{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-27T06:51:15.003Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"pay","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"unknown","response":"lawsuit","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":2,"coverage":{"cases":2,"countries":0,"languages":1,"unknownLocation":2,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":2,"lawsuits":2,"regulatory":0,"minors":0,"coreRelations":2,"contextualRelations":0,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2026-hangzhou-court-orders-two-men-who-used-ai-face-swap-videos-to-defeat-shopping-platform-face-checks-and-take-users-data-to-apologise","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'浙江省杭州市中级人民法院审理了一起案件：两被告利用AI换脸技术破解活体验证，非法窃取、交易公民个人信息'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'杭州市人民检察院就此提起民事公益诉讼'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court heard a civil public-interest suit, brought by the Hangzhou procuratorate, over two men who used AI face swap to defeat liveness verification and illegally take and trade personal information.","causal_attribution":"Existence of the suit as reported; the judgment text was not inspected."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'把上游黑灰产提供的他人身份证照片，通过境外换脸网站，借助AI技术生成仿真活体动态视频，再结合虚拟相机的使用，从而绕过平台活体验证程序，破解登录他人购物平台账号'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'利用AI技术将静态照片合成为动态人脸认证视频，非法登录他人网络账号，窃取收货地址、消费记录等隐私数据并对外出售'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the court as reported, the two used an overseas face-swap website to turn other people's ID-card photos into AI-generated moving videos and, with a virtual-camera app, bypassed a platform's liveness check to log into other people's shopping accounts.","causal_attribution":"The AI-generated face videos are the means by which the accounts were entered, as described by court staff and the court's case summary."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'两被告先后非法登录近30个某购物平台账号，窃取用户收货地址、购物车信息等隐私数据对外流转' ... '利用同款AI换脸技术制作虚假活体视频，违规认证账号20个，并出售牟利2149元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The prosecution said the two entered nearly 30 accounts on one shopping platform and passed on users' delivery addresses and shopping-cart data, and later used the same AI face-swap technique to make fake liveness videos verifying 20 accounts for sale.","causal_attribution":"Prosecution's account as reported; CCTV also describes a second, non-AI login method and does not split the accounts between methods."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'滥用AI技术伪造活体认证、非法处理海量公民个人信息并窃取倒卖用户数据，不仅侵害了不特定主体的个人信息权益'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court found that the two had, without permission, abused AI technology to forge liveness verification, processed large amounts of personal information and stolen and resold user data, infringing the personal-information rights of unspecified people.","causal_attribution":"Court's finding as summarised by Chao News."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'被公安机关查获后也立即停止侵权、退回违法所得5857元，且自愿认罪认罚，检察机关综合考量案件情节，依法对二人作出刑事不起诉决定'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"After police caught them, the two stopped, returned 5,857 yuan in illegal gains and admitted the conduct, and prosecutors decided not to charge them criminally.","causal_attribution":"Criminal outcome as reported."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'两被告对自己滥用AI技术侵犯他人个人信息的行为供认不讳，当庭向广大受害群众和社会公众致歉'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'辩称人脸信息是AI自动生成。但法院明确指出，技术的工具属性不改变行为的违法本质'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In court the two admitted abusing AI to infringe other people's personal information and apologised to the victims and the public; Chao News reports that they also argued the face information was generated automatically by AI, which the court rejected as a defence.","causal_attribution":"Defendants' admission and defence as reported by two outlets; the two passages describe different statements, so the claim stays reported."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'判令二被告公开赔礼道歉，并支付和犯罪所得相当的公益损害赔偿金'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'该笔赔偿金由检察机关专门用于个人信息保护、人脸深度合成技术不当应用的治理等公益事项'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court ordered the two to apologise publicly and pay public-interest damages equal to their gains, to be used by prosecutors for personal-information protection and the governance of misused face deep synthesis.","causal_attribution":"Outcome as reported; the two outlets give different parts of it."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'今年9月4日，杭州中院公开开庭审理一起涉“AI换脸”个人信息保护公益诉讼案，并当庭作出一审判决'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"A 26 October 2026 Jiemian report, citing an earlier Chao News report, says the court heard the case in open court on 4 September 2026 and gave the first-instance judgment at the hearing.","causal_attribution":"Date of the hearing and judgment as relayed by Jiemian from an uninspected Chao News report."}],"effects":[{"label":"users' accounts entered and private data taken for sale after AI-generated face videos passed a liveness check","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://ipeconomy.cn/mobile/dongtai/11353.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-26 and again on 2026-10-27; English renderings are the agent's own translation. ipeconomy.cn page stating its source as CCTV News, dated 29 Sep 2026, carrying the full report with statements by Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court staff; HTTP 200. The CCTV original was not located.","independence_group":"cctv-news-29-sep-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://tidenews.com.cn/tmh_news.html?id=6aac9d2c108184000144ee79","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-27; English renderings are the agent's own translation. Post by the Hangzhou courts account (杭州法院) on Chao News, published 2026-09-18 10:01 Beijing time, carrying a Democracy and Legal System Times (民主与法制时报) report that summarises three typical online-infringement public-interest cases for the 14-20 September 2026 cybersecurity week; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"hangzhou-courts-chao-news-18-sep-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://m.sohu.com/a/1092939446_313745","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-27; English renderings are the agent's own translation. Sohu copy credited to Jiemian News, published 26 Oct 2026; its date for the hearing cites an earlier Chao News report that was not located; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"jiemian-26-oct-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["When the conduct took place.","How many people were affected; the prosecution's figures count accounts, and some accounts were entered by a non-AI method.","Which shopping platform and which face-swap website were involved.","Whether either side appealed; the judgment text was not inspected.","Whether any affected user suffered a loss beyond the taking and sale of their data."],"geography":{"basis":"The case was decided by the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court in Zhejiang, China, so CN is the court country. The reports do not name the platform or say where the men operated or where the affected users live, so no event or affected-person country is recorded from the court's seat.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): a Chinese court found that two men used AI-generated face videos made from other people's ID photos to defeat a shopping platform's liveness check, enter users' accounts and take their personal data for sale, the men admitted abusing AI in court, and the court ordered an apology and public-interest damages. The record rests on reports of the court case; the people involved are not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-27"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Staff of the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court told CCTV News that the two men used an overseas face-swap website to turn other people's ID-card photos into AI-generated moving videos that passed a shopping platform's face liveness check, letting them log into other people's accounts; the court found that they had abused AI to forge liveness verification and steal and resell user data, and the men admitted in court that they had abused AI to infringe other people's personal information. The generated videos impersonated the people whose ID photos were used; the reports do not say whether those people held the shopping accounts entered. The face-swap website is not named, and CCTV also describes a second, non-AI login method without saying how many accounts each method reached.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Hangzhou court orders two men who used AI face-swap videos to defeat a shopping platform's face checks and take users' data to apologise and pay, reports say","summary":"Chinese media reports of September and October 2026 describe a civil public-interest suit that the Hangzhou procuratorate brought against two men in the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court in Zhejiang. According to the court as reported by CCTV News, the two took other people's ID-card photos supplied by an upstream trade in personal data and used an overseas face-swap website to turn them into AI-generated moving videos that nodded, blinked and shook their heads, then fed the videos through a virtual-camera app so that a shopping platform's face liveness check accepted them, letting the men log into other people's accounts. The prosecution said they entered nearly 30 accounts on one shopping platform and took users' delivery addresses and shopping-cart data, which were passed on for sale, and used the same AI technique to verify 20 chat and dating accounts under other people's identities for sale. CCTV also reports a second, non-AI method the men used to enter accounts and does not say how many of the accounts each method reached. After police caught them, the two stopped, returned 5,857 yuan in illegal gains and admitted the conduct, and prosecutors decided not to charge them criminally. In court they admitted abusing AI to infringe other people's personal information and apologised; Chao News reports that they also argued that the face information was generated automatically by AI. The court found that they had abused AI to forge liveness verification and steal and resell user data, and ordered a public apology and public-interest damages equal to their gains. A 26 October report, citing an earlier Chao News report, dates the hearing and first-instance judgment to 4 September 2026.","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-09-18","aiSystem":"AI face-swap website (overseas, not named) used to turn other people's ID-card photos into moving face videos that defeated a shopping platform's liveness check, fed through a virtual-camera app, according to the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court as reported","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","other_material_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to reports of the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court case, two men used AI-generated moving videos made from other people's ID photos to pass a shopping platform's face liveness check, entered users' accounts and took delivery addresses and shopping data for sale, and verified chat and dating accounts under other people's identities; the court found the personal-information rights of unspecified people infringed.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"No reliable count of people. The prosecution's figures are accounts (nearly 30 shopping accounts entered and 20 chat and dating accounts verified), and CCTV says some accounts were entered by a second, non-AI method without giving the split; accounts are not counted as people.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://ipeconomy.cn/mobile/dongtai/11353.html","primarySourceLabel":"ipeconomy.cn (relaying CCTV News), 29 Sep 2026: AI face swap used to bypass platform checks","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-27T03:05:42.357221+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-27T03:05:42.357221+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-face-swap","liveness-check-bypass","identity-verification","personal-data-theft","public-interest-litigation","court-ruling","china","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2026-guangzhou-court-treble-damages-clothing-shop-ai-generated-product-photos-misled-online-buyer","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"通过某购物平台向某服装公司经营的店铺购买两件女士上衣，共支付411元。 ... 商家答复“我们店铺的图片都是实物拍摄”，并提供了模特身高、体重及尺码信息。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the Guangzhou Intermediate People's Court's typical-case release of 12 March 2026, as reported, a buyer paid 411 yuan on a shopping platform for two women's tops from a shop run by a clothing company; before buying, the buyer asked whether the model photos and clothes were real shots, and the seller replied that all the shop's pictures were real photographs and gave the model's height, weight and size.","causal_attribution":"The court's account of the facts, relayed by one outlet."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"实物与宣传图片存在显著差异，两件服装在花纹、版型、造型等方面与图片有明显不同。经审查，案涉商品图片均系“AI”生成，商品的详情页面均仅有“AI”图片，没有实物图片或照片，也未有案涉图片系“AI”生成的说明、提示或标识。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"案涉服装在花纹、版型等方面与AI宣传图的差异“已远超‘合理美化’‘适度修图’和‘细微差异’的边界”","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the court's account, the garments received differed markedly from the product pictures in pattern, cut and style; on review the pictures were all AI-generated, the product pages carried only AI images with no real photographs, and nothing said or indicated that the images were AI-generated.","causal_attribution":"The court found the images were AI-generated and differed significantly from the goods."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"认为商家构成欺诈，故诉请退货退款并要求三倍赔偿。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The buyer considered the seller's conduct fraud and sued for return of the goods, a refund and treble damages.","causal_attribution":"The buyer's claim as described in the court's release."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"经营者对利用人工智能技术生成的介绍、宣传等内容，负有审查义务。 ... 某服装公司利用“AI”技术生成与实物差异显著的图片，并在消费者询问时虚假陈述，存在明显的欺诈故意，应承担三倍赔偿责任。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"法院确立了一条裁判规则：经营者对利用AI技术生成的宣传内容负有审查义务，应确保其客观、准确反映实际状况；若AI生成图片与实物存在显著差异且未如实告知，导致消费者陷入错误认识而购买，构成消费欺诈。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court held that a business has a duty to review content it generates with AI, that undisclosed AI-generated information differing significantly from the goods which leads a consumer to buy constitutes consumer fraud, and that the clothing company, which used AI to generate pictures differing significantly from the goods and made a false statement when asked, had a clear intent to defraud and must pay treble compensation.","causal_attribution":"The court's holding, relayed from its release."}],"effects":[{"label":"a buyer paid for two tops that differed markedly from the shop's AI-generated product pictures, which the seller had called real photographs, court finds","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.yzwb.net/news/sh/202603/t20260313_331265.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-10-24; quoted passages were translated into English by the research agent (an AI), not by a human translator. Yangtse Evening Post (Ziniu News) report of 13 March 2026 relaying the Guangzhou Intermediate People's Court's 12 March 2026 release of ten consumer-protection typical cases; read in full (HTTP 200).","independence_group":"guangzhou-intermediate-court-consumer-cases-release-2026-03-12"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.chinanews.com.cn/m/cj/2026/10-22/10719197.shtml","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-10-24; quoted passages were translated into English by the research agent (an AI), not by a human translator. China News Service investigation of 22 October 2026 into AI-generated clothing models on shopping platforms, which summarises the same court typical case; read in full (HTTP 200). It draws on the same court release as s1, so the two share one independence group.","independence_group":"guangzhou-intermediate-court-consumer-cases-release-2026-03-12"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life","justice"],"unknowns":["When the purchase and the judgment took place; the release gives neither, and the record dates the case by the release of 12 March 2026.","Which court decided the case at first instance, whether it went on appeal, and the case number.","The amount of the compensation awarded and whether the refund for return was granted as claimed.","Which shopping platform and shop were involved and which image tool generated the pictures.","How the court established that the pictures were AI-generated."],"geography":{"basis":"The case was released by the Guangzhou Intermediate People's Court in China. The relayed release does not say where the buyer or the shop was or which court heard the case at first instance, so no event or affected-person country is recorded.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-10-11 operator-published-content ruling: a court found that a shop's product pictures were all AI-generated and differed markedly from the goods, that a described buyer relied on them (and on the seller's claim that they were real photographs) when buying two tops, and that this was consumer fraud warranting treble compensation. The account rests on the court's typical-case release as relayed by two outlets.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-24"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court found, on review, that all the shop's product pictures were AI-generated, that they differed markedly from the garments in pattern, cut and style, and that the product pages showed no real photographs and no AI label. The buyer relied on those pictures, and on the seller's false answer that they were real photographs, when paying 411 yuan; the court held that the AI-generated pictures together with the false statement deceived the buyer into the purchase. The release as relayed does not say which image tool was used or how the court established that the pictures were AI-generated.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Chinese court orders clothing shop to pay treble damages after its AI-generated product photos, claimed as real, misled an online buyer","summary":"In a consumer-protection typical case released on 12 March 2026, the Guangzhou Intermediate People's Court described a buyer who paid 411 yuan on a shopping platform for two women's tops after asking whether the model photos were real and being told that all the shop's pictures were real photographs. The garments that arrived differed markedly from the pictures in pattern, cut and style, and on review the pictures were all AI-generated, with no real photographs and no AI label on the product pages. The buyer sued for a refund and treble damages. The court held that businesses must review content they generate with AI, that undisclosed AI images differing significantly from the goods which lead a consumer to buy amount to consumer fraud, and that the clothing company must pay treble compensation. The release as relayed does not give the dates, the court of first instance or the amount.","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-03-12","aiSystem":"An unidentified image-generation tool used by an online clothing shop to produce all its product pictures, including model photos (per the court's typical-case release as reported)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to a Chinese court's typical-case release, a buyer paid 411 yuan for two tops relying on a shop's product pictures, which the shop called real photographs; the court found the pictures were AI-generated and differed markedly from the goods, held this was consumer fraud and ordered treble compensation.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The court's release, as relayed, describes one buyer who paid 411 yuan for two tops; no other buyers are described.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.yzwb.net/news/sh/202603/t20260313_331265.html","primarySourceLabel":"Yangtse Evening Post (Ziniu News), 13 Mar 2026: online clothes bought from AI-generated pictures; shop ordered to pay treble damages for fraud","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-24T03:07:42.681363+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T03:14:10.733674+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-generated-images","online-shopping","consumer-fraud","court-ruling","product-listing","china"]}]}