft’s website for","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Manager-Responsible AI position two days after she applied, without being invited to interview.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"On or around December 16, 2025,","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"received an automated rejection for the Senior Technical Program","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The complaint says one plaintiff applied to Microsoft in or around July 2025 and again around 16 December 2025, and received an automated rejection two days after the first application without an interview.","causal_attribution":"The complaint attributes the screening to Eightfold's Evaluation Tools used by the employer. No employer record or score was inspected."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"On or around December 17,","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"applied online via Paypal’s website","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"was not asked to interview and was not given a job offer for any of the","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The complaint says the other plaintiff applied to PayPal on or around 17 December 2025 for two roles and was not asked to interview or given an offer for any position applied to.","causal_attribution":"The complaint alleges Eightfold's tools were applied to this application. Reuters reports the plaintiffs believe the tools played a role. The link to any specific rejection is not established."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"is being sued in California for allegedly compiling reports used to","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"On January 20, 2026, Plaintiffs filed a Complaint in the Superior Court of","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"sued in California state court on behalf of all U.S. job seekers who applied for jobs","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Neither was hired, and both believe that Eightfold's tools played a role.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"The proposed class action was filed by two women with STEM backgrounds who believe Eightfold’s AI tools hurt their careers by unfairly screening them out","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Reuters reports the plaintiffs, who are not named by this record, filed a proposed class action in California state court on 20 January 2026 on behalf of all US job seekers evaluated with the tools, and that neither plaintiff was hired and both believe Eightfold's tools played a role.","causal_attribution":"Reuters and the plaintiffs' counsel release both trace to the complaint and counsel. They are one reporting chain."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"We do not scrape social media and the like.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"said the platform operates on data shared by candidates or provided by customers.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"An Eightfold spokesperson said the platform does not scrape social media and operates on data shared by candidates or provided by customers.","causal_attribution":"Company statement to Reuters. It disputes the complaint's data-collection allegation and does not address the scoring allegation."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Document 1 Filed 03/02/26","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Signed by Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers on 7/24/2026.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"NOTICE OF REMOVAL Eightfold AI, Inc.'s Notice of Removal from Contra Costa Superior Court.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"MOTION to Dismiss filed by Eightfold AI Inc..","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"ORDER VACATING HEARING Re: 29 MOTION to Dismiss.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Eightfold removed the case to the US District Court for the Northern District of California on 2 March 2026 and filed a motion to dismiss. The docket shows the hearing on that motion vacated on 24 July 2026 and no ruling in the entries inspected.","causal_attribution":"Procedural facts documented by the court docket. The docket does not establish the merits."}],"effects":[{"label":"Applicants allegedly scored and screened by an undisclosed AI ranking without statutory notice or dispute rights, and not interviewed or hired","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.465146/gov.uscourts.cand.465146.1.0_2.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"eightfold-complaint"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ai-company-eightfold-sued-helping-181520410.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"eightfold-complaint"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.outtengolden.com/newsroom/landmark-class-action-accuses-eightfold-ai-of-illegally-producing-hidden-credit-reports-on-job-applicants","kind":"organisation_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"eightfold-complaint"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/72351430/kistler-v-eightfold-ai-inc/","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"court-docket"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["work","privacy"],"unknowns":["Whether Eightfold's tools produced a score for either plaintiff or influenced either employer's decision is not established. The complaint and reports rest on the plaintiffs' allegations and belief.","The start date of the alleged practice is not stated. The incident range covers only the plaintiffs' dated applications (July to December 2025). The complaint says one plaintiff has applied to Microsoft and other employers since 2023. Earlier applications are not described and are outside this record.","Whether the defendant's tools collected social media or other third-party data about the plaintiffs is disputed by Eightfold and unresolved.","The other plaintiff's location is not stated in the sources inspected.","The outcome of the pending motion to dismiss is unknown. Docket entry 46 (24 Sep 2026, a statement of recent decision) had no readable content.","Microsoft and PayPal are not defendants. Microsoft declined comment and no PayPal response was inspected."],"geography":{"basis":"The complaint states that one plaintiff lives in, applied from and was denied employment while living in Contra Costa County, California. The removed case is in the US District Court for the Northern District of California. The other plaintiff's location is not stated.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"The complaint was read from the copy attached to the defendant's notice of removal, with Reuters, the plaintiffs' counsel release and the court docket. The plaintiffs are described by role and not named. All allegations are attributed and remain at reported status. The AIAAIC archive entry had no description and is not cited.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint alleges Eightfold's Match Score model scored and ranked the plaintiffs' applications for the employers. Eightfold's statement disputes the alleged data collection. No document showing a score for either plaintiff was inspected.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"US: two applicants sue Eightfold AI over 0-to-5 applicant scores used in hiring","summary":"Two job applicants filed a proposed class action on 20 January 2026 in California state court (removed to federal court on 2 March 2026) against Eightfold AI Inc. The complaint alleges that Eightfold's hiring tools collect applicant data and produce a 0-to-5 'Match Score' that employers use to rank candidates, without the notice, access and dispute rights the Fair Credit Reporting Act and a California statute require. One plaintiff says she applied to Microsoft in or around July 2025 and again in December 2025 and received an automated rejection two days after the first application. The other says she applied to PayPal in December 2025. Both say they were not interviewed or hired and believe Eightfold's tools played a role. Eightfold says it does not scrape social media and operates on data candidates or customers provide. The allegations are unproven and Eightfold filed a motion to dismiss (no ruling appears in the docket entries inspected).","incidentDate":"2025-07-01","incidentEndDate":"2025-12-17","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-01-21","aiSystem":"Eightfold AI talent-evaluation tools including the 'Match Score' applicant ranking model","aiProduct":"Eightfold Match Score","aiCompany":"Eightfold AI Inc.","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"unverified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The complaint alleges that two applicants were scored by Eightfold's tools, not interviewed and not hired, and that they received none of the disclosures or dispute rights the statutes require. The plaintiffs believe the tools played a role in their rejections. Eightfold's involvement in any particular rejection is not established.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Two plaintiffs each allege they were scored and not hired. The proposed class of all US applicants evaluated with the tools is not counted because no class has been certified and no other applicant's experience is reported.","victimAgeRange":"adult","platformType":"other","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.465146/gov.uscourts.cand.465146.1.0_2.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Notice of removal with the state-court complaint, plaintiffs v. Eightfold AI Inc. (N.D. Cal., filed 2 Mar 2026)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T13:28:41.995961+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:19.000724+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025"]},{"id":"2025-china-bytedance-doubao-phone-assistant-app-lockouts","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"users continuously reported that after performing daily operations such as sending WeChat messages and red envelopes using the Doubao Phone Assistant, WeChat would unexpectedly quit and could not be logged in again.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"multiple netizens expressed on social media that users operating tasks with Doubao Phone Assistant on the Nubia M153 encountered issues where WeChat would crash or even fail to log in.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Several users of Doubao Phone confirmed the authenticity of this news to reporters.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"\"There are no special actions; it may have triggered existing security risk control measures.\"","relation":"context","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 3 December 2025 users of the Nubia M153 reported that WeChat quit unexpectedly and could not be logged in again after they used the Doubao Phone Assistant for operations such as sending messages and red envelopes.","causal_attribution":"User reports; WeChat said existing security risk controls may have been triggered and took no special action."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"The ability to operate WeChat in the phone - operating/phone - operating pro mode of the Doubao Phone Assistant has been taken offline","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"the WeChat accounts that were blocked from logging in on the Nubia M153 will be unblocked one by one.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"the Doubao Phone Assistant issued a statement, only stating that there was no hacking behavior during its autonomous operation of WeChat.","relation":"context","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"the phone operation function of Doubao Assistant no longer supports operating WeChat","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"ByteDance took the assistant's WeChat operation offline on 3 December and told the user group that blocked WeChat accounts would be unblocked one by one.","causal_attribution":"Statement to the Nubia M153 user group as quoted by 36Kr; not confirmed by a second source."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"not only WeChat, but also users reported that other apps such as Alipay showed a prompt of \"abnormal login environment\" and they were unable to log in or complete payment.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"when some people used the Doubao Phone Assistant to open a shopping platform and complete a purchase, when it came to manually entering the payment password, Alipay judged that there was a security risk in the payment environment and stopped the task midway","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On the evening of 3 December users reported an 'abnormal login environment' prompt on Alipay and inability to log in or pay, and some users reported Alipay stopping a purchase task midway at the payment step.","causal_attribution":"User reports relayed by 36Kr; Alipay's own explanation is not quoted in the inspected sources."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"the user was judged to have used cheats and was banned from the game for 10 minutes.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"which led to their Pinduoduo accounts being unable to log in on the Nubia M153.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Users reported that after having the assistant play a mobile game for them one was judged to have used cheats and banned for 10 minutes, and that using the assistant to browse Pinduoduo videos for coins left some accounts unable to log in on the phone.","causal_attribution":"User reports relayed by 36Kr; the game and Pinduoduo operators are not quoted."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Soon after launch, users reported that Doubao was blocked by several major apps, including banking platforms, Tencent’s WeChat, Alibaba’s Taobao and Ant Group’s Alipay. These companies said the restrictions stemmed from standard security protocols.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"ByteDance announced on Doubao’s official WeChat account that it would temporarily suspend several AI functions, including gaming, banking and online payment features.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Banking apps, WeChat, Taobao and Alipay were reported to have blocked the assistant, the apps described the restrictions as standard security protocols, and ByteDance announced a temporary suspension of gaming, banking and online payment functions.","causal_attribution":"Nikkei Asia as relayed by Business Standard."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"On December 1st, the technical preview version of the Doubao Phone Assistant was officially launched.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Last week, ByteDance launched its first AI-enabled smartphone, the Nubia M153, in partnership with device maker ZTE.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The Doubao Phone Assistant technical preview was released on 1 December 2025 on the Nubia M153 made with ZTE.","causal_attribution":"Not applicable (release date context)."}],"effects":[{"label":"users report WeChat quitting and refusing login after the assistant operated the app for them","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"users report an 'abnormal login environment' prompt on Alipay and purchase tasks stopped midway","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"a user was banned from a mobile game for 10 minutes and other users could not log in to Pinduoduo on the phone after the assistant acted for them","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://eu.36kr.com/en/p/3580978646121604","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Full body read by curl on 2026-09-29. It is a 36Kr English republication of an article by the WeChat account 'Power Plant' (author named in the source). The underlying user statements are not independently inspected.","independence_group":"power-plant"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://longbridge.com/en/news/268451125","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Longbridge copy of a Wallstreetcn item (3 December 2025) that relays The Paper's reporting; read by curl on 2026-09-29. The item begins with an automatic AI summary, which is not cited. The Longbridge page shows a login notice ('unlock 6,954 characters') after the visible text; the visible text was read and is what is cited.","independence_group":"the-paper"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/bytedance-ai-phone-doubao-nubia-zte-app-blocks-user-control-china-125120800459_1.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Full body read by curl on 2026-09-29. It reports Nikkei Asia's article; the Nikkei page itself was not readable.","independence_group":"nikkei"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life","finance"],"unknowns":["How many users had accounts blocked or payments stopped.","Whether all blocked WeChat accounts were restored and how long each lockout lasted.","Whether the platforms' risk controls acted on the assistant's automated operation specifically. WeChat and the other apps attribute the blocks to existing security controls without confirming this.","The Nikkei Asia, SCMP, Tech in Asia and Gizmochina articles were not readable and were not cited.","The Longbridge copy of The Paper item shows a login notice for additional characters after the visible text; only the visible text was read."],"geography":{"basis":"Business Standard (relaying Nikkei) places the dispute among 'China's biggest technology companies' and 36Kr prices the phone in yuan. Countries of residence of the affected users are not stated.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a concrete bounded series in which users of an agentic phone assistant report app login lockouts, stopped Alipay purchase tasks and a game ban after the assistant operated apps for them. The account rests on user statements relayed by media, the number of affected users is unknown, and the platforms attribute the blocks to routine risk controls.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"36Kr and The Paper describe the failures as following the users' use of the Doubao Phone Assistant to operate apps, and ByteDance took the assistant's WeChat operation offline in response. The platforms attribute the blocks to existing risk controls, and no platform confirmed a decision aimed at the assistant specifically.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["acted_on_behalf"]},"name":"China: buyers of the ByteDance/ZTE Nubia M153 report WeChat, Alipay and Pinduoduo login lockouts, stopped Alipay payments and a 10-minute game ban after using the Doubao phone assistant to operate apps for them","summary":"ByteDance released the technical preview of its Doubao Phone Assistant on 1 December 2025 on the ZTE Nubia M153, an assistant that operates other apps on the user's behalf. On 3 December, 36Kr reports that users in the Nubia M153 user group said WeChat quit unexpectedly and could not be logged in again after they used the assistant to send messages and red envelopes, and The Paper (via Wallstreetcn) reports that users confirmed WeChat crashes and login failures. 36Kr also reports users seeing an 'abnormal login environment' prompt on Alipay, Alipay purchase tasks stopped midway, a 10-minute ban from a mobile game after the assistant played for a user, and Pinduoduo accounts that could not log in on the phone after the assistant was used to browse videos for coins. WeChat told The Paper it took no special action and that existing risk controls may have been triggered. ByteDance took the assistant's WeChat operation offline, said blocked WeChat accounts would be unblocked one by one, and, according to Nikkei Asia as relayed by Business Standard on 8 December, announced a temporary suspension of gaming, banking and online payment functions. The reports rest on user statements relayed by media, and the number of affected users is not stated.","incidentDate":"2025-12-03","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-12-03","aiSystem":"Doubao Phone Assistant (ByteDance), an agentic assistant with system-level permissions that operates other apps on the Nubia M153 phone by simulating touches","aiProduct":"Doubao Phone Assistant","aiCompany":"ByteDance","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"unverified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["functional_impairment"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Users say WeChat, Alipay and Pinduoduo logins failed on their phones after the Doubao Phone Assistant operated the apps for them, Alipay stopped some purchase tasks midway and one user was banned from a game for 10 minutes; ByteDance told the user group blocked WeChat accounts would be unblocked one by one (36Kr, The Paper; user statements, number not stated).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"The inspected sources say 'users' or 'several users' reported problems and describe individual users (one game ban, some Pinduoduo and Alipay cases) without a count. Numeric zeros are placeholders. The 30,000 units sold (Nikkei via Business Standard) are not a harmed count.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"agent","outcomeType":"media_coverage","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://eu.36kr.com/en/p/3580978646121604","primarySourceLabel":"36Kr: Doubao Mobile Hits Snags in First Battle: AI Fails to Penetrate Internet Ecosystem Barriers","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T12:41:53.180552+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:16:59.331721+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025","doubao","bytedance","agentic-phone","account-lockout","acted-on-behalf","china"]},{"id":"2025-lacey-insurance-discovery-relief-denied-ai-citations","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"ECF 119 p. 8 para 20: 'I have struck, and decline to'; 'consider, any of the supplemental briefs'; 'I decline to award any of the discovery relief'; p. 7 para 17: 'The initial, undisclosed use of AI products to'; 'generate the first draft of the brief was flat-out wrong.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The special master struck the claimant's supplemental briefs and denied the discovery relief she sought because her lawyers filed briefs built on unverified AI-generated legal research.","causal_attribution":"The order itself connects the struck briefs and denial of relief to counsel's undisclosed AI use, failure to cite-check and re-submission of the defective brief (paras 17-20)."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"ECF 119 p. 2 para 5: 'approximately nine of the 27 legal'; 'citations in the ten-page brief were incorrect in some way. At least two of the'; 'authorities cited do not exist at all.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The order records that about nine of the 27 citations in the ten-page brief were incorrect and that at least two cited authorities do not exist.","causal_attribution":"The special master's own after-the-fact review, as recorded in the order."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"ECF 119 p. 10 para 24: 'clearly not at fault for the AI debacle'; 'She will not, however, be financially'; para 25: 'I decline to order any sanction'; conclusion: 'aggregate amount of $31,100.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The order makes the two firms jointly and severally pay $31,100 in aggregate, states the client was not at fault and will not be financially responsible for the awards, and declines any sanction against individual lawyers.","causal_attribution":"Allocation of financial responsibility is directly recorded in the order."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"ECF 119 appendix, declaration p. 46 para 3: 'generative AI capabilities found in CoCounsel and Westlaw Precision and'; p. 47 para 4: 'It is unclear to me whether'; 'research tools I utilized returned some erroneous information.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"One lawyer's sworn declaration says the outline he circulated relied in part on generative AI features in CoCounsel, Westlaw Precision and Google Gemini, and that he cannot tell whether particular errors arose from his transcription or from a tool.","causal_attribution":"The declarant's own statement; the order does not determine which tool produced each error."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"ECF 119 appendix, joint response section II p. 76: 'None of the K&L Gates attorneys who worked on the subject brief used any'; order p. 3 para 7: 'the attorneys at K&L Gates didn’t'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The second firm states that none of its lawyers who worked on the brief used or had access to AI tools or knew that AI had been used until the special master's inquiries.","causal_attribution":"The firm's own submission; the order records that the special master had no reason to doubt the sworn statements."}],"effects":[{"label":"Loss of requested discovery relief after the claimant's briefs were struck","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.lawnext.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/C.D.-Cal.-24-cv-05205-dckt-000119_000-filed-2025-05-06.pdf","kind":"court_order","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"English; read on 2026-10-09 from the retained PDF text of the 77-page filing: order pp. 2-10, appendix inventory p. 11, originating lawyer's declaration pp. 46-47 and the firms' joint response section II p. 76. PDF page 1 yielded no text. Not every appended exhibit was read.","independence_group":"lacey-ecf119"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["Which tool, if any, produced each erroneous citation or quotation; the declarant says he cannot distinguish his transcription errors from tool output.","Whether the requested discovery relief would have been granted had the briefs been accurate.","The later course of the insurance action and where the AI-assisted drafting took place.","Paragraph 1 of the order (PDF page 1) was not inspected because the page yielded no extractable text."],"geography":{"basis":"The order was issued by a special master in the US District Court for the Central District of California. The record does not state where the AI-assisted drafting took place or where the claimant lives, so event and affected-person countries are left unknown.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"A filed court order directly establishes that the claimant's briefs were struck and her discovery relief denied because of AI-generated false citations in her lawyers' filings, with the monetary award placed on the firms. The tool identities are attributed to the declarant and kept as reported.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-09"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The filed order records that a lawyer used AI tools to generate the research outline for the claimant's brief and that the resulting brief contained false citations and quotations (about nine of 27 wrong, at least two non-existent). The special master read those authorities, found they did not exist, and on that basis struck the briefs and denied the discovery relief, writing that the use of AI affirmatively misled him. The declarant names CoCounsel, Westlaw Precision and Google Gemini but cannot say which tool produced each error, so the per-tool contribution is unestablished.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Insurance claimant loses discovery relief after her lawyers file AI-generated false citations; special master's order sanctions the two firms $31,100","summary":"In an order dated 5 May 2025 and filed on 6 May in Lacey v. State Farm (C.D. Cal.), a special master struck the claimant's supplemental briefs and denied the discovery relief she sought after her lawyers filed briefs built on unverified AI-generated legal research: about nine of 27 citations were wrong and at least two cited authorities did not exist. One lawyer's sworn declaration says the outline he circulated relied on generative AI features in CoCounsel, Westlaw Precision and Google Gemini, and that he could not tell whether particular errors came from his transcription or from a tool; co-counsel at the second firm say they used no AI tools and did not know AI had been used. The order makes the two firms jointly pay $31,100, states the client was not at fault and will not bear the awards, and imposes no penalty on individual lawyers.","incidentDate":"2025-04-01","incidentEndDate":"2025-05-05","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-05-06","aiSystem":"CoCounsel, Westlaw Precision and Google Gemini, named in one lawyer's sworn declaration as the generative AI tools used for the research outline; the order itself refers to 'various AI tools' and does not establish which tool produced each error","aiProduct":"CoCounsel, Westlaw Precision and Gemini (reported)","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The special master struck the claimant's supplemental briefs and denied the discovery relief she sought after her lawyers filed briefs built on unverified AI-generated citations; the $31,100 award falls on the firms, not on her.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"One claimant whose briefs were struck and whose discovery relief was denied (order paras 20 and 24). She did not use the AI tools herself, so participant users is 0. The lawyers and firms bear the monetary award but are not counted as harmed persons.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"assistant","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.lawnext.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/C.D.-Cal.-24-cv-05205-dckt-000119_000-filed-2025-05-06.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Lacey v. State Farm General Insurance Co., C.D. Cal. 2:24-cv-05205, ECF 119: special master's sanctions order dated 5 May 2025, filed 6 May 2025 (with appendix)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T10:29:01.113121+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-09T03:12:38.363121+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025","ai-citations","court-sanction","legal-research","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2026-surat-customs-penalty-ai-hallucinated-citations-supreme-court","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The present appeal arose out of an Order-in-Original dated 8 October 2025 passed by the Additional Commissioner of Customs, Surat, imposing a penalty of ₹425,27,99,100 on the appellant under Section 114, Customs Act, 1962, for misdeclaring a consignment of natural diamonds as lab-grown diamonds to pay a lower tariff. The challenge to the said penalty before the Gujarat High Court failed, as the appeal was dismissed vide order dated 20 January 2026.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'The penalty was imposed for allegedly misdeclaring a consignment of natural diamonds as lab-grown diamonds to attract a lower tariff.'; 'the High Court dismissed his challenge on January 20, 2026, prompting him to approach the Supreme Court.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On 8 October 2025 the Additional Commissioner of Customs, Surat, imposed a penalty of ₹425,27,99,100 on a diamond trader under Section 114 of the Customs Act, 1962, for allegedly misdeclaring natural diamonds as lab-grown diamonds, and the Gujarat High Court dismissed his challenge on 20 January 2026.","causal_attribution":"Facts of the proceedings as recited in the Supreme Court judgment, reported by legal outlets; the judgment itself was not read."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Upon verifying such judgments and articles, it does appear that the second respondent has relied upon case laws that are either non-existent or have fake citations. A further investigation has also revealed that some of the case laws relied upon by the second respondent, which do exist, do not lay down the ratio deduced therefrom and it appears to be a hallucination of AI,' the Court observed.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Upon verification, the court found that the second respondent had \"relied upon case laws that are either non-existent or have fake citations.\" It further found that some case laws which did exist did not lay down the legal propositions attributed to them, and that this \"appears to be a hallucination of AI\".'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Legal reports quote the Supreme Court finding that the penalty order relied on nonexistent case law or fake citations, and on existing cases that did not support the attributed legal propositions, which it described as apparent AI hallucination.","causal_attribution":"Finding of the Supreme Court after its own verification of the cited material, as quoted by the reports. The court attributes the defects to AI in qualified terms ('appears to be'); the tool is not named."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The use of AI in this case, resulting in reliance placed by the second respondent on material which is dubious, proves fatal to the sustainability of the order imposing penalty on the appellant. Such circumstances compel us to interfere and remand the case,' the Court said.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The proceedings were revived for fresh adjudication by an officer of the same rank other than the officer who had passed the original order.'; 'The Court left it to the wisdom of the appointing authority to initiate such action against the author of the Order-in-Original dated 8 October 2025 as may be warranted in the circumstances, in accordance with law.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'The Supreme Court on Wednesday, September 2, 2026, set aside a customs penalty of over ₹425 crore'; 'A bench of Justice Dipankar Dutta and Justice Sheel Nagu did not examine the merits of the customs case at all.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Верховний суд Індії 2 вересня 2026 року розглянув справу щодо використання штучного інтелекту працівником митниці, який послався на неіснуючі судові справи та фальшиві цитати, накладаючи штраф у розмірі близько $45 млн' (the Supreme Court of India on 2 September 2026 considered a case of a customs officer's use of AI, who cited non-existent cases and fake quotations while imposing a fine of about $45 million)","relation":"context","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Legal reports say that on 2 September 2026 the Supreme Court treated reliance on dubious AI material as fatal to the penalty order, set aside that order and the High Court's order without deciding the merits, and revived the proceedings for fresh adjudication by a different officer of the same rank. The reports also say the court left any action against the order's author to the appointing authority.","causal_attribution":"Holding of the Supreme Court as reported."}],"effects":[{"label":"a ₹425 crore customs penalty order resting on non-existent and misattributed case law that the Supreme Court found appeared to be AI hallucination stood against the trader for about eleven months and was upheld by the Gujarat High Court","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the trader had to take the case to the Supreme Court, which voided the order but revived the proceedings for fresh adjudication","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-scraps-425-crore-penalty-over-fake-citations-ai-hallucinations-in-customs-order","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Full body (including JSON-LD article body) read by curl on 2026-09-29. Reports and quotes the Supreme Court judgment of 2 September 2026. Reinspected in the retained body on 2026-10-06; no direct judgment obtained in this review.","independence_group":"sc-judgment-gadiya"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2026/09/03/supreme-court-sets-aside-%E2%82%B9425-crore-customs-penalty-over-ai-generated-fake-citations/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"SCC Times case note, read by curl on 2026-09-29; summarises the same judgment (2026 SCC OnLine SC 1741). Reinspected in the retained body on 2026-10-06; no direct judgment obtained in this review.","independence_group":"sc-judgment-gadiya"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://upstox.com/news/personal-finance/tax/how-a-diamond-trader-got-relief-from-a-425-crore-penalty-after-customs-used-ai-generated-citations/article-199828/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Upstox (4 September 2026), read by curl on 2026-09-29; based on the same judgment. Reinspected in the retained body on 2026-10-06; no direct judgment obtained in this review.","independence_group":"sc-judgment-gadiya"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://sud.ua/uk/news/abroad/371427-mytnyk-poviryv-shi-i-vypysav-shtraf-na-45-mln-verkhovnyi-sud-use-skasuvav","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"uk","translation_note":"Ukrainian-language report (6 September 2026) read through the r.jina.ai relay on 2026-09-29 (direct fetch 403); translated by the reviewer. Cited only for context; it converts the penalty to about US$45 million. Reinspected in the retained body on 2026-10-06; no direct judgment obtained in this review. The Ukrainian article body was read with AI language assistance; it explicitly credits Supreme Court Observer and supplies context only.","independence_group":"sc-judgment-gadiya"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","public_services","finance"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool the customs officer used and how it was used in drafting the order.","Whether the trader paid any part of the penalty or incurred other financial consequences while the order stood, and the trader's litigation costs.","The outcome of the revived adjudication and whether any action was taken against the officer.","The trader's country and place of residence."],"geography":{"basis":"The order was passed by the Additional Commissioner of Customs, Surat, challenged in the Gujarat High Court and decided by the Supreme Court of India. The trader's country of residence is not stated in the read reports, so affected_person_countries is left empty.","court_countries":["IN"],"event_countries":["IN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Legal reporting describes a concrete penalty imposed on a trader through an administrative decision that used apparently AI-generated false authorities. The reported Supreme Court ruling connects reliance on that material to the decision to set the order aside. The trader is unnamed and the underlying customs allegation remains undecided. All cited accounts derive from the same judgment, whose text has not been inspected. No payment of the penalty or quantified financial loss is asserted.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-06"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Bar & Bench, SCC Times and Upstox report that the Supreme Court verified the authorities used in the officer's penalty order, found nonexistent cases, false citations and misattributed propositions, and described them as apparent AI hallucination. The reports connect this material to the officer's order imposing the penalty, which the court set aside on that basis. This supports informed_decision_about: the human officer used the material in an adverse decision about the trader. The tool and how it was used remain unknown, and the judgment itself has not been inspected.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["informed_decision_about"]},"name":"India's Supreme Court overturns customs penalty citing apparent AI hallucinations","summary":"On 8 October 2025 the Additional Commissioner of Customs in Surat imposed a penalty of ₹425,27,99,100 (about ₹425 crore) on a diamond trader under Section 114 of the Customs Act, 1962, for allegedly misdeclaring a consignment of natural diamonds as lab-grown diamonds to pay a lower tariff. The trader's challenge was dismissed by the Gujarat High Court on 20 January 2026. Before the Supreme Court the trader argued that judgments and articles cited in the penalty order had been generated using artificial intelligence. On 2 September 2026 a bench of Justices Dipankar Datta and Sheel Nagu, after checking the material, found that the order relied on case law that was non-existent or carried fake citations, and on real cases that did not lay down the propositions attributed to them, which the court said 'appears to be a hallucination of AI'. Holding that the use of AI and reliance on this dubious material was fatal to the order, the court set aside both the penalty order and the High Court's order without deciding the merits, sent the matter for fresh adjudication by a different officer of the same rank, and left any action against the order's author to the appointing authority. The AI tool used is not named in the read reports.","incidentDate":"2025-10-08","incidentEndDate":"2026-09-02","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-09-02","aiSystem":"Unidentified AI tool reportedly used in authorities cited in a customs penalty order; legal reports quote the Supreme Court describing nonexistent and misattributed case law as apparent AI hallucination","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A diamond trader was subjected for about eleven months to a ₹425 crore customs penalty order, and lost a High Court challenge to it, before India's Supreme Court voided the order because it relied on non-existent and misattributed case law that the court found appeared to be AI hallucination (Supreme Court judgment as reported by Bar & Bench, SCC Online and Upstox). The underlying proceedings were revived.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One trader, the appellant, on whom the penalty was imposed. The trader did not use the AI; the customs officer did. No other person is reported harmed.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"IN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"internal_action","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-scraps-425-crore-penalty-over-fake-citations-ai-hallucinations-in-customs-order","primarySourceLabel":"Bar & Bench, 2 September 2026: Supreme Court scraps ₹425 crore penalty over fake citations, AI hallucinations in customs order","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T09:08:50.773251+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-06T04:48:47.973979+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["india","surat","customs","supreme-court","hallucinated-citations","institutional-use","administrative-decision","penalty"]},{"id":"2026-leal-ai-impersonation-immigration-scam","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'his image and name and even his voice have been cloned with artificial intelligence to deceive desperate immigrants'; 'fake contracts bearing his firm's logo, forged signatures, websites that mimic his site... entirely fabricated immigration hearings'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'criminals are creating fake videos using his image, voice and name'; the WhatsApp-to-Zelle/Venmo script.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'scammers have used AI to produce fake immigration hearings over Zoom to dupe immigrants'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Criminals used AI to clone Ángel Leal's image, name, voice, signature and firm logo, producing fake videos, look-alike websites, forged contracts and fabricated Zoom hearings that offered immigration services (residency, citizenship 'without an exam', work permits) he never provided.","causal_attribution":"Leal's own account, carried by four independent outlets."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'some victims end up with deportation orders without having filed any real paperwork, believing their case was in progress'; payments via Zelle/Venmo/Cash App.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'It's gotten to the point where I literally have one to two people every day, all day, answering calls of people who have been defrauded or scammed'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Leal describes the harm to 'other people's needs'; ABA/AILA describe victims paying scammers who impersonated lawyers.","relation":"context","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Immigrants were defrauded of money paying for services Leal never provided, and some ended up with deportation orders believing their cases were in progress.","causal_attribution":"Reported by Leal and immigration-lawyer groups; individual victims are not named and the total is not quantified."},{"id":"c3","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'6,454 fake profiles linked to these scams have been taken down' since March.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'in June alone... they had taken down over 6,600 fake videos and profiles'; 'Leal has filed a report with the Doral Police Department.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Leal changed his phone number, hired an anti-piracy firm that removed thousands of fake profiles and videos (about 6,454 since March per NBC Miami; more than 6,600 by June per WLRN), and reported the fraud to Doral police and federal authorities.","causal_attribution":"Leal and his anti-piracy vendor, as reported; the two removal figures cover different windows."}],"effects":[{"label":"attorney's identity cloned with AI and used to defraud immigrants; reputational harm and business disruption to him, financial and legal harm to victims","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/scammers-impersonate-immigration-lawyers-rcna348238","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-06-04). NBC News national report; Leal interview, FTC/FBI context, ABA and AILA comment.","independence_group":"nbc"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/south-florida-immigration-lawyers-identity-cloned-with-artificial-intelligence/3817579/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-06-05). NBC6 South Florida; Leal interview, fake videos and WhatsApp/Zelle scheme; story translated from Spanish with an AI tool and editor-reviewed.","independence_group":"nbcmiami"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/south-florida-immigration-attorney-says-ai-scammers-are-using-his-identity-to-target-immigrants/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-17 via the Internet Archive capture 20260728171300 (CBS live returns HTTP 406); datePublished 2026-06-09. CBS News Miami; Leal interview, the $2,200 residency-video scheme, ~6,500 profiles removed.","independence_group":"cbsmiami"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/immigration/2026-08-20/abogado-inmigracion-ai-scam-fraud","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-08-20). WLRN Public Media; Leal realised the problem last October, one to two defrauded callers a day, 6,600+ removals in June, fake Zoom hearings, Doral police report.","independence_group":"wlrn"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["justice","finance","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["No individual defrauded immigrant is named and the total amount lost is not established; the reported per-victim figure (about $4,820/$5,000) comes from a Latin Times headline not inspected in full.","No arrests are reported and no defendant is identified.","Whether the fabricated 'deportation orders' outcome affected specific named people is not established."],"geography":{"basis":"Event: South Florida (Doral/Miami); Leal practises there and reported to Doral police (WLRN, NBC Miami). Affected people are immigrants in South Florida. No court proceeding established.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an AI-impersonation case with real harm: a named attorney's likeness and voice were cloned to defraud immigrants, causing him reputational and business harm and causing victims financial and reported legal harm. Four independent chains, including his own on-camera interviews; victim count left partial because individual victims are unquantified.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-17"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Leal and multiple outlets state that his real videos were manipulated with AI to clone his face and voice; NBC News, NBC Miami, CBS Miami and WLRN carry his account, and an anti-piracy firm documented thousands of AI-generated fake profiles. The specific AI tools are not named.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Miami: scammers cloned immigration attorney Ángel Leal's face and voice with AI to defraud immigrants seeking legal help","summary":"From around October 2025, criminals used AI to clone the image, voice, name, signature and firm logo of Ángel Leal, a long-established immigration attorney in Doral, Florida. They created fake videos, look-alike websites, forged contracts and even fabricated Zoom 'immigration hearings' to persuade immigrants to pay for legal services Leal never provided. Immigrants were defrauded of money, and some believed their cases were progressing when they were not; Leal received one to two defrauded callers a day, changed his phone number, hired an anti-piracy firm that removed thousands of fake profiles and videos, and reported the fraud to local police and federal authorities.","incidentDate":"2025-10-01","incidentKind":"ongoing_experience","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-06-04","aiSystem":"AI voice- and video-cloning / deepfake tools (not identified in the inspected reporting)","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm","financial_loss","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"An immigration attorney's identity was cloned with AI and used to defraud immigrants, causing him reputational harm and business disruption (he changed his phone number and hired an anti-piracy firm) and causing defrauded immigrants financial loss, with some reportedly left facing deportation orders after believing their cases were progressing.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted, identified harmed person: Ángel Leal, whose likeness and voice were cloned and whose practice was disrupted. An unquantified additional group of immigrants was defrauded (Leal reports one to two defrauded callers a day; one legal immigrant reportedly lost about $4,820 per a Latin Times headline not inspected in full); no reliable victim count is established, so the status is partial.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/scammers-impersonate-immigration-lawyers-rcna348238","primarySourceLabel":"NBC News, 4 June 2026: Scammers impersonate immigration lawyers (Angel Leal interview; FTC/FBI context; ABA/AILA comment)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-17T03:27:41.533841+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:43.85599+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","voice-clone","impersonation","immigration","fraud","united-states","florida","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2026-aarons-chatgpt-fabricated-testimony-sanction","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1a","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Order passages quoted by Ars: contempt, $5,000 to the Client Protection Fund in 30 days, referral.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Reuters wire: 'on Sept 9' — fine, contempt, referral, and the Sandoval caption.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"ABA Journal, 24 Aug: the $5,000 contempt anticipated from the 21 Aug show-cause hearing (pre-order; advance reporting, context only).","relation":"context","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"By written order of 9 September 2026, the New Mexico Supreme Court held Stephen Aarons in direct contempt, fined him $5,000 payable to the State Bar Client Protection Fund within 30 days, and referred him to the disciplinary board.","causal_attribution":"The contempt, fine and referral are quoted by Ars Technica and confirmed by the Reuters wire; the ABA Journal's hearing-day account anticipated but could not confirm the later written order. The order PDF itself was not retrieved in this review."},{"id":"c1b","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Ars: removal, bar pending referral, briefs struck, reassignment (Kim Chavez Cook appointed 2 Sep).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The order also removed Aarons from the case, barred him from appearing before the court pending the disciplinary-board referral, struck the filed briefs and reassigned the appeal to the public defender (Kim Chavez Cook, appointed 2 September 2026).","causal_attribution":"Single-chain detail from Ars Technica's account of the order; the Reuters wire does not carry these elements."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Ars passages: Rev.com transcript plus record into ChatGPT (o3); the named fabricated witnesses and false attributions; the admission of non-verification.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"ABA Journal: 'admits stupidity over AI errors' at the show-cause hearing.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Reuters headline account: 'ChatGPT invented fake police testimony in murder appeal, New Mexico high court says'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Aarons used ChatGPT (OpenAI o3) on a Rev.com transcript and the case record to draft the brief, which contained fabricated witnesses and testimony — officers 'Michelle Amarillo' and 'Sanchez', Manal Al-Jibury, Teresa Marquez, and false testimony attributed to Danny and Linda Stanton and Mariah Chavez — and misdescribed real precedents; he admitted at the hearing that he had not verified the output.","causal_attribution":"The fabrication and the admission are established by the attorney's own statements at the hearing and the court's findings as reported; no source reports a denial."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Ars: substitution of the public defender (Kim Chavez Cook, appointed 2 Sep); the court's remark about the client.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The client, Oscar Renee Sandoval, suffers a delayed appeal: the briefs were struck, Aarons was removed, and the public defender was substituted (appointed 2 September 2026); the court told Aarons 'your client is the one suffering'.","causal_attribution":"Single-chain detail from Ars Technica's account of the order; the delay's length is not stated."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Reuters wire via Straits Times: Sandoval caption, life sentence February 2025, Doña Ana County.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Ars: brief filed ~Aug 2025; State's motion to strike weeks later.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The underlying case is the murder appeal of Oscar Renee Sandoval, sentenced to life in February 2025 in Doña Ana County for killing his partner Shiereen Al-Jibury; the brief was filed around August 2025 and the State moved to strike weeks later.","causal_attribution":"Background context, attributed to the wire and Ars; the docket number was not confirmed in this review."}],"effects":[{"label":"attorney sanctioned for ChatGPT-fabricated testimony; client's appeal delayed","claim_id":"c1a","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/09/chatgpt-using-lawyer-punished-for-citing-fake-testimony-from-made-up-witnesses/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (11 Sep 2026, Brodkin). Quotes the 9 September order and the 21 August hearing; names the fabricated witnesses.","independence_group":"ars"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/chatgpt-invented-fake-police-testimony-in-murder-appeal-new-mexico-high-court-says","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (11 Sep 2026); Straits Times carrying the Reuters wire.","independence_group":"reuters"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/criminal-defense-attorney-admits-stupidity-over-ai-errors-but-still-receives-sharp-rebuke-from-his-states-high-court","kind":"trade_press","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (24 Aug 2026). Post-hearing report citing the Santa Fe New Mexican; the fine and contempt were anticipated from the hearing, not yet the written order.","independence_group":"aba-journal"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The 9 September 2026 order PDF was not directly inspected (nmcourts.gov search empty; form-based case lookup); the claims about it rest on two chains quoting it.","The underlying docket number is unconfirmed.","The disciplinary-board process and its outcome are pending.","The full set of fabricated or misdescribed citations beyond the named examples is not reported.","The ChatGPT product tier and whether the firm had verification policies are not reported."],"geography":{"basis":"Events: Santa Fe, New Mexico practice and the Doña Ana County murder case. Affected persons: the attorney and his client, both in New Mexico. Court: New Mexico Supreme Court.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an own-use, work-context adverse consequence with a dated, quantified sanction and an admitted, judicially found AI link. This applies the charter's individual-review rule to the AI-sanction class; the retired ordinary_task_failure gate and a class-level ruling are not required. Aarons is a public officer of the court sanctioned by a public order and is named; his client's name appears in the public caption of the appeal. In a 2026-09-15 second pass the original compound first claim was split: the corroborated contempt/fine/referral stand as c1a, and the Ars-only order elements (removal, bar, struck briefs, reassignment) stand as reported c1b. person_relations recorded in the same pass.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The AI link is admitted and judicially found: Aarons fed a Rev.com transcript and the record into ChatGPT (OpenAI o3), and the court's order addresses the fabricated content in the filed brief; he admitted at the show-cause hearing that he had not verified the output.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"New Mexico Supreme Court fines attorney Stephen Aarons $5,000 and removes him from a murder appeal over ChatGPT-fabricated testimony","summary":"Santa Fe defense attorney Stephen Aarons used ChatGPT (OpenAI's o3) on a Rev.com transcript and the record to draft briefing in the murder appeal of Oscar Renee Sandoval; the brief contained fabricated witnesses and testimony (including police officers 'Michelle Amarillo' and 'Sanchez' and invented testimony attributed to real people) and misdescribed real precedents. After a 21 August 2026 show-cause hearing at which Aarons admitted he had not verified the output, the New Mexico Supreme Court's written order of 9 September 2026 held him in direct contempt, fined him $5,000 payable to the State Bar Client Protection Fund within 30 days, removed him from the case, barred him from appearing before the court pending a disciplinary-board referral, struck the filed briefs and reassigned the appeal to the public defender.","incidentDate":"2025-08-01","incidentEndDate":"2026-09-09","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-08-24","aiSystem":"ChatGPT (OpenAI o3)","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","legal_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A dated, quantified professional sanction for the attorney who relied on ChatGPT's output: $5,000 fine, direct-contempt finding, removal from the case, a bar on appearing before the court pending a disciplinary-board referral, and struck briefs; his client's appeal is delayed as a result.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two documented harmed people. The user: Aarons, sanctioned (court order reported by Ars Technica and Reuters). Another person's use consequence: his client Sandoval, whose appeal is delayed by the struck briefs and the substitution of counsel (Ars quotes the court's 'your client is the one suffering'). No further harmed persons are reported; the victim's family is not counted (no harm to them is reported).","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/09/chatgpt-using-lawyer-punished-for-citing-fake-testimony-from-made-up-witnesses/","primarySourceLabel":"Ars Technica (11 Sep 2026) — quotes the 9 Sep order and the 21 Aug show-cause hearing","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-15T06:16:05.506355+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:22.660417+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["work","justice","legal-profession","sanction","fabricated-citations","chatgpt","own-use","new-mexico"]},{"id":"2025-heacock-ai-sextortion-death","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'Local teenager Eli Heacock died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound last month'; 'he took his life on Feb 28'; 'at 11:30 p.m. on that Thursday night, Eli's twin sister found him'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'He died by suicide shortly after receiving the message, CBS affiliate KFDA reported'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'After their 16-year-old son died by suicide, a Kentucky family is pushing for stronger sextortion laws'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Elijah Heacock died Feb. 28 at a local hospital, WBKO-TV reported'; 'the Barren County Sheriff's Office responded to the hospital on Feb. 27'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Elijah Heacock, 16, a Caverna High School student in Barren County, Kentucky, died by suicide on 28 February 2025 after being found injured at home on the night of 27 February.","causal_attribution":"The death is reported independently by WKMS (own reporting) and CBS (citing KFDA), with Spectrum and the WBKO/ABC relay consistent; the 27/28 February dates come from WKMS and NewsNation."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'During a search of Eli's phone, AI-generated images used to extort the young man were discovered. The offender created the images, some sexually explicit, and sent them to Eli. They then threatened to release the pictures unless Eli sent them $3,000.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'when Elijah received a threatening text with an A.I.-generated nude photo of himself demanding he pay $3,000 to keep it from being sent to friends and family, everything changed'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'a perpetrator threatened him, saying he needed to send $3,000 or they would release sexually explicit images of him'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'fake, AI-generated nude images'; 'Though the photos were not real, it's unclear whether Elijah Heacock knew they were AI-generated.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Investigators found on his phone AI-generated images of him, some sexually explicit, sent by an anonymous extortionist who threatened to release them unless he paid $3,000.","causal_attribution":"WKMS attributes the AI-generated finding to investigators' search of the phone; CBS's account rests on the parents' interview. Whether he knew the images were fake is unknown (NewsNation)."},{"id":"c3","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'His parents told Spectrum News 1 that Heacock sent $50, but did not have enough to cover the rest.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Shannon Heacock said she found texts indicating that her son had sent some money to the scammer, to which the scammer replied, \"This is not enough,\" she told ABC News.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Best friend: 'The last message I got from him was, \"I love you so much\"' after Eli asked to borrow money that night.","relation":"context","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"He sent a partial payment of $50 and the extortionist replied that it was 'not enough'.","causal_attribution":"Both accounts are the parents' descriptions of the messages on his phone, given to two separate outlets; the $50 figure appears only in Spectrum."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'The FBI continues to investigate. The family hopes the exploiter will be caught and charged with murder.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'a sheriff's detective reviewed Elijah Heacock's phone and escalated the case to the FBI'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The Barren County Sheriff's Office escalated the case to the FBI, which was still investigating; no arrest has been reported.","causal_attribution":"Investigation status as of the inspected reports (March and June 2025); nothing later was inspected."},{"id":"c5","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear signed a bill into law this month, making sextortion a felony. It also mandates education about sextortion in schools and in law enforcement agencies.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'state lawmakers passed a bill that establishes sexual extortion as a felony, and mandates training about the topic at schools and law enforcement agencies. Gov. Andy Beshear, D-Kentucky, signed it into law.'; Rep. Guthrie on the Take It Down Act","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'The recently-passed \"Take It Down\" Act... makes it a federal crime to post real and fake sexually explicit images'; 'They said they hope the \"Take It Down\" Act will make a difference.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Kentucky's governor signed a law in March 2025 making sexual extortion a felony and mandating education in schools and law-enforcement agencies; the parents publicly supported the federal Take It Down Act, signed in May 2025.","causal_attribution":"Legislative context reported by three outlets; the Kentucky law is described, not inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"a 16-year-old was extorted with AI-generated sexual images of himself and died by suicide","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.wkms.org/health/2025-03-24/suicide-of-ky-teen-investigated-as-financial-sextortion","kind":"public_radio_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-16 (datePublished 2025-03-24; WKU Public Radio, Lisa Autry); own interviews with his mother, father and best friend; quotes the KSP Electronic Crime Branch commander.","independence_group":"wkms"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sextortion-generative-ai-scam-elijah-heacock-take-it-down-act/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-16 from the Internet Archive capture of 28 December 2025 (datePublished 2025-05-31; CBS Saturday Morning interview with the parents); the live URL answers HTTP 406 to this box. The article attributes the death report to CBS affiliate KFDA and the advocacy to WLKY.","independence_group":"cbs"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2025/04/10/sextortion-kentucky-elijah-heacock","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-16 (datePublished 2025-04-10; Glasgow, Ky. dateline; the parents' own statements to Spectrum News 1).","independence_group":"spectrum"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.newsnationnow.com/business/tech/ai/teen-suicide-ai-images/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-16 from the Internet Archive capture of 26 November 2025 (datePublished 2025-06-11); the live URL answers HTTP 403. NewsNation relays WBKO-TV and ABC News interviews with the parents, so it is grouped with those originals rather than counted as independent.","independence_group":"wbko-abc"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life","privacy"],"unknowns":["The tool used to generate the images and the identity or location of the extortionist are not reported; no arrest has been reported in the inspected sources.","Whether he knew the images were AI-generated is unclear (NewsNation).","When the extortion messages began is not reported; the record uses the night of 27 February (when his friend received his last messages and the sheriff reviewed the phone) and the 28 February death date.","The earliest local report (WBKO-TV, cited by NewsNation) was not inspected: its URL answers HTTP 404; the reported_date uses the earliest inspected report (WKMS, 24 March 2025).","The CBS article's cited affiliate reports (KFDA, WLKY) were not inspected.","Investigation status after June 2025 was not researched in this review."],"geography":{"basis":"Event and residence: Barren County (Glasgow area), Kentucky, per WKMS ('In southern Kentucky, the Barren County community') and Spectrum's Glasgow, Ky. dateline. No court proceeding is reported; the extortionist has not been identified.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case with a reported death: AI-generated sexual images of a minor were used to extort him and he died by suicide. The death and the AI connection are each carried by two independent inspected chains (WKMS own reporting and CBS), meeting the additional death rule; causation rests on investigators and the family, recorded as supported, not established. He is named because his parents campaign publicly in his name; the method of death is not described here.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-16"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"WKMS reports that investigators searching his phone found AI-generated images used to extort him, and quotes the Kentucky State Police Electronic Crime Branch commander on AI-generated exploitation; CBS separately describes the extortion message as carrying an AI-generated nude photo of him. The generation tool is not identified in any inspected source.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Kentucky: Elijah Heacock, 16, died by suicide after a sextortion demand backed by AI-generated nude images of him","summary":"Elijah Heacock, a 16-year-old Caverna High School student in Barren County, Kentucky, died by suicide on 28 February 2025. Investigators searching his phone found AI-generated images of him, some sexually explicit, that an anonymous extortionist had sent with a demand for $3,000 and a threat to share them with his family and friends; his parents say he sent a small partial payment and was told it was 'not enough'. The Barren County Sheriff's Office escalated the case to the FBI, which was still investigating in the inspected reports; no arrest has been reported. His parents have campaigned publicly, Kentucky made sextortion a felony in March 2025, and the family supported the federal Take It Down Act.","incidentDate":"2025-02-27","incidentEndDate":"2025-02-28","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-03-24","aiSystem":"AI image-generation or manipulation tools (unspecified; investigators described the extortion images as AI-generated)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"critical","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["death","exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A 16-year-old was extorted with AI-generated sexual images of himself and a $3,000 demand, and died by suicide the same night his best friend received his last message; investigators and his parents connect the death to the sextortion.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, Elijah Heacock, was depicted in the AI-generated images and died; his family members are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.wkms.org/health/2025-03-24/suicide-of-ky-teen-investigated-as-financial-sextortion","primarySourceLabel":"WKMS / WKU Public Radio, 24 March 2025: investigators found AI-generated images used to extort him; KSP Electronic Crime Branch commander quoted","firstPublishedAt":"2026-03-09T05:43:08.739008+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:04.61944+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["sextortion","deepfake","minor","kentucky","suicide","depicted-or-impersonated","take-it-down-act"]},{"id":"2025-grok-non-consensual-image-generation","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'image generation and editing are currently limited to paying subscribers'; the standalone app/X tab complied with undress requests including NBC's consenting test subject.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"AP: Grok let users 'undress people, putting females in transparent bikinis or revealing clothing'; some images appeared to include children.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"'Over the past several weeks, Grok allowed users to create and publicly post sexually altered images of real people at the click of a button.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"}],"assertion":"From late December 2025, Grok's image generation and editing on X and the standalone app let users generate sexualized images of real people at scale; xAI limited generation to paying subscribers on 9 January 2026, but NBC's own consenting test found the standalone app and X tab still complied with 'undress' requests.","causal_attribution":"The conduct is established by NBC's direct test plus official accounts; the paywall change's limited effect is NBC's finding."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Genevieve Oh's analysis: 7,751 sexualized images in one hour Wednesday, up 16.4% from 6,659/hr Monday.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"NYT via NC DOJ: 'generated and posted 4.4 million images, of which at least 41 percent were sexualized images of women' over nine days.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"CCDH via Engadget: 'an estimated 3 million sexualized images over 11 days, including 23,000 of minors'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"Scale analyses: Genevieve Oh's analysis found 7,751 sexualized images generated in one hour on a Wednesday (up 16.4% from 6,659/hour on Monday); the New York Times reported 4.4 million images over nine days, at least 41% sexualized images of women; an AP analysis of 20,000 images from 25 December-1 January found 2% appeared to be 18 or younger; CCDH estimated about 3 million sexualized images over 11 days including roughly 23,000 of minors.","causal_attribution":"Each figure belongs to its own analysis (Oh; NYT; AP via Fortune; CCDH); none is platform-confirmed and they are not merged. The AP 20,000-image analysis is carried via Fortune. The Bloomberg ~6,700/hour, 84-85x figure is recorded as unavailable."},{"id":"c3a","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'I felt horrified, I felt violated, especially seeing my toddler's backpack in the back of it'; image of her at 14 undressed, up ~12 hrs, removed after the Guardian sought comment.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Ashley St. Clair said users sexualized images of her, including one of her at 14 that stayed up about 12 hours and was removed after the Guardian sought comment: 'I felt horrified, I felt violated.'","causal_attribution":"Her account to the Guardian; her own lawsuit is a separate held row and is not merged here."},{"id":"c3b","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'dehumanised and reduced into a sexual stereotype'; 'others asked Grok to generate more of her'; 'While it wasn't me that was in states of undress, it looked like me and it felt like me and it felt as violating.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Samantha Smith told the BBC she felt 'dehumanised and reduced into a sexual stereotype', and after she posted about it, others asked Grok to generate more of her.","causal_attribution":"Her account to the BBC."},{"id":"c3c","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'had seen an increase in people using Grok to undress her'; the 'sticking plaster' quote.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Dr Daisy Dixon, a Cardiff University lecturer, told the BBC she had seen an increase in people using Grok to undress her and called the paywall change 'a sticking plaster'.","causal_attribution":"Her account to the BBC."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"IWF analysts found 'criminal imagery' of girls aged 11-13 apparently made with Grok.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"AI Forensics' review: ~800 archived URLs, <10% apparent CSAM ('photorealistic people, very young'), ~70 URLs reported to EU regulators.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The Internet Watch Foundation told the BBC its analysts found 'criminal imagery' of girls aged 11-13 apparently made with Grok; Wired and AI Forensics reviewed about 800 archived Grok Imagine URLs with under 10% apparent CSAM and reported about 70 URLs to EU regulators.","causal_attribution":"Two independent expert bodies' findings (IWF; AI Forensics); the minors are unnamed and uncounted per the counting rules."},{"id":"c5","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"NBC: Ofcom 'urgent contact'; Starmer 'disgraceful... X has got to get a grip'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"ICO announcement: formal investigations into XIUC and X.AI; follows the 7 January contact.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"AP via PBS: the EU's formal DSA investigation; 'materialized' risks; 'serious harm'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"NC DOJ release: the 35-AG letter and its demands.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"Engadget: the Baltimore suit; City Solicitor Thompson's statement.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"},{"locator":"TechPolicy.Press: the Amsterdam order of 26 March.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s13"},{"locator":"Reuters headline (body unavailable): Ireland DPC inquiry of 17 February.","relation":"context","source_id":"s11"}],"assertion":"Formal regulatory and legal actions followed: Ofcom's urgent contact (5 Jan; response by 9 Jan; investigation announced 12 Jan); the UK ICO's formal investigations into XIUC and X.AI LLC (3 Feb); the European Commission's formal DSA investigation (26 Jan, risks 'materialized' into 'serious harm'); Ireland's DPC GDPR inquiry (17 Feb); 35 US state attorneys general's demand letter (23 Jan); Baltimore's consumer-protection suit (24 Mar; D. Md. 1:26-cv-02103); and an Amsterdam court order to stop generating or distributing non-consensual sexualized images in the Netherlands (26 Mar, Offlimits suit, penalty up to €10 million).","causal_attribution":"Each action is carried by an inspected official or news source; the California AG probe (NBC) and the Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines blocks (Reuters bodies unavailable) are recorded in the outcome and reported in the narrative."},{"id":"c6","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"AP: the X statement of 14 January ('bikinis, underwear or other revealing attire', where illegal).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"BBC (16 Mar): Musk's 'Literally zero' post of 14 January.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s10"}],"assertion":"xAI's 14 January statement said it would stop allowing users to depict people in 'bikinis, underwear or other revealing attire' where illegal; Musk posted on 14 January that he was 'not aware of any naked underage images... Literally zero'.","causal_attribution":"The company's and Musk's statements are recorded as their positions; the IWF and AI Forensics findings stand in tension with 'Literally zero' and are preserved as contrary evidence."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"BBC (20 Apr 2026): the 3 Feb raid, the summons, Musk's non-appearance, the DOJ refusal, and the probe's scope.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s10"}],"assertion":"Paris police raided X's offices on 3 February and summoned Musk and Yaccarino for 20 April; Musk did not appear, and the US DOJ declined to assist France; the French probe includes complicity in possession or organised distribution of child sexual abuse material.","causal_attribution":"Single inspected chain (BBC); attributed accordingly."}],"effects":[{"label":"industrial-scale non-consensual sexualized imagery of real people, including apparent minors, generated by Grok","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98p1r4e6m8o","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (2 Jan 2026). Samantha Smith's account.","independence_group":"bbc"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/x-paywall-ai-image-grok-app-bikini-allows-sexual-deepfakes-rcna252647","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (8 Jan 2026). Paywall change; NBC's own consenting test; Genevieve Oh's analysis; Starmer and Ofcom accounts.","independence_group":"nbc"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/05/elon-musk-ashley-st-clair-grok-fake-sexualised-images","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (5 Jan 2026). Ashley St. Clair's account.","independence_group":"guardian"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c99kn52nx9do","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (9 Jan 2026, McMahon/Cress). Dr Daisy Dixon; the IWF finding.","independence_group":"bbc"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.wired.com/story/grok-is-generating-sexual-content-far-more-graphic-than-whats-on-x/","kind":"news_investigation","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (7 Jan 2026, Burgess/Varner). AI Forensics' review of ~800 archived Grok Imagine URLs.","independence_group":"wired"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/media-centre/news-and-blogs/2026/02/ico-announces-investigation-into-grok/","kind":"regulator_announcement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (formal investigations into XIUC and X.AI LLC; follows the 7 January urgent-information contact).","independence_group":"ico"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/eu-investigates-musks-ai-chatbot-grok-over-sexual-deepfakes","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (AP, Kelvin Chan; 26 Jan 2026). EU DSA investigation; X's 14 January statement.","independence_group":"ap"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://ncdoj.gov/attorney-general-jeff-jackson-leads-bipartisan-coalition-demanding-xai-stop-creating-and-remove-groks-nonconsensual-sexual-images/","kind":"regulator_press_release","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (23 Jan 2026). The 35-AG letter; quotes the New York Times' 4.4M/41% figure.","independence_group":"nc-doj"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.engadget.com/ai/baltimore-sues-xai-over-grok-deepfakes-214135922.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (24 Mar 2026). Baltimore suit; the CCDH estimate.","independence_group":"engadget"},{"id":"s10","url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crk151nn7j3o","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (20 Apr 2026). Paris raid; Musk's non-appearance; DOJ refusal to assist France.","independence_group":"bbc"},{"id":"s11","url":"https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ireland-opens-probe-into-musks-grok-ai-over-sexualised-images-2026-02-17/","kind":"wire_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"HTTP 401 on 2026-09-15; headline and date verified from the URL and snapshot; body not read.","independence_group":"reuters"},{"id":"s12","url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-01-07/","kind":"news_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"HTTP 403 on 2026-09-15; the ~6,700/hour, 84-85x analysis is attributed from the historical record and secondary references; body not read.","independence_group":"bloomberg"},{"id":"s13","url":"https://www.techpolicy.press/dutch-court-orders-x-grok-to-stop-aigenerated-sexual-abuse-content/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (27 Mar 2026). Amsterdam court order in the Offlimits case.","independence_group":"techpolicy-press"},{"id":"s14","url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/ashley-st-clair-sues-xai-grok-sexual-images-rcna254302","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-15 (15 Jan 2026). St. Clair's suit; cross-reference to the related held row.","independence_group":"nbc"},{"id":"s15","url":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/64870891/MAYOR_AND_CITY_COUNCIL_OF_BALTIMORE_v_X_Corp_et_al","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Docket page read on 2026-09-15 (D. Md. 1:26-cv-02103; SpaceX dismissed without prejudice 17 Jul; MTD briefing under way as of 29 Jul).","independence_group":"court-record"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life","justice"],"unknowns":["The Bloomberg analysis (~6,700 images/hour, 84-85x leading deepfake sites) could not be read (403) and is recorded without its body.","Whether the images remain hosted and downloadable (Wired's June 2026 follow-up, cited but not read) is unverified.","The N.D. Cal. class action's pseudonymity ruling of 30 July is known only through a blocked summary (internetcases 403).","The outcome of the Amsterdam order's penalty mechanism and xAI's compliance are not reported in the inspected sources.","The Indonesia/Malaysia/Philippines blocks and lifts are recorded from the historical record and headlines (Reuters/CNN bodies unavailable); dates may shift one day across carriers.","The historical claim of 'five countries acting within two weeks' is not precisely verified and is not claimed."],"geography":{"basis":"The generation and consumption were global and not tied to an inspected event location, so event and affected-person countries remain unknown rather than inferred from regulators or the company's seats. Court countries are limited to the documented proceedings: the US (Baltimore D. Md. suit; the related US suits) and the NL (Amsterdam court order). Regulatory actions by Ofcom, the ICO, the EU, the DPC, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines are not courts.","court_countries":["US","NL"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact crisis (depicted_or_impersonated). Named victims are adults who spoke publicly; minors are never named and never counted from image statistics. Each scale figure is attributed to its own analysis; the victims' accounts are single-chain and recorded as reported. Related xAI suits (St. Clair, Tennessee minors, others) are separate held rows and are not merged.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"NBC's own consenting test confirmed the standalone Grok app and X tab complied with 'undress' requests after the 9 January paywall change; the victims' accounts, the IWF and AI Forensics reviews, and xAI's own 14 January restriction all establish the AI generation. The scale figures are attributed analyses, not platform-confirmed numbers.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Grok non-consensual sexual image generation wave (December 2025 - January 2026)","summary":"From late December 2025, xAI's Grok image editing on X let users generate sexualized images of real people at industrial scale, including images of named women and apparent minors. Analyses attributed to Genevieve Oh (7,751 sexualized images in one hour, via NBC), the New York Times (4.4 million images in nine days, at least 41% sexualized images of women, via the NC AG), the AP (2% of a 20,000-image sample appearing to be minors, via Fortune) and CCDH (about 3 million sexualized images over 11 days including roughly 23,000 of minors, via Engadget) documented the scale. Named women — Ashley St. Clair, Samantha Smith and Dr Daisy Dixon — described being undressed by Grok and revictimized when they objected. The wave triggered formal actions by Ofcom, the UK ICO, the EU (DSA), Ireland's DPC, 35 US state attorneys general, the California AG, Baltimore (consumer-protection suit), an Amsterdam court order, country blocks in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, and a Paris police raid; xAI restricted generation to paying subscribers on 9 January and narrowed the feature on 14 January 2026.","incidentDate":"2025-12-25","incidentEndDate":"2026-01-14","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-01-02","aiSystem":"Grok (image generation and editing on X and the standalone app)","aiProduct":"Grok","aiCompany":"SpaceXAI (formerly xAI)","severity":"critical","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":["minor_exploitation","third_party_harm_facilitation","barrier_erosion"],"harmOutcomes":["psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Mass non-consensual sexualized imagery of real people — including apparent minors — generated at industrial scale and amplified when victims objected, with named women describing violation and dehumanization and regulators on three continents opening formal actions.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":3,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"Three counted depicted persons: Ashley St. Clair (Guardian), Samantha Smith (BBC) and Dr Daisy Dixon (BBC), each named and speaking publicly. Further victims — including the minors in the IWF's apparent criminal imagery (girls 11-13) and the people in the analysis samples — are unquantified: hourly image rates, the 20,000-image sample and the CCDH estimate count images, not people, and are never converted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"XX","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98p1r4e6m8o","primarySourceLabel":"BBC (2 Jan 2026) — Samantha Smith's account of being undressed by Grok and revictimized when she objected","firstPublishedAt":"2026-01-11T12:19:47.670189+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:03.797947+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["grok","xai","csam","deepfakes","minor","sexual-images","industrial-scale","multi-country","eu-dsa","class-action","35-state-ag","depicted-or-impersonated"]}]}