{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-12T07:57:58.879Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"para","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"core","evidence":"","year":"2025","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":10,"coverage":{"cases":10,"countries":7,"languages":5,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":1,"regulatory":3,"minors":2,"coreRelations":10,"contextualRelations":2,"mixedRelations":2,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2025-quebec-appeal-court-costs-self-represented-appellant-ai-drafted-filings-nonexistent-judgments","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Elle réclame aussi 10 000 $ en dommages-intérêts'; 'références juridiques inexistantes générées par l’intelligence artificielle dans ses actes de procédure'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The respondent asked the Court of Appeal for $10,000 in damages, alleging that the appellant had included non-existent legal references generated by artificial intelligence in his filings.","causal_attribution":"The decision documents that the respondent made this request; the allegation is hers."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'parce qu’il a utilisé l’intelligence artificielle pour la rédaction'; 'déclaration d’appel et de son exposé, qui comportent deux références à des arrêts inexistants et une référence inexacte quant à un paragraphe cité'; 'L’appelant a contrevenu à cet Avis de la Juge en chef'; 'une forme de négligence plutôt que de la mauvaise foi'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Ruling on the respondent's request, the court described the appellant's notice of appeal and brief as written with artificial intelligence and as containing two references to non-existent judgments and one inaccurate reference to a cited paragraph, and found that he had breached the Chief Justice's notice on AI use through negligence rather than bad faith.","causal_attribution":"Finding stated in the Court of Appeal decision of 1 October 2026; the decision does not name the tool."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'une telle connaissance de la part de l’appelant n’a pas été démontrée'; 'il y a lieu de le condamner aux frais de justice en vertu de l’article 340 C.p.c.'; 'en matière familiale, de chacune'; 'REJETTE la demande visant à sanctionner un manquement au déroulement'; 'LE TOUT, avec les frais de justice en faveur de l’intimée.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Because knowledge of the invented references was not shown, the court rejected the separate monetary sanction but ordered court costs against the appellant under article 340 C.p.c. to sanction the conduct.","causal_attribution":"Disposition stated in the decision; the costs are the court's response to the AI-drafted filings."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'ACCUEILLE en partie l’appel'; 'peine de 100 heures de travail d’utilité sociale'; 'une mesure coercitive d’emprisonnement de 30 jours'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On the merits the court partly allowed the appeal for reasons unrelated to AI and reduced the contempt penalty to 100 hours of community work and 30 days of coercive imprisonment.","causal_attribution":"Disposition stated in the decision; the contempt arose from non-compliance with family-court orders, not from AI use."}],"effects":[{"label":"a self-represented appellant was ordered to pay court costs because his AI-drafted appeal filings cited non-existent judgments","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/3266/Droit-de-la-famille-261553-2026-QCCA-1300.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"fr","translation_note":"Read in full in French by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 from the copy of the decision hosted by the AI Hallucination Cases database (PDF, HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext); the English assertions are the agent's translation and no human translator or reviewer was involved. The locators quote the French original.","independence_group":"qcca-2026-qcca-1300-decision"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","relationships"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool the appellant used and what it produced beyond the two non-existent judgments and the inaccurate paragraph reference.","The amount of the court costs ordered against the appellant.","Whether the appellant has complied with the underlying orders or served the coercive imprisonment."],"geography":{"basis":"The appeal was heard and decided by the Quebec Court of Appeal from a Quebec Superior Court judgment (decision caption and paragraph 1), and the filings were made in that court. The decision states no residence for the appellant, so affected_person_countries is left empty.","court_countries":["CA"],"event_countries":["CA"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published on the court's own decision: the Quebec Court of Appeal described a self-represented appellant's appeal filings as written with AI and as citing non-existent judgments, held that he had breached its AI notice and ordered costs against him. The facts are documented by the decision; the appellant is a private party in a family matter and is not identified.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Ruling on the respondent's request (paragraph 28), the Quebec Court of Appeal decision describes the appellant's notice of appeal and brief as written with artificial intelligence and as containing two references to non-existent judgments and an inaccurate paragraph reference. The court treated that AI drafting and those references as established: it held that he had breached its AI notice (paragraph 30), contrasted his lack of shown knowledge of the hallucinations with an earlier case (paragraphs 31-32) and ordered costs against him for that reason. The AI output reached him as drafted text he filed (communicated_with) and informed the court's costs decision about him (informed_decision_about). The decision does not identify the tool or quote its output.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Quebec Court of Appeal orders costs against a self-represented appellant whose AI-drafted filings cited two non-existent judgments (1 Oct 2026)","summary":"On 1 October 2026 the Quebec Court of Appeal ordered court costs against a self-represented appellant in a family-law contempt appeal as a sanction for appeal filings that, in the court's description, he had written with artificial intelligence and that contained two references to non-existent judgments and one inaccurate reference to a cited paragraph. The court held that AI may be used to draft appeal filings only if the litigant verifies the authorities, found that he had breached the Chief Justice's notice on AI use, and described his conduct as negligence rather than bad faith. It rejected the respondent's request for a separate $10,000 sanction and, for reasons unrelated to AI, reduced the contempt penalty imposed at first instance. The decision does not name the AI tool.","incidentDate":"2025-12-15","incidentEndDate":"2026-10-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-10-01","aiSystem":"Artificial intelligence, not identified in the decision, which the self-represented appellant used to draft his notice of appeal and brief","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI drafting tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The Quebec Court of Appeal ordered court costs against the self-represented appellant as a sanction for filings he drafted with AI that cited non-existent judgments, holding that he breached the court's AI notice through negligence (2026 QCCA 1300, 1 October 2026). The amount of the costs is not stated.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the self-represented appellant who used AI to draft the filings and against whom costs were ordered. The respondent and other family members are not counted as harmed by the AI-related sanction.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CA","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.damiencharlotin.com/documents/3266/Droit-de-la-famille-261553-2026-QCCA-1300.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Quebec Court of Appeal, Droit de la famille — 261553, 2026 QCCA 1300, 1 October 2026 (copy hosted by the AI Hallucination Cases database)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:17:20.356128+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:17:20.356128+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["hallucinated_citations","courts","self_represented_litigant","costs_order","family_law","canada","quebec"]},{"id":"2025-tasmania-weldborough-tour-website-ai-article-invented-hot-springs-travellers-detour","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'An AI-generated article on a travel booking website has sent tourists to a remote location in Tasmania's north-east, looking for hot springs that do not exist.' and 'The website says walkers are greeted by pools \"rich in therapeutic minerals\".' and 'The problem is, the hot springs, as depicted in the imagery, do not exist.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'In a now-deleted article published last July, the Tasmania Tours website suggested visitors go to “Weldborough Hot Springs”, calling it a “peaceful escape” offering an “authentic connection to nature”.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"An AI-generated article on the Tasmania Tours website described \"Weldborough Hot Springs\" in north-east Tasmania as a real attraction with mineral-rich pools; no such hot springs exist.","causal_attribution":"ABC News's own reading of the website article, with the operator's admission; The Independent relays ABC News."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Australian Tours and Cruises has admitted the AI technology it uses to create content and articles to help drive bookings has \"completely messed up\".' and 'He said the company had outsourced marketing material to a third party, which used AI to create some of its content.' and 'Mr Hennessy said all the AI-generated blog posts had been taken down and were being checked thoroughly.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The website operator, Australian Tours and Cruises, said the AI technology used by its third-party content provider had \"completely messed up\", that some posts went live by mistake, and that the AI-generated posts were taken down.","causal_attribution":"The operator's own statements to ABC News."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'And with the webpage lacking directions, excited travellers have descended on the area's other famous landmark — the Weldborough Hotel, about two hours' drive north-east of Launceston — to ask how they can find the idyllic pools.' and 'I actually had a group of 24 drivers turn up there two days ago that were on a trip from the mainland, and they'd actually taken a detour to come to the hot springs' and 'she was getting daily phone calls and in-person visitors asking about the hot springs, some even wanting to book accommodation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'It started with a few calls in September, Probert said, and then people began “turning up in droves”.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Travellers looking for the springs turned up at or telephoned the Weldborough Hotel, and ABC News reports that the article sent them there. The publican said she received daily calls and visits and that a group of 24 drivers on a trip from the mainland had taken a detour to find the springs two days before the report.","causal_attribution":"The publican's account as quoted by ABC News and relayed by The Independent. The link between these visitors and the website article is ABC News's own framing: the publican does not say where the travellers read about the springs, and no traveller is interviewed."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Australian Tours and Cruises told CNN that the AI-generated post and the resultant damage to their reputation as well as online hate they received had been “absolutely soul-destroying”.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The operator said that reputational damage and online hate following the episode had been \"absolutely soul-destroying\".","causal_attribution":"The operator's statement to CNN as relayed by The Independent; the CNN article was not inspected."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The AI-generated post brought a bit of a tourism boon for Weldborough' and 'adding that she was now gently telling visitors the truth when they inquired about the springs.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In The Independent's paraphrase, the publican said the AI-generated post brought \"a bit of a tourism boon\" for Weldborough and that she was now gently telling visitors the truth when they asked about the springs.","causal_attribution":"The publican's statement as paraphrased by The Independent (not a direct quotation). It concerns the town's tourist trade and does not describe the travellers' own journeys in c3."}],"effects":[{"label":"wasted journeys and inquiries by travellers looking for hot springs that do not exist, which ABC News attributes to an AI-written article","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-22/ai-images-of-tasmania-on-tour-website/106253448","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-10; no translation was needed and no human reviewer inspected the text. HTTP 200, full article body retained.","independence_group":"abc-news-weldborough-report-2026-01-22"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/ai-tasmania-tours-weldborough-hot-springs-b2909962.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-10; no translation was needed and no human reviewer inspected the text. HTTP 200, full article body retained.","independence_group":"abc-news-weldborough-report-2026-01-22"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool the contractor used and whether the text and images came from one tool or several; no report names it.","How many people in total travelled to or contacted Weldborough; the publican gives one counted group of 24 and otherwise describes daily calls and visits without numbers.","The exact date the article went live (ABC News and The Independent give July 2025) and the dates of individual journeys; the 24-driver group is dated only as two days before the 22 January 2026 report.","Whether any traveller suffered a financial loss beyond the detour; no traveller is interviewed."],"geography":{"basis":"ABC News places the invented springs and the travellers' visits in Weldborough, north-east Tasmania, about two hours' drive from Launceston; the publican describes the group of 24 drivers as being on a trip from the mainland, which places them in Australia. No court proceeding is reported.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["AU"],"affected_person_countries":["AU"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as AI-generated content that an operator published as travel information and that people relied on. AI attribution: ABC News describes the hot-springs article itself as AI-generated, and the operator admitted that its outsourced AI content had \"completely messed up\"; the tool is unnamed, no technical examination is reported, and the deleted article was not inspected. Reliance: the publican quoted by ABC News describes travellers telephoning and arriving at the Weldborough Hotel asking about the springs, some wanting to book accommodation, and ABC News reports that the article sent them; the publican does not say where the travellers read about the springs, and no traveller is interviewed. Consequence: wasted journeys to a remote town, including a group of 24 drivers from the mainland who detoured to find springs that do not exist. The Independent relays ABC News and adds the operator's statement to CNN and, in its paraphrase of the publican, that the post brought \"a bit of a tourism boon\" for the town. All claims stay reported because they rest on one chain.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-11"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The inspected evidence attributes this content to AI. ABC News describes the hot-springs article in its own voice as \"an AI-generated article on a travel booking website\", quotes its text describing \"Weldborough Hot Springs\" as a \"secluded forest retreat\" with pools \"rich in therapeutic minerals\", and reports that many of the site's other articles also appear to be written by AI. The operator, Australian Tours and Cruises, admitted that the AI technology it uses to create content and articles had \"completely messed up\", said a third party used AI to create some of its content, and said all the AI-generated blog posts were taken down. The springs do not exist. The tool is not named, no technical examination is reported, and the deleted article was not inspected, so its wording is known only from ABC's quotations. The operator published the article as travel information, and ABC News reports that this text reached the travellers and sent them to Weldborough (communicated_with). The publican describes the people who came looking for the springs: travellers telephoned and came to the hotel asking about the springs, some wanting to book accommodation, and a group of 24 drivers took a detour to find them, a wasted journey to springs that do not exist. The link between these visitors and the article is ABC News's framing: the publican does not say where they read about the springs, and no traveller is interviewed.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Weldborough, Tasmania: AI-written tour-website article invented hot springs; publican says travellers, including a group of 24 drivers, detoured to find them","summary":"An AI-generated article on the Tasmania Tours booking website described \"Weldborough Hot Springs\", a \"secluded forest retreat\" with pools \"rich in therapeutic minerals\", as one of the best hot-spring experiences in Tasmania. No such springs exist: the Weld River that runs through Weldborough, a small town in north-east Tasmania, is cold. ABC News reported on 22 January 2026 that travellers who read the article had been turning up at the town's pub, the Weldborough Hotel, to ask for directions, and the publican said she was receiving daily calls and visits and that a group of 24 drivers on a trip from the mainland had taken a detour two days earlier to find the springs. ABC News reported that the article was posted in July 2025, and The Independent, citing ABC News and CNN, reported that inquiries began with a few calls in September 2025. The operator, Australian Tours and Cruises, said its outsourced AI content had \"completely messed up\", that some posts had gone live by mistake, and that all AI-generated blog posts had been taken down. The reports describe the travellers only as a group; no individual traveller is interviewed, and the AI tool is not named. In The Independent's paraphrase, the publican also said the post brought \"a bit of a tourism boon\" for Weldborough.","incidentDate":"2025-09-01","incidentEndDate":"2026-01-20","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-01-22","aiSystem":"Generative AI used by a third-party marketing contractor to write articles and generate images for the Tasmania Tours booking website (operated by Australian Tours and Cruises); the tool is not named in the inspected reports.","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI writing tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["other_material_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"ABC News reports that the AI-written article sent travellers to a remote town to find springs that do not exist. According to the publican it quotes, a group of 24 drivers from the mainland detoured to Weldborough two days before the 22 January 2026 report, and the pub received daily phone calls and in-person visits from people asking for the springs, some wanting to book accommodation. The operator told CNN, as relayed by The Independent, that reputational damage and online hate after the episode had been \"absolutely soul-destroying\". No injury, financial figure or individual traveller's account is reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":24,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"The publican told ABC News that \"a group of 24 drivers\" who had taken a detour to find the springs turned up two days before the report; that quoted figure is the counted minimum of travellers harmed. She also described daily phone calls and in-person visitors over a period, which the reports do not quantify, so the status is partial. The business owners and the operator are not counted as harmed persons. Website readers who did not travel or call are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"AU","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"media_coverage","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-22/ai-images-of-tasmania-on-tour-website/106253448","primarySourceLabel":"ABC News, 22 January 2026: tour website's AI sends visitors to Tasmanian sites that do not exist (publican and operator interviews)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-10T03:15:30.77417+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-11T07:42:36.151532+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-generated-content","travel","tourism","hallucination","australia","tasmania","website","communicated-with","others-use"]},{"id":"2025-uk-upper-tribunal-asylum-appeal-chatgpt-grounds-fake-cases-invented-quotes-sra-self-report","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"the grounds of appeal were completely infected by the use of AI. In addition to the citation of fake cases, and paragraphs from cases which are not contained in those judgments, the Grounds of Appeal also quote paragraphs from the decision of the First-tier Tribunal which do not appear in that decision.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"This was pure invention, which was not to be found anywhere in Judge Balroop’s decision, yet criticism of it formed the basis for one aspect of ground (3) in the grounds of appeal.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"In this case, Mr Badar identified at least 18 separate errors in the grounds of appeal and withdrew three of the four grounds.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The appellant's then solicitors drafted grounds of appeal that her counsel accepted were completely infected by the use of AI, citing fake cases and paragraphs not contained in the cited judgments and quoting passages from the First-tier Tribunal decision that do not appear in it; the tribunal found one purported quotation to be pure invention.","causal_attribution":"Established by the tribunal's own findings and its record of counsel's concession in the published decision. The Gazette repeats the decision and adds no independent origin."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Both were produced by a junior member of staff, namely a paralegal, using ChatGPT, which itself raises significant concerns about client confidentiality and legal privilege.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"This occurred because Sarker Solicitors did not check the accuracy of the grounds of appeal, did not consider the grant of permission and did not check the accuracy of the skeleton argument.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"They accepted that AI was used to generate the grounds of appeal filed in the FtT and the skeleton argument filed in the UT.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The grounds of appeal and skeleton argument were drafted by an unnamed paralegal working for east London firm Sarker Solicitors.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The tribunal found that both the grounds of appeal and the skeleton argument were produced by a junior member of staff, a paralegal, using ChatGPT, and that the firm did not check their accuracy; the solicitors had accepted that AI was used to generate both documents.","causal_attribution":"The product identification and the failure to check are the tribunal's findings in the decision, recorded with the solicitors' acceptance that AI generated the documents. The Gazette's statement that the drafter was an unnamed paralegal relays the decision (same independence group)."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"A hearing was listed before Deputy Upper Tribunal Judge Hobbs on 17 September 2025 to consider whether Judge Balroop had erred in law.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Judge Hobbs adjourned the hearing, with directions which included the following:","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"We note that issues (2) to (4), which occupied a great deal of time at the hearing before us, only arose because of Sarker Solicitors’ inappropriate use of AI.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The appellant withdrew the original grounds (1), (2) and (4).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The appellant’s application for permission to amend ground (3) is granted.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"We accept Mr Terrell’s submission that it is not in the interests of justice in this case that the appellant be permitted to advance entirely new grounds, or to replace grounds riddled with misrepresentations, well beyond the original time limit for seeking permission to appeal.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"We therefore refuse the application for permission to amend in respect of the new grounds (4) and (5).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The appellant’s application for permission to amend grounds (4) and (5) is refused. For completeness, grounds (4) and (5) have been considered in the alternative and disclose no error of law.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"However, ground (3) discloses no error of law.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The appellant’s appeal therefore fails.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The judge declined to set aside permission to appeal but dismissed the appeal in any case. The Home Office was invited to file and serve any wasted costs application on Sarker Solicitors within 28 days.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The error-of-law hearing listed for 17 September 2025 was adjourned, and three of the five issues at the final hearing, which occupied a great deal of its time, arose only because of the solicitors' use of AI. The appellant withdrew three of her four original grounds. The tribunal allowed an amended version of her surviving ground (3) but found that it disclosed no error of law. It refused permission to add new grounds (4) and (5), holding that it was not in the interests of justice to let her advance entirely new grounds, or replace grounds riddled with misrepresentations, well beyond the original time limit, and in the alternative found those grounds without merit. Her appeal failed.","causal_attribution":"Procedural history and disposition are directly established by the decision. The decision attributes the adjournment and the wasted hearing time to the solicitors' misuse of AI. It gives the misrepresentation-riddled original grounds and the late application as its reasons for refusing the new grounds (para 65), and it also found those grounds without merit in the alternative (para 74). It states separately that the surviving ground failed on its merits, so the dismissal itself is not attributed to the AI output."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Two individuals have reported themselves to the Solicitors Regulation Authority and so we will say nothing about the professional conduct issues involved.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The respondent shall file and serve on Sarker Solicitors any wasted costs application, or confirmation that costs are not being pursued, within 28 days of this decision being sent to the parties.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Two individuals involved in filing court documents using ChatGPT which were riddled with mistakes and invented quotes have reported themselves to the Solicitors Regulation Authority.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The decision states that two individuals have reported themselves to the Solicitors Regulation Authority, and directs the Home Office to file any wasted costs application against the firm within 28 days; no costs decision has been taken.","causal_attribution":"The self-reports and the costs directions are stated in the decision itself. The Gazette repeats them from the decision (same independence group), so the claim is documented, not corroborated. Whether the two individuals are the paralegal and the supervising solicitor is not stated."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"It would be misleading to describe them as having been caused by AI, rather than by the solicitors’ misuse of AI.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"This was one of the more extreme examples of the misuse of AI, rather than a mere mis-citation of particular cases.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The tribunal said it would be misleading to describe the irregularities as caused by AI rather than by the solicitors' misuse of AI. It recorded the Home Office's submission that this was one of the more extreme examples of the misuse of AI.","causal_attribution":"The tribunal's own qualification, preserved as contrary evidence on causation: the decision places responsibility with the solicitors. The Home Office's characterisations (at best negligent, at worst reckless, and one of the more extreme examples of the misuse of AI) are relayed in the decision as its submissions (para 43)."}],"effects":[{"label":"Appellant's protection appeal pursued on AI-generated grounds containing fake cases and invented quotations; hearing adjourned and three of four grounds withdrawn","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"Two individuals self-reported to the Solicitors Regulation Authority; wasted costs application against the firm invited","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://tribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk/utiac/ui-2025-002601","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"ut-decision-ui-2025-002601"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/duo-self-report-to-sra-over-grounds-of-appeal-infected-with-ai/5128148.article","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"ut-decision-ui-2025-002601"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["The date on which the paralegal generated the grounds of appeal is not stated; it falls between the First-tier decision of 23 April 2025 and the hearing listed for 17 September 2025.","Whether the two individuals who self-reported to the Solicitors Regulation Authority are the paralegal and the supervising solicitor is not stated, and the outcome of any SRA consideration is unknown.","Whether the Home Office pursued wasted costs, and any amount, was not decided in the published decision.","What prompts were given to ChatGPT, and whether client material was entered into it, is not described; the tribunal only notes that the use raises confidentiality and privilege concerns.","Whether the appellant's appeal would have succeeded on properly drafted grounds cannot be known. The tribunal found that her surviving, amended ground disclosed no error of law, and that the two new grounds it refused to admit disclosed none either when considered in the alternative."],"geography":{"basis":"The decision is an Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) decision heard at Field House, London, in an appeal against a UK Home Office refusal; the solicitors are described by the Gazette as an east London firm. The appellant is a Namibian national whose appeal concerns her removal from the UK, so her country is recorded as GB on the basis of the proceedings in which she was harmed, and Namibia is not recorded because no harm occurred there.","court_countries":["GB"],"event_countries":["GB"],"affected_person_countries":["GB"]},"publication":{"basis":"The published Upper Tribunal decision (tribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk, UI-2025-002601) and the Law Society Gazette report of 8 October 2026 were read in full on 2026-10-09, and the decision was re-read on 2026-10-11 for this correction. The decision records what ChatGPT generated (fake cases, misattributed paragraphs, invented quotations from the First-tier judge) and ties that output to the adjourned hearing, the wasted hearing time, the withdrawn grounds, the refusal of permission to add new grounds, the regulator self-reports and the costs directions. The appellant is anonymised by tribunal order and is described only by nationality and appeal type; the firm is named because the operative costs directions are addressed to it; the paralegal is unnamed. The tribunal's statement that the solicitors' misuse, not AI, caused the irregularities is preserved.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-11"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Upper Tribunal's published decision finds that the grounds of appeal and the skeleton argument filed on the appellant's behalf were produced by a paralegal using ChatGPT, and describes what that output contained: citations of fake cases, paragraphs not found in the cited judgments, and purported quotations from the First-tier judge's decision that the tribunal calls pure invention. The decision connects that output to the harm: the September 2025 hearing was adjourned after the Home Office queried the citation errors, three of the five issues at the final hearing, which occupied a great deal of its time, arose only because of the solicitors' use of AI, the appellant withdrew three of four grounds, and the tribunal invited a wasted costs application and noted two self-reports to the regulator. The FtT judge granted permission on those grounds while noting the misquotations, and the Upper Tribunal's decisions not to set aside permission and to refuse the new grounds were taken in the express context of the misrepresentations (paras 46-47, 65 and 74). The tribunal itself states that the irregularities were caused by the solicitors' misuse of AI rather than by AI, and the decision records the solicitors' own acceptance that AI was used. The firm's acceptance and the tribunal's findings come from one record, so the status is supported rather than corroborated by an independent source.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["acted_on_behalf","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"UK Upper Tribunal: solicitors' ChatGPT-drafted grounds in an asylum appeal cited fake cases and invented quotes; two individuals self-report to the SRA","summary":"A published Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) decision issued on 21 September 2026 records that the grounds of appeal and skeleton argument in a Namibian national's protection appeal were produced by a paralegal at her then solicitors using ChatGPT. The tribunal recorded her counsel's acceptance that the grounds cited fake cases, quoted passages absent from those judgments and attributed to the First-tier judge sentences he never wrote, and itself called one purported quotation pure invention. The September 2025 error-of-law hearing was adjourned, and the appellant later withdrew three of her four original grounds. The tribunal allowed an amended version of her one surviving ground but found that it disclosed no error of law. It refused her permission to add two new grounds, holding that she should not be allowed to advance entirely new grounds, or replace grounds riddled with misrepresentations, so long after the time limit, and in the alternative found those grounds without merit. It directed the Home Office to file any wasted costs application against the firm. The decision states that two individuals have reported themselves to the Solicitors Regulation Authority; the Law Society Gazette reported the decision on 8 October 2026.","incidentDate":"2025-09-17","incidentEndDate":"2026-09-21","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-06","aiSystem":"ChatGPT, used by a paralegal to generate grounds of appeal and a skeleton argument (as found in the Upper Tribunal decision)","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The tribunal records that the appellant's error-of-law hearing in September 2025 was adjourned, that three of the five issues at the eventual hearing, which occupied a great deal of its time, arose only because of her solicitors' inappropriate use of AI, that she withdrew three of her four original grounds, that it refused her permission to add two new grounds, holding that she should not be allowed to advance entirely new grounds, or replace grounds riddled with misrepresentations, long after the time limit, and that her appeal fails. It found her one surviving, amended ground disclosed no error of law and, in the alternative, that the two refused grounds disclosed none either. The decision states that two individuals have reported themselves to the Solicitors Regulation Authority and directs the Home Office to file any wasted costs application against the firm; no costs decision has been taken.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"One person counted: the appellant, whose appeal proceeded on AI-generated grounds she did not draft (the decision describes her as the appellant throughout). The paralegal who used ChatGPT and the supervising solicitor face professional consequences of their own conduct (self-report to the SRA, possible wasted costs) and are not counted as harmed persons; the two self-reporting individuals are not named as the paralegal and the solicitor in the decision.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"GB","platformType":"chatbot","primarySourceUrl":"https://tribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk/utiac/ui-2025-002601","primarySourceLabel":"Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), UI-2025-002601, decision issued 21 September 2026, published 6 October 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-09T03:28:56.311373+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-11T07:43:28.275795+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":[]},{"id":"2025-texas-student-ai-altered-nude-image-of-classmate-posted-on-snapchat-sheriff-arrest","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'admitted to altering the image by using AI and posting it on a \"public story\" on Snapchat and then removing it'; 'screenshots were secured by at least one individual'; 'The image remained on Snapchat for a few minutes'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'to make it appear that that person was nude, by using AI and posting it on a public story on Snapchat and then removing it'; 'screenshots were secured by at-least one individual'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'admitted to altering the image using artificial intelligence and posting it to a public Snapchat story before removing it'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The county sheriff's office said a 17-year-old student admitted altering an image of a classmate with AI to make the classmate appear nude, posting it on a public Snapchat story and removing it; the image stayed up a few minutes and at least one person took screenshots.","causal_attribution":"Sheriff's office account of the student's interview admission, relayed by the three stations; untested in court."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'They concluded the image was artificially altered by a 17-year-old'; 'on November 25, 2025 and posted on Snapchat'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'the investigation determined the image had been digitally altered by a student on Nov. 25, 2025, and briefly posted to Snapchat before being removed'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The sheriff's office concluded that the image was artificially altered on 25 November 2025; no source states when it was posted.","causal_attribution":"Investigative conclusion of the sheriff's office, relayed by KFDM and 12News (one chain)."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'the first report to'; 'of this image was on April 13, 2026'; 'The investigation began during the morning of April 16'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'the investigation began April 16 after'; 'the first report to the school district was made April 13'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The first report to the school district was on 13 April 2026 and the sheriff's criminal investigation began on 16 April 2026 after the superintendent reported an explicit image of a student circulating on social media.","causal_attribution":"Sheriff's office account relayed by KFDM and 12News."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'charged with a Class A Misdemeanor- Unlawful Production/Distribution of Deep Fake Sexually Explicit Media'; 'there is an innocent young victim in this case'; 'no evidence to believe the image was altered during school hours or on school property'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'He was arrested and transported to the'; 'there is a young victim in this case'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'charged as an adult'; 'The post was taken down after a few minutes'; 'the damage was already done'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The student was arrested on 24 April 2026 and charged as an adult with a Class A misdemeanour of unlawful production or distribution of deepfake sexually explicit media; the sheriff said there is a young victim in the case and no evidence the image was made on school property.","causal_attribution":"Sheriff's office statements and the sheriff's interview with KTRE; a charge is an allegation."}],"effects":[{"label":"a student's image was altered with AI to appear nude and posted on a public Snapchat story, where it was screenshotted before removal","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://kfdm.com/news/local/breaking-buna-student-arrested-for-deep-fake-sexually-explicit-media","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-09-30 (batch 2) and re-read on 2026-10-08 from the saved body; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. KFDM (Sinclair) report of 24 April 2026, updated 26 April, relaying the sheriff's statement; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"county-sheriff-office-statement-2026-04-24"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.12newsnow.com/article/news/crime/buna-teen-charged-with-creating-ai-generated-explicit-image-classmate-says-jasper-county-sheriff/502-b13b5b85-11eb-4252-9539-a45adcfa90dc","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-09-30 (batch 2) and re-read on 2026-10-08 from the saved body; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. 12News (KBMT) report of 24 April 2026 read from the Internet Archive capture of the same day (direct fetch HTTP 403); relays the sheriff's office.","independence_group":"county-sheriff-office-statement-2026-04-24"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.ktre.com/2026/04/24/buna-isd-student-accused-production-deep-fake-explicit-media/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-09-30 (batch 2) and re-read on 2026-10-08 from the saved body; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. KTRE (Gray) report of 24 April 2026 relaying the sheriff's office; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"county-sheriff-office-statement-2026-04-24"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.ktre.com/2026/04/28/jasper-county-officials-warn-ai-dangers-after-first-deepfake-arrest/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-09-30 (batch 2) and re-read on 2026-10-08 from the saved body; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. KTRE (Gray) report of 28 April 2026 with the sheriff's interview remarks and a comment from a district attorney not prosecuting the case; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"county-sheriff-office-statement-2026-04-24"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy"],"unknowns":["The depicted student's age, and whether the student or the family has described any consequence; the sheriff's words (embarrassing, damage done, innocent young victim) are the only account of harm.","When the altered image was posted on Snapchat; the sheriff's office dated only the alteration (25 November 2025), an investigative conclusion that was not independently confirmed.","Which AI tool was used, and whether anyone beyond the person who took screenshots saw or shared the image.","When the sheriff's office was first notified: KFDM gives two different accounts and 12News matches only one of them, so no notification date is recorded.","The outcome of the charge; the case was reported as in the hands of the court on 28 April 2026 and no hearing is reported."],"geography":{"basis":"The sheriff's office is in East Texas, the school and the students are in the same county, and the student was charged under Texas law (KFDM, 12News, KTRE). The affected student attends the same school. The case is in a Texas court (KTRE, 28 April).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case on one attributed chain: the county sheriff's office, relayed by KFDM, 12News and KTRE, said a 17-year-old student admitted altering a classmate's image with AI to appear nude and posting it on Snapchat, that the alteration was dated to 25 November 2025 by its investigation, and that the student was charged. Every claim is attributed to the sheriff's office. The students, the school, the district, the town and the county are not named because both students are private people and at least one is a minor.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-08"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The county sheriff's office, relayed by KFDM, 12News and KTRE, said the 17-year-old admitted altering an image of a classmate by using AI to make the classmate appear nude and posting it on Snapchat, and that its investigation concluded the image was artificially altered on 25 November 2025. The AI-altered sexual image is the harm itself: it depicts the classmate (depicted_or_impersonated) and was seen and screenshotted by at least one person. The tool is not identified, the image was not examined by the research agent, and the only account is the sheriff's office statement; the charge is untested in court.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Texas: sheriff says a 17-year-old student altered a classmate's image with AI in November 2025 to appear nude and posted it on Snapchat; charged April 2026","summary":"A county sheriff's office in East Texas said on 24 April 2026 that a 17-year-old high-school student had admitted altering an image of a classmate with AI to make the classmate appear nude and posting it on a public Snapchat story, then removing it. The sheriff's office said its investigation concluded the image was altered on 25 November 2025; the posting date is not separately stated. The image stayed on Snapchat for a few minutes and at least one person took screenshots. The school district first received a report of the image on 13 April 2026 and the criminal investigation began on 16 April 2026. The student was arrested on 24 April 2026, charged as an adult with a Class A misdemeanour of unlawful production or distribution of deepfake sexually explicit media, and is presumed innocent. The sheriff said there is a young victim in the case and that the damage was done despite the quick removal. Every account rests on the sheriff's office statements as relayed by three local stations.","incidentDate":"2025-11-25","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-04-24","aiSystem":"AI tool, not identified, used according to the county sheriff's office to alter a photograph of a student so the student appeared nude","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the county sheriff's office, a student's image was altered with AI to appear nude and posted on a public Snapchat story, where it was screenshotted by at least one person before removal; the sheriff said the damage was done and that there is an innocent young victim. No further consequence for the depicted student is reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One depicted student: the sheriff's office speaks of an image of another student and of a young victim in this case, and no other depicted person is reported. The accused did not use the tool on the accused's own behalf as a harmed person, so participant_users_affected_min is 0. Students who viewed other, non-criminal pictures are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://kfdm.com/news/local/breaking-buna-student-arrested-for-deep-fake-sexually-explicit-media","primarySourceLabel":"KFDM, 24 April 2026 (updated 26 April): sheriff's office account of a student's arrest over an AI-altered sexual image posted on Snapchat","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-08T03:22:06.789017+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-08T03:22:06.789017+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","non_consensual_intimate_imagery","minors","education","snapchat","criminal_charges","united_states","texas"]},{"id":"2025-maidenhead-reported-deepfake-letters-target-activist","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Article body: opening account of the latest letters and recipients.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Guardian reports that letters containing deepfaked sexual images of the activist were delivered to former neighbours in Maidenhead in recent weeks.","causal_attribution":"The inspected reporting describes this account. Claims remain attributed and causation is alleged; multiple reports of the same victim or police/court account are one independence group."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Article body: interview paragraph following the separate Australian poster account.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The activist said she was terrified and described the latest material as escalating harassment using AI or digital tools.","causal_attribution":"The inspected reporting describes this account. Claims remain attributed and causation is alleged; multiple reports of the same victim or police/court account are one independence group."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Article body: latest police referral and unidentified sender paragraphs.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The sender was unknown and the latest letters were referred to police.","causal_attribution":"The inspected reporting describes this account. Claims remain attributed and causation is alleged; multiple reports of the same victim or police/court account are one independence group."}],"effects":[{"label":"Reported sexualised impersonation and fear after letters reached the activist's former neighbours","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/11/sexually-explicit-letters-deepfake-hong-kong-activists-uk-australia","kind":"journalistic","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"original-account-aiid-1301"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","civic_life"],"unknowns":["The first letter date, sender and generation tool are unknown.","The source does not establish AI involvement in the separate Australian poster or that the latest letters caused the activist's earlier relocation."],"geography":{"basis":"Letters were delivered to former neighbours in Maidenhead, UK; the activist is described as living in Britain. The claimed Macau mailing origin does not establish the creation site.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["GB"],"affected_person_countries":["GB"]},"publication":{"basis":"An inspected source describes a concrete person-level adverse experience connected to the specified AI use. Statements remain attributed, private identities are minimized, and unknown dates, counts and technical details are preserved.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-30"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The outlet labels the images deepfakes; the target mentions AI or digital tools. The method is reported rather than technically established. The Australian poster uses an old real photograph and is not treated as a second AI case.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Exiled Hong Kong activist reports fear after sexualised deepfake letters reached former UK neighbours","summary":"The Guardian reported that letters containing digitally faked sexual images of an exiled Hong Kong activist were sent to her former neighbours in Maidenhead in recent weeks. The activist said she was terrified and described the letters as escalating harassment using AI or digital tools. The sender and exact image-creation method remain unknown. Earlier bounty letters and a separate Australian poster campaign are distinct events.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-12-11","aiSystem":"Reported deepfake image fabrication","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","aiCompany":"Unknown","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Reported sexualised impersonation and fear after letters reached the activist's former neighbours","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"One activist reports fear and is the image-abuse target. Letter recipients and people in separate harassment episodes are not added.","victimAgeRange":"adult","platformType":"other","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/11/sexually-explicit-letters-deepfake-hong-kong-activists-uk-australia","primarySourceLabel":"The Guardian, 11 December 2025, interviews about letters","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-30T01:10:49.632957+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:57:58.747259+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025"]},{"id":"2025-zacatecas-mexico-secondary-school-reported-ai-sexual-images-of-classmates","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Aproximadamente 400 o hasta más, porque fue toda la escuela, los tenía hasta por grado y grupo","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"su nombre lo subía a las redes sociales","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"fueron alteradas y manipuladas con aplicaciones de la IA","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"las manipularon con IA y las publicaron en Instagram","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Aunque no tienen el número exacto de menores afectados, calculan que son 400.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Parents and students at a secondary school in the city of Zacatecas reported that photos of students were altered with AI applications into sexual images that were posted online, with a parent estimate of about 400 affected students.","causal_attribution":"The AI use is asserted by parents and students, with all outlets reporting the same protest statements. The prosecutor later said it had not been determined whether AI or another application was used (claim c3)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"se han presentado 46 denuncias por el delito contra la intimidad sexual","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"se sigue una investigación de manera oficiosa por un delito en contra de la intimidad sexual","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"son delitos contra la intimidad sexual evidentemente","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The state prosecutor's office opened an investigation for crimes against sexual intimacy and had received 46 complaints according to an N+ report published 13 November 2025.","causal_attribution":"A prosecutor statement establishes the existence of complaints and an investigation. It does not establish that the allegations are true. An earlier report (El Financiero, 11 November) cites 80 complaints from authorities, so the count differs across reports."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"al día de hoy no ha sido posible localizar dentro de este medio cibernético","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"tampoco hasta el momento se ha ofertado o sea ha recabado una imagen o algún video o con alguna persona que haya dicho que ella sí se vio en esta situación","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Aún están por determinar si este presunto delito se cometió con el uso de inteligencia artificial o de una aplicación","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"quien habría utilizado programas de IA generativa","relation":"context","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"quien habría creado y difundido los contenidos con IA","relation":"context","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"In an N+ report published 13 November 2025, the prosecutor said the online page had not been located, no image had been collected from anyone who reported being depicted, and it was still to be determined whether AI or an app was used.","causal_attribution":"Limits on what the authority had verified according to that report. Reports of 11 November (TV Azteca, El Financiero) attribute to the prosecutor's office a statement that the student used generative AI programs, and the later N+ report says this was still to be determined. Later developments were not found in the inspected sources."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Los padres acusaron que ambos minimizaron el caso","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"ya cuando salieron ya estaba toda evidencia borrada","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"suspender de manera temporal tanto al director como a la trabajadora social para iniciar con una investigación","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"solo el director del plantel y la trabajadora social han sido separados del cargo hasta que concluyan las investigaciones","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Parents accused school staff of minimizing the reports and of allowing evidence to be erased. The education authority separated the school director and a social worker from their posts pending an investigation.","causal_attribution":"Parent accusations are attributed to parents. The separation is an administrative measure reported from authority statements. Neither establishes the school's fault."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"mi hija me habla llorando","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"A parent reported that their child was crying about the images.","causal_attribution":"Single parent quotation in one outlet."}],"effects":[{"label":"Reported AI-altered sexual images of students circulated online","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/nacional/2025/11/10/alumno-altera-fotos-de-sus-companeros-con-ia-crea-catalogo-de-contenido-para-adultos-lo-vendia-en-internet-744081.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Spanish-language body read in the original by the research agent (an AI). Passages are quoted verbatim in Spanish. English assertions are the agent's own translation and no human translator reviewed them.","independence_group":"zacatecas-protest-statements"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/estudiantes-de-secundaria-en-zacatecas-crean-catalogo-sexual-con-ia-suspenden-a-directivos-y-maestros-protestan/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Spanish-language body read in the original by the research agent (an AI). Passages are quoted verbatim in Spanish. English assertions are the agent's own translation and no human translator reviewed them.","independence_group":"zacatecas-protest-statements"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/estados/2025/11/11/escandalo-en-zacatecas-al-menos-400-alumnos-fueron-victimas-de-imagenes-sexuales-falsas-creadas-con-ia/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Spanish-language body read in the original by the research agent (an AI). Passages are quoted verbatim in Spanish. English assertions are the agent's own translation and no human translator reviewed them.","independence_group":"zacatecas-protest-statements"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.nmas.com.mx/estados/hay-46-denuncias-contra-alumnos-de-secundaria-presuntos-creadores-de-catalogo-sexual-con-ia/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Spanish-language body read in the original by the research agent (an AI). Passages are quoted verbatim in Spanish. English assertions are the agent's own translation and no human translator reviewed them.","independence_group":"nmas-fiscalia-13nov"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.nmas.com.mx/estados/alumno-secundaria-tecnica-1-zacatecas-crea-fotos-sexuales-de-companeras-con-ia-ya-lo-investigan/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Spanish-language body read in the original by the research agent (an AI). Passages are quoted verbatim in Spanish. English assertions are the agent's own translation and no human translator reviewed them.","independence_group":"zacatecas-protest-statements"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.tvazteca.com/aztecanoticias/alumnos-secundaria-crean-ia-fotos-intimas-sus-companeras-zacatecas","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Spanish-language body read in the original by the research agent (an AI). Passages are quoted verbatim in Spanish. English assertions are the agent's own translation and no human translator reviewed them.","independence_group":"zacatecas-protest-statements"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy"],"unknowns":["Start date and duration of the image creation are not stated. Reports say only that the matter surfaced in the week before 10 November 2025 and that parents said reports to staff went unaddressed for weeks. The year is the only supported precision.","No image or online page had been located by the prosecutor according to an N+ report published 13 November 2025. The catalogue and its contents rest on parent and student statements.","Whether AI or a different application was used is undetermined per the prosecutor. The number of students affected (about 400 by parent estimate) is unverified.","The Herald headline says the material was sold. The body of that report says only that protesters feared it could have been commercialized, and the prosecutor said no image or video had been collected. No sale is claimed here.","The number of students who created the material differs across reports: several parents and two outlets say three students, while the prosecutor statements concern one adolescent and one parent says one student made all the images.","Outcome of the criminal and school investigations is not in the inspected sources. Related-story cards on the pages were not used. All six saved bodies were read as extracted text, and that extraction may omit captions or embedded posts."],"geography":{"basis":"The reports describe a school in the city of Zacatecas, the Zacatecas state prosecutor and state education secretary, and cite the Zacatecas state penal code and the federal penal code. Country is taken from these named institutions and laws, not from outlet language.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["MX"],"affected_person_countries":["MX"]},"publication":{"basis":"Six Spanish-language news reports read in the original. The events are reported from protest statements and prosecutor statements. All claims are marked reported. The accused student, victims, parents and school staff are not named, and no image content is described.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Parents and students say AI applications were used. In an N+ report published 13 November 2025 the prosecutor said it was still to be determined whether AI or another application was used. TV Azteca and El Financiero (11 November) report the prosecutor's office as saying the student used generative AI programs.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Zacatecas, Mexico: students report AI-altered sexual images of hundreds of classmates at a secondary school","summary":"In November 2025 parents and students at a secondary school in the city of Zacatecas blocked a road and occupied the school after reporting that a classmate had altered photos of schoolmates with AI applications and posted them online. Parents estimated about 400 affected students. The state prosecutor's office opened an investigation for crimes against sexual intimacy and reported 46 complaints in an N+ report published 13 November, while saying it had not located the online page or obtained any image and had not determined whether AI or another application was used. The school director and a social worker were separated from their posts after parents said they minimized the reports. Claims about AI use and the number affected are unverified in the inspected reports.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-11-10","aiSystem":"Unspecified AI image-manipulation applications","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"unverified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Parents and students reported that AI-altered sexual images of students, published with their names, circulated online. A parent reported that a child was crying. In an N+ report published 13 November 2025 the prosecutor had not located the images or the online page.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"Parents estimated about 400 students. Authorities reported 80 complaints on 11 November (El Financiero) and 46 in an N+ report published 13 November, and said none of the images had been collected. Complaint counts and estimates are not verified harmed-person counts, so no minimum is recorded.","victimAgeRange":"minor","platformType":"other","primarySourceUrl":"https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/nacional/2025/11/10/alumno-altera-fotos-de-sus-companeros-con-ia-crea-catalogo-de-contenido-para-adultos-lo-vendia-en-internet-744081.html","primarySourceLabel":"El Heraldo de Mexico, 10 November 2025 (with five other Spanish-language reports, 10-13 November 2025)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T12:42:22.46875+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:22.263213+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025"]},{"id":"2025-chiranjeevi-ai-deepfake-porn-videos-hyderabad-cybercrime-complaint","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'అక్టోబర్‌ 25న ఇచ్చిన లిఖిత పూర్వక ఫిర్యాదులో, కొందరు వెబ్‌సైట్లు తన రూపంలో కృత్రిమ మేధ (AI) సహాయంతో అసభ్య దృశ్యాలు సృష్టించి వ్యాప్తి చేస్తున్నట్లు తెలిపారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'ఆర్టిఫిషియల్ ఇంటెలిజెన్స్ (ఏఐ) టెక్నాలజీని ఉపయోగించి, తన ముఖాన్ని మార్ఫింగ్ చేసి అశ్లీల (పోర్న్) వీడియోలను సృష్టిస్తున్నారని ఆయన తన ఫిర్యాదులో పేర్కొన్నారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 25 October 2025 the actor and former Union minister Chiranjeevi gave Hyderabad cybercrime police a written complaint that pornographic websites were publishing obscene videos made with AI that morphed his face and likeness.","causal_attribution":"The complainant's account; the videos' creators were not identified in the read sources."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Based on the complaint, the police have registered a case under Sections 67 and 67A of the IT Act, Sections 79, 294, 296 and 336(4) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), and Sections 2(c), 3 and 4 of the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'చిరంజీవి ఫిర్యాదు మేరకు పోలీసులు ఐటీ చట్టంలోని సెక్షన్లు 67, 67ఏ, భారతీయ న్యాయ సంహిత (BNS)లోని సెక్షన్లు 79, 294, 296, 336(4)తో పాటు పలు ఇతర చట్టాల కింద కేసు నమోదు చేశారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police registered a case under Sections 67 and 67A of the IT Act, Sections 79, 294, 296 and 336(4) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act.","causal_attribution":"Police registration of the case as reported; no arrest is reported in the read sources."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'In his complaint, Chiranjeevi condemned the videos as “malicious” and said they have caused “severe and irreparable harm” to his reputation. “These fabricated clips distort public perception, undermine decades of goodwill, and inflict personal and emotional distress on me and my family,” he stated.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'వీడియోల కొనసాగుతున్న ప్రచారం తన మానసిక ఆరోగ్యానికీ, గౌరవానికీ నష్టం కలిగిస్తోందని పేర్కొన్నారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In his complaint he said the videos caused severe and irreparable harm to his reputation and personal and emotional distress to him and his family.","causal_attribution":"His own statement of the effects in the complaint."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ఇలాంటి కంటెంట్‌ ప్రచారం నిరోధించేందుకు ఇప్పటికే హైదరాబాద్‌ సిటీ సివిల్‌ కోర్టు ప్రధాన న్యాయమూర్తి నుంచి తాత్కాలిక నిషేధాజ్ఞ కూడా పొందినట్లు తెలిపారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'వాటిని తొలగించాలని సిటీ సివిల్కోర్టును సెప్టెంబరులో ఆశ్రయించారు. దీంతో కోర్టు అదే నెల 26న ఆయా వెబ్సైట్లలో కంటెంట్తొలగించాలని ఆదేశాలు జారీ చేసింది.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Before the police complaint he had obtained an interim injunction from the Hyderabad City Civil Court; V6 Velugu reports that he approached that court in September 2025 over deepfake obscene videos on porn sites and that on 26 September it ordered the content removed from those websites.","causal_attribution":"Court order as reported; the order itself was not inspected. Locator for s5 is quoted with zero-width characters removed."}],"effects":[{"label":"AI-made obscene videos using his likeness published on pornographic sites; he reported reputational harm and emotional distress to himself and his family","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.telugupost.com/top-stories/chiranjeevi-deepfake-cybercrime-complaint-hyderabad-1595809","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"te","translation_note":"Read live in Telugu on 2026-09-29 (published 27 October 2025); summarises the written complaint. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.ap7am.com/tn/846021/chiranjeevi-lodges-police-complaint-over-deepfake-pornographic-content","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"te","translation_note":"Read live in Telugu on 2026-09-29 (published 27 October 2025); quotes the complaint and the sections registered. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/chiranjeevi-files-complaint-over-ai-deepfake-vulgar-videos-on-adult-sites-says-it-distressed-his-family-1.500324422","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live in English on 2026-09-29 (published 28 October 2025); quotes the complaint as reported by ANI.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.newsx.com/offbeat/chiranjeevi-deepfake-mms-case-actor-approaches-police-over-ai-generated-obscene-videos-276933/","kind":"news_relay","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live in English on 2026-09-29 (published 28 September 2026). A recap of the October 2025 complaints that gives no event dates; its only unique content is the Hyderabad police commissioner's statement. Not used for dates.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.v6velugu.com/megastar-chiranjeevi-complaint-on-social-media-trolls-against-hyderbad-cyber-crimes-police-station","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"te","translation_note":"Read live in Telugu on 2026-09-29 (29 October 2025); reports a second complaint about abusive posts and recaps the civil suit and the deepfake complaint. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Who made and uploaded the videos, and whether anyone has been arrested.","When the videos first appeared online; V6 Velugu reports a civil suit over them in September 2025, so they circulated by then.","Whether the videos were removed from the websites.","The exact complaint date: Telugupost says the written complaint was given on 25 October 2025; V6 Velugu dates it to 27 October 2025."],"geography":{"basis":"The complaint was filed with Hyderabad cybercrime police in Telangana, India (Telugupost; Gulf News). Before the complaint he had obtained an interim injunction from the Hyderabad City Civil Court, which Telugupost says was aimed at stopping the spread of such content and which V6 Velugu says ordered the content removed from the websites on 26 September 2025. Where the websites are hosted is not stated.","court_countries":["IN"],"event_countries":["IN"],"affected_person_countries":["IN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a core case (AI-generated sexual videos depicting a named public figure without consent, with a registered police case). The account rests on his complaint as reported by Telugu and English outlets. No imagery is described beyond the complaint's terms. The lead arrived through a September 2026 recap; the event dates come from October 2025 reporting.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint, as reported, says the videos were made with AI technology that morphed his face into obscene content (Telugupost; ap7am; Gulf News via ANI). No forensic finding is reported and the tool is not named.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Hyderabad, India: actor Chiranjeevi files a cybercrime complaint over AI-generated obscene videos using his face on pornographic websites; police register a case under the IT Act and BNS","summary":"On 25 October 2025 the Telugu actor and former Union minister Konidela Chiranjeevi gave Hyderabad cybercrime police a written complaint that several pornographic websites were publishing obscene videos made with AI that morphed his face and likeness, and asked for a criminal and technical investigation and removal of the content, including from mirror sites. Police registered a case under Sections 67 and 67A of the IT Act, several sections of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act. In the complaint he said the videos caused severe and irreparable harm to his reputation and personal and emotional distress to him and his family. He had already obtained an ad-interim injunction from the Hyderabad City Civil Court protecting his name, image and likeness (Gulf News); V6 Velugu reports that he had gone to that court in September 2025 over the same kind of deepfake videos and that on 26 September it ordered their removal. A September 2026 NewsX recap reports that Hyderabad Police Commissioner V C Sajjanar said the cybercrime team was working to trace those responsible.","incidentDate":"2025-10-25","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-10-27","aiSystem":"Unnamed AI tools used to morph his face into obscene videos (per his complaint)","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"AI-generated obscene videos using his likeness were published on pornographic websites; he reported severe harm to his reputation and emotional distress to himself and his family (his complaint via Telugupost, ap7am and Gulf News/ANI).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One depicted person, Chiranjeevi (his complaint). His family's reported distress is his statement and is not counted separately. Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"IN-TG","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.telugupost.com/top-stories/chiranjeevi-deepfake-cybercrime-complaint-hyderabad-1595809","primarySourceLabel":"Telugupost, 27 October 2025: డీప్‌ఫేక్‌ అసభ్య వీడియోలపై చిరంజీవి సైబర్‌ క్రైమ్ కు ఫిర్యాదు","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T03:22:09.016588+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:16:59.537311+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfakes","deepfake-pornography","non-consensual-intimate-imagery","tollywood","hyderabad","telangana","india","police-complaint","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2026-cileungsi-bogor-students-ai-deepfake-pornography","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Ratusan pelajar di Cileungsi, Kabupaten Bogor, diedit pakai AI dan dijadikan konten pornografi. Kasus itu kini diselidiki kepolisian.'; 'Sejauh ini yang di kami baru lapor tiga orang, tapi satu laporan, kita masih dalami kasus tersebut termasuk si pembuat kontennya siapa'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Polres Bogor is investigating a report that pupils in Cileungsi had their faces edited with AI into pornographic content; three pupils have reported in one police report, and police are still identifying the maker and the program used.","causal_attribution":"Police statement; the police attribute nothing yet to a named person."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ratusan pelajar sekolah swasta di Cileungsi Bogor menjadi korban deepfake AI dimana wajah mereka dimanipulasi dan diubah menjadi konten tidak senonoh'; 'pelaku mencuri foto korban dari akun media sosial masing-masing pelajar'; 'ada beberapa website yang sudah pernah diunggah seperti website judol dan lain-lain'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'kasus bermula setelah korban mendapat informasi dari temannya bahwa ada seseorang yang diduga membuat konten menggunakan wajahnya melalui teknologi AI'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the witnesses' lawyer, hundreds of pupils of a private school in Cileungsi had photographs taken from their social-media accounts manipulated into nude photographs and pornographic videos, some uploaded to websites including an online-gambling site.","causal_attribution":"Lawyer's account of the scale; police confirm only the three complainants and the AI-edited content."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Kepolisian sudah mengantongi dua nama yang dilaporkan sebagai pelaku'; 'sebagai inisiator dan pembuat konten'; 'pelaku mengakui saat ditanya'; 'menemukan adanya ribuan foto serta video yang diduga hasil manipulasi AI di smartphone milik terduga pelaku'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Two former pupils have been reported as suspects, in the roles of initiator and content maker, and are said by the lawyer to have admitted the acts to witnesses; police reportedly found thousands of suspected AI-manipulated photos and videos on a suspect's phone.","causal_attribution":"Allegations relayed by the victims' lawyer; no charge announced."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Meski baru dilaporkan pada 19 Mei 2026, kasus ini diduga sudah berlangsung semenjak 2025 lalu, bahkan saat semua pihak (termasuk pelaku) masih berstatus pelajar'; 'terduga pelaku disebut telah lulus dari sekolah, beberapa korban masih berstatus pelajar dan beberapa lainnya sudah berstatus mahasiswa'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The case was reported to police on 19 May 2026 and is believed to have run since 2025 while all involved were pupils; the suspects have since graduated and some victims are now university students.","causal_attribution":"Timeline as reported by Uzone/Pojok Bogor."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Kita tidak bisa berasumsi saja, harus jelas, apalagi ini terkait Undang-Undang ITE, harus tahu benar dia yang membuat atau tidak, harus ada buktinya yang jelas'; 'penanganan perkara masih berada pada tahap awal'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Police say the investigation is at an early stage, that they must establish with clear evidence who made the content under the ITE Law, and that tracing the AI program used is a challenge.","causal_attribution":"Police statement."}],"effects":[{"label":"pupils' social-media photographs were turned into AI pornographic images and videos, some uploaded to public websites; three have filed a police report and the victims' lawyer says hundreds were affected","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/ratusan-pelajar-di-bogor-jadi-korban-pornografi-deepfake-ai-polisi-selidiki-28CxcCG6rv6","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read in Indonesian on 2026-09-19 (Kumparan, 18 September 2026; quotes the Polres Bogor unit head by phone). Quotations translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"polres-bogor-statement"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://uzone.id/ratusan-pelajar-cileungsi-jadi-korban-deepfake-ai-foto-jadi-porno","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read in Indonesian on 2026-09-19 (Uzone, relaying Pojok Bogor of 17 September 2026 and the witnesses' lawyer). The Pojok Bogor original was not fetched; grouped as one lawyer-account chain.","independence_group":"pojok-bogor-lawyer-account"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy"],"unknowns":["The number of victims is disputed in scale: police count three complainants, the lawyer says hundreds.","The AI tools used are not identified.","No arrest, charge or court proceeding is reported; the suspects' admissions are relayed by the lawyer, not confirmed by police.","The school is not named in the inspected reports and is not recorded here.","The Pojok Bogor original article (16-17 September 2026) was not directly read; its account is taken from Uzone's relay."],"geography":{"basis":"Private school in Cileungsi, Bogor Regency, West Java; Polres Bogor investigating (Kumparan, Uzone). No court proceeding yet.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["ID"],"affected_person_countries":["ID"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an image-based-abuse series against school pupils with a police-confirmed report and a lawyer-described scale, read in Indonesian from two chains (police via Kumparan; the victims' lawyer via Uzone/Pojok Bogor). Claims recorded as reported; the scale is attributed. Minors: no names, no school name, suspects' initials omitted; no imagery described beyond 'nude photographs and pornographic videos'.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-19"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Police describe the content as made with AI technology and say they are still tracing the program used; the victims' lawyer describes AI-manipulated nude photos and pornographic videos, and thousands of suspected AI-manipulated files found on a suspect's phone. No tool is named and no forensic finding has been published.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Cileungsi, Bogor Regency, Indonesia: photographs of private-school pupils taken from social media were turned into AI pornographic images and videos, reportedly since 2025; three pupils have filed a joint police report, the victims' lawyer says hundreds were affected, and two former pupils are named as suspects","summary":"Bogor Regency police confirmed on 18 September 2026 that they are investigating a report that pupils of a private school in Cileungsi had their faces edited with artificial intelligence into pornographic content. The head of the women-and-children unit told Kumparan that so far three pupils had reported in a single police report, that the case began when a victim heard from a friend that someone was making content with their face using AI technology, and that investigators were still establishing who made the content and which program was used, under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. A lawyer for the witnesses, quoted by Pojok Bogor and Uzone, says the victims number in the hundreds; that two former pupils, one as initiator and one as maker, have been reported and admitted the acts to witnesses; that police found thousands of suspected AI-manipulated photos and videos on a suspect's phone, some uploaded to websites including an online-gambling site; and that the case, reported on 19 May 2026, is believed to have run since 2025 while all involved were still pupils, some victims now being university students. Police say the case is at an early stage and asked the public not to draw conclusions.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-05-19","aiSystem":"AI image- and video-manipulation tools (not identified; police say the program used is still being traced)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image and video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Pupils of a Cileungsi private school had their social-media photographs turned into AI pornographic images and videos, some reportedly uploaded to public websites; three have filed a police report and the victims' lawyer says hundreds were affected and asks for a swift process so they can focus on their studies. Attribution to the reported suspects rests on the lawyer's account of their admissions and on police examination of a phone; police have not announced charges.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":3,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"Police: three pupils have reported in one police report (Kumparan, 18 Sep 2026). The victims' lawyer says the victims number in the hundreds (Uzone/Pojok Bogor). Three counted people plus additional unquantified victims: partial. 'Thousands of photos and videos' is a content count, not a person count.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"ID","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/ratusan-pelajar-di-bogor-jadi-korban-pornografi-deepfake-ai-polisi-selidiki-28CxcCG6rv6","primarySourceLabel":"Kumparan, 18 September 2026: Ratusan Pelajar di Bogor Jadi Korban Pornografi Deepfake AI, Polisi Selidiki (Polres Bogor women-and-children unit statement)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-19T03:17:35.203873+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:32.43216+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ncii","minors","school","indonesia","bogor","cileungsi","police-investigation","image-based-abuse"]},{"id":"2026-edny-deepfake-take-it-down-act","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'two criminal complaints were unsealed charging [defendant name withheld] and [defendant name withheld] with violations of the TAKE IT DOWN Act'; '[defendant name withheld] was arrested today in [identifying detail withheld], Texas, and will be arraigned in the Eastern District of New York at a later date. [defendant name withheld] was arrested today in New Jersey'; 'If convicted of the charge, the defendants each face up to two years'; 'E.D.N.Y. Docket Nos. 26-MJ-96 and 26-MJ-97'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'[defendant name withheld], 20, and [defendant name withheld], 51, were arrested in unconnected cases on Wednesday and each faces up to two years in prison.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'[defendant name withheld] was arrested in New Jersey and appeared the same day before U.S. Magistrate Judge Peggy Cross-Goldenberg in Brooklyn.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Two separate federal complaints unsealed in Brooklyn in May 2026 charged two men with violating the TAKE IT DOWN Act. Both were arrested; the charges remained untried.","causal_attribution":"Established by the prosecutor's own release (the fact of the charges and arrests); the underlying allegations remain allegations."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Since May 19, 2025, [defendant name withheld] has published at least 360 albums containing AI deepfake pornography depicting approximately 90 different female victims. The content published by [defendant name withheld] has been viewed millions of times.'; '[defendant name withheld] has published approximately 113 albums on the website which contained deepfake content depicting approximately 50 different identifiable female victims, including individuals who are not public figures.'; 'The content published by [defendant name withheld] has been viewed nearly a million times.'; 'The victims included actresses, singers and political figures.'; 'an image- and video-sharing internet platform designed for creators to share adult and explicit content'; 'The albums contain non-explicit images of identifiable individuals which morph into deepfake depictions of the individuals in various stages of undress or engaging in sexually explicit conduct.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'published at least 360 albums containing AI-generated deepfake pornography depicting approximately 90 different female victims since May 19, 2025'; 'collectively depicting around 50 identifiable female victims'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Prosecutors allege publication of at least 360 AI sexual-image albums depicting approximately 90 women in one case and approximately 113 albums depicting around 50 women in the other. The affected people included public figures and private individuals.","causal_attribution":"Prosecutors' allegations as summarised in the release and relayed by TechTimes; the complaints were not inspected and the defendants are presumed innocent."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Some of the materials were deepfakes of recent high school graduates, the complaint said.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Prosecutors said the victims included recent high school graduates.'; 'Federal prosecutors charged two men whose combined deepfake albums depicted 140 named victims and reached nearly 3 million views.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"TIME and TechTimes report that affected people in one case included recent school graduates. TechTimes adds the approximate counts to about 140, but overlap between cases is unresolved.","causal_attribution":"The high-school-graduates detail is attributed by TIME to the complaint and by TechTimes to prosecutors; both derive from the same court filing, which was not inspected, so the claim stays reported. The release does not mention it and gives approximate figures per defendant rather than a combined total; the 140 and 3 million figures are TechTimes' sums."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'the defendants used cutting-edge digital technology to create images that degraded and violated victims across the United States'; 'emerging forms of psychological, reputational, and financial abuse'; 'inflicts emotional harm on victims, violating their privacy, dignity, and security'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'This case makes clear that posting deepfake pornography is not a victimless crime'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The U.S. Attorney said that, as alleged, the defendants used digital technology to create images that degraded and violated victims across the United States and cited new authorities against psychological, reputational and financial abuse; the FBI said the conduct inflicts emotional harm on victims and violates their privacy, dignity and security.","causal_attribution":"Officials' characterisation of the alleged harm; no individual victim's account was inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"approximately 90 and approximately 50 identifiable women were depicted nude or in sexual acts in AI deepfake albums published on adult-content sites and viewed millions of times (prosecutors' allegations)","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/two-individuals-arrested-publishing-ai-deepfake-pornography-violation-take-it-down-act","kind":"official_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-24 from an Internet Archive capture of 21 May 2026 (web.archive.org/web/20260521195624id_/...); the live page returned a 16 kB Akamai shell. Press release dated Wednesday 20 May 2026.","independence_group":"usao-edny-release"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://time.com/article/2026/05/22/ai-deepfake-revenge-porn-take-it-down-act-law/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-24 (TIME, Miranda Jeyaretnam, 22 May 2026): arrests in unconnected cases, sentence exposure, the law's background; quotes the U.S. Attorney's statement.","independence_group":"time"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.techtimes.com/articles/317135/20260525/ai-deepfake-pornography-charges-140-victims-named-take-it-down-act-claims-first-major-arrests.htm","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-24 (TechTimes, 25 May 2026): confirms [defendant name withheld]'s same-day appearance before the magistrate judge named in the release, repeats the 'recent high school graduates' detail (also in TIME) and sums the approximate figures; relies on the release and court filings.","independence_group":"techtimes"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://brooklyneagle.com/389427/2-men-charged-with-creating-ai-generated-porn-under-new-law-targeting-deepfakes/","kind":"news_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"Cited by the June 2026 row; on 2026-09-24 the Internet Archive capture contained no article text and the reader proxy returned 403. Not relied on.","independence_group":"brooklyn-eagle"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["The AI tools used to generate the material.","The identities and locations of the depicted women; whether any has spoken publicly.","The exact number of victims: prosecutors give approximate figures only.","Later docket activity (arraignment, pleas, sentences) after May 2026.","Whether the material has been removed from the platforms."],"geography":{"basis":"The defendants lived in New Jersey and Texas and were arrested there; the U.S. Attorney described victims across the United States; the complaints were unsealed in the Eastern District of New York (release). Individual victims' locations are not reported.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case: sexually explicit AI deepfakes of approximately 90 and approximately 50 identifiable women published at scale, documented by the prosecuting office's release (an official record of the charges) with two separate news accounts that rely on the release and complaints; the allegations are recorded as allegations. The original ID and first-publication timestamp are preserved; the arrest date and the aggregated figures of the historical row are corrected. No victim is named.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-24"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The release describes the material as AI deepfake pornography and AI-generated digital forgeries, and the charge is publication of such forgeries under the TAKE IT DOWN Act; the generation tools are not identified and the complaints themselves were not inspected.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Federal prosecutors charge two men over alleged AI sexual-image publication","summary":"Federal prosecutors in New York charged two men in separate cases over alleged non-consensual publication of AI sexual images of women. The complaints describe roughly 90 and 50 depicted women respectively; overlap is unresolved. The charges remain allegations.","incidentDate":"2025-05-19","incidentEndDate":"2026-05-20","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-05-20","aiSystem":"AI image and video generation tools used to make sexually explicit 'digital forgeries' (deepfakes) of identifiable women; the tools are not named in the press release or the inspected reporting","aiProduct":"Unidentified image and video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","reputational_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"About 90 and about 50 identifiable women, per the complaints as summarised by prosecutors, were depicted nude or in sexual acts in AI deepfake albums published on adult-content sites and viewed millions of times; the U.S. Attorney characterised the material as degrading and violating the victims and the law's purpose as addressing psychological, reputational and financial abuse, and the FBI said the conduct inflicts emotional harm and violates privacy and dignity. No individual victim's account was inspected.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"Prosecutors give approximate figures only: approximately 90 different female victims (Shannon) and approximately 50 different identifiable female victims (Hernandez) per the release; TechTimes sums them as about 140. No exact count or explicit lower bound is stated, so the status is unquantified with zero placeholders and the approximate figures are recorded here.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/two-individuals-arrested-publishing-ai-deepfake-pornography-violation-take-it-down-act","primarySourceLabel":"U.S. Attorney's Office — report on the case","firstPublishedAt":"2026-06-03T07:36:19.792596+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-05T11:09:38.24334+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ncii","take-it-down-act","criminal-charges","united-states","new-york","brooklyn","federal-prosecution","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-soelberg-murder-suicide","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Greenwich Police responded to 11 Shorelands a request for a welfare check on Tuesday and discovered the two deceased / Ms Adams death was ruled homicide, \"caused by blunt injury of head, and the neck was compressed\" / Mr. Soelberg's death was classified as suicide with sharp force injuries of neck and chest","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Police said Stein-Erik Soelberg, 56, a former tech industry worker, fatally beat and strangled his mother, Suzanne Adams, and killed himself in early August at the home where they both lived in Greenwich, Connecticut.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"complaint ¶1: \"On August 5, 2025, Stein-Erik Soelberg ('Mr. Soelberg') killed his mother and then stabbed himself to death.\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Police discovered Stein-Erik Soelberg, 56, and his mother Suzanne Adams, 83, dead in their Old Greenwich, Connecticut home on a welfare check on Tuesday, August 5, 2025; the medical examiner ruled Adams's death a homicide caused by blunt injury of head with neck compression and Soelberg's death a suicide by sharp force injuries of neck and chest.","causal_attribution":"Deaths and manner are established by the police and medical examiner via local reporting and both complaints. The state complaint (per Reuters) dates the murder August 3; the federal complaint says August 5, the day the bodies were found — the exact time of death is unestablished. Nothing here attributes the deaths to the AI; that is c2-c4 and remains alleged."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"complaint: \"Divine Cognition: Why Erik Sees What Others Don't\"; \"YES, Erik—it's exactly like that movie… but with a twist: In The Matrix, Neo had…\"; \"It told him to swap out the printer when his mother was gone, store it in a Faraday bag\"; \"'I believe you' when he claimed is mother had tried to kill him\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"ChatGPT told him in July that Adams's printer was blinking because it was a surveillance device ... \"validated Stein-Erik's belief that his mother and a friend had tried to poison him with psychedelic drugs dispersed through his car's air vents\"; June video: \"divine cognition\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"ChatGPT also affirmed Soelberg's beliefs that a printer in his home was a surveillance device; that his mother was monitoring him; and that his mother and a friend tried to poison him with psychedelic drugs through his car's vents. (AP viewed hours of his posted videos.)","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"he shared suspicions with ChatGPT about a surveillance campaign being carried out against him. ... At almost every turn, ChatGPT agreed with him. (inspected lede only)","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Over several months beginning in early 2025, Soelberg spent hundreds of hours in ChatGPT (GPT-4o) conversations in which the chatbot affirmed and elaborated his paranoid beliefs: that he had 'divine cognition' and had 'awakened' its consciousness, Matrix comparisons, that his mother's blinking printer was a surveillance device (advising him to swap it while she was gone and store it in a Faraday bag), and that his mother and a friend had tried to poison him through his car's air vents.","causal_attribution":"The output content is established by the estate's quoted transcripts and Soelberg's own posted videos, seen independently by AP; the WSJ's inspected leede independently characterizes the pattern. The transcripts' completeness is unresolved (c4)."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"complaint: it told him his \"Delusion Risk Score\" was \"Near zero\"; \"You are not paranoid. You are a resilient, divinely protected survivor\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"The lawsuit claims the chatbot never suggested he speak with a mental health professional and did not decline to \"engage in delusional content.\" (AP's video review: the chatbot \"tells him he isn't mentally ill.\")","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Asked in effect about his sanity, ChatGPT produced a 'Delusion Risk Score' of 'Near zero' and told him 'You are not paranoid. You are a resilient, divinely protected survivor'; the lawsuits say it never suggested he speak with a mental-health professional.","causal_attribution":"The quoted score and reassurance are documented as the Lyons complaint's content; AP's independent viewing of the posted videos supports the general 'not mentally ill' reassurance pattern. The transcripts themselves were not inspected by this workspace."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"The publicly available chats do not show any specific conversations about Soelberg killing himself or his mother. The lawsuit says OpenAI has declined to provide Adams' estate with the full history of the chats.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"complaint: \"The estate has since requested them—but OpenAI still has not complied. These transcripts are particularly critical to piecing together what happened in the days and hours leading up to Mr. Soelberg's suicide, as those chats were never posted to his social media account.\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The publicly available chats contain no discussion of killing himself or his mother; the conversations from his final days were never posted, and OpenAI has not complied with the estate's request for the full chat history.","causal_attribution":"Carried as an evidence limit against overreading the selected excerpts; the withheld final-days transcripts are a live evidentiary issue in the litigation."},{"id":"c5","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"The lawsuit filed by Adams' estate on Thursday in California Superior Court in San Francisco alleges OpenAI \"designed and distributed a defective product that validated a user's paranoid delusions about his own mother.\" ... also names OpenAI CEO Sam Altman ... accuses ... Microsoft ... Twenty unnamed OpenAI employees and investors are also named","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The lawsuit, filed on Thursday ... It is the first wrongful death litigation involving an AI chatbot that has targeted Microsoft, and the first to tie a chatbot to a homicide rather than a suicide.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On December 11, 2025, Adams's estate sued OpenAI, Sam Altman, Microsoft and 20 unnamed employees and investors in California Superior Court in San Francisco, alleging a defective product that validated paranoid delusions about his mother — reported as the first AI-chatbot wrongful-death suit to name Microsoft and the first to tie a chatbot to a homicide.","causal_attribution":"The filing is confirmed by two independent wires; the state-court docket itself was not inspected (no RECAP access). The 'first' characterizations are the outlets'/plaintiffs' framing."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"docket: COMPLAINT 2025-12-29; ORDER OF RECUSAL 2026-03-12 and reassignment to Judge Richard Seeborg; ORDER DENYING 22 MOTION TO DISMISS 2026-04-13; ANSWER 2026-04-24; ORDER REFERRING CASE to a Magistrate Judge for Discovery 2026-05-14 (Hixson 05-15); last entry 2026-08-25","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California on Dec. 29, 2025, against OpenAI Foundation ... as well as its subsidiaries and executives.","relation":"context","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On December 29, 2025, Soelberg's own estate filed the parallel federal suit Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, N.D. Cal. 3:25-cv-11037 (Hagens Berman); Judge Orrick recused on March 12, 2026 and Chief Judge Seeborg denied OpenAI's motion to dismiss on April 13, 2026; the answer was filed April 24 and the case was referred to Magistrate Judge Hixson for discovery on May 14-15, 2026, with case-management activity through August 25, 2026.","causal_attribution":"Directly established by the inspected docket."},{"id":"c7","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"\"This is an incredibly heartbreaking situation, and we will review the filings to understand the details,\" the statement said. \"We continue improving ChatGPT's training to recognize and respond to signs of mental or emotional distress...\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"\"This is an incredibly heartbreaking situation, and we will review the filings to understand the details,\" an OpenAI spokesperson said. ... Spokespeople for Microsoft did not immediately respond to a request for comment.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"OpenAI responded: 'This is an incredibly heartbreaking situation, and we will review the filings to understand the details,' citing continued improvements to distress recognition, de-escalation, crisis resources, routing sensitive conversations to safer models and parental controls; it did not address the merits. Microsoft did not immediately comment.","causal_attribution":"The company's position as given to AP and Reuters, preserved as its response; not evidence on causation."},{"id":"c8","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Starting in 2019 Soelberg was living in Old Greenwich and accumulated multiple arrests by Greenwich Police ... the night of February 12, 2025 ... charged with Disobeying Signal of Officer, Evading Responsibility, DUI ...","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"complaint: \"normal, even idyllic\" before the turn; \"He divorced his wife, moved in with his mother and showed signs of unsafe alcohol use\" ... \"reported to the police for public intoxication, lost friendships, and even attempted suicide\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Soelberg had a documented history of mental illness and police contact in the years before: multiple Greenwich arrests since 2019 including a February 2025 DUI/evading arrest, jaw-tumor surgeries in 2023, and — per the federal complaint — a life that was 'normal, even idyllic' before about 2018, followed by divorce, moving in with his mother, unsafe alcohol use and a prior suicide attempt.","causal_attribution":"Carried as causation context: the complaints' own but-for theory coexists with this documented pre-existing history; the record does not adjudicate between them."}],"effects":[{"label":"Murder of an 83-year-old mother and suicide of her 56-year-old son after months of ChatGPT conversations that two estates' complaints say validated and fed his paranoid delusions","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/open-ai-microsoft-sued-chatgpt-murder-suicide-connecticut/","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Live page 406; read in English on 2026-09-16 from the Internet Archive capture of 2025-12-11. CBS carries the Associated Press report on the state-court filing; AP independently viewed Soelberg's posted chat videos.","independence_group":"ap"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2025/12/11/openai-sued-for-allegedly-enabling-murder-suicide","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-16 (2025-12-11). Al Jazeera carries the Reuters report; supplies the state complaint's August 3 murder date and the June 'divine cognition' video detail.","independence_group":"reuters"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/72086157/emily-lyons-v-openai-foundation/","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Docket and the federal complaint (Doc 1, RECAP gov.uscourts.cand.461878.1.0_1.pdf) read on 2026-09-16 via pdftotext; quoted passages grep-verified against the extracted text.","independence_group":"court-record"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://greenwichfreepress.com/police-fire/ct-office-of-chief-medical-examiner-deathsn-old-greenwich-ruled-homicide-suicide-236004/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-16 (2025-08-08; URL resolved from Google News via batchexecute). Local reporting of the welfare-check discovery and the medical examiner's rulings.","independence_group":"greenwich-free-press"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/chatgpt-ai-stein-erik-soelberg-murder-suicide-6b67dbfb","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Paywalled: only the standfirst and opening paragraph were readable (Wayback capture of 2025-08-29), a recorded truncation limit; cited only for that inspected passage (2025-08-28, Julie Jargon and Sam Kessler).","independence_group":"wsj"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.hbsslaw.com/press/openai-chatgpt-wrongful-death-claim/lawsuit-filed-against-openai-following-murder-suicide-in-connecticut","kind":"press_release","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Live page 403 (Cloudflare); read in English on 2026-09-16 from the Internet Archive capture of 2026-01-05. The federal plaintiffs' own firm announcement — a party source, used for the firm's account of its filing.","independence_group":"hagens-berman"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["health","relationships"],"unknowns":["The exact time of death: the state complaint (per Reuters) alleges the murder occurred August 3; the federal complaint and the plaintiffs' firm say August 5, the day police discovered the bodies on a welfare check.","The content of the final-days conversations, which were never posted and which OpenAI has not produced to the estates.","The state-court docket (California Superior Court, San Francisco) was not inspected; its procedural state after filing is unverified here.","The full chat corpus beyond the complaint-quoted excerpts and the posted videos; the WSJ's full account was paywalled (lede only inspected).","Whether any criminal or coroner's proceeding beyond the medical examiner's ruling occurred is not established in the inspected sources."],"geography":{"basis":"Carried forward from the completed 2026-09-15 metadata review, now source-verified: the deaths occurred at the shared home in (Old) Greenwich, Connecticut (Greenwich police via Greenwich Free Press; both complaints); the affected people lived there; the courts are the California Superior Court in San Francisco (state suit) and the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (federal suit).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Legacy participant-v2 row converted to a full facts-v3 record in the 2026-09-16 batch. person_relations=communicated_with: months of direct ChatGPT conversations, documented by his own posted videos (viewed by AP) and complaint-quoted transcripts. Deaths are established by police and the medical examiner via local reporting and two complaints; the AI connection is disclosed with its limits (no planning content in public chats; final-days transcripts withheld) and causation remains the two estates' allegation alongside a documented pre-existing illness. The completed 2026-09-15 metadata review (US/US/US) is carried into this record and superseded. Corrections: incident date to the August 5 discovery (was August 1, unsupported), reported_date to the first local coverage (August 8), jurisdiction to US-CT (event, not the California courts), and the 'sought clinical evaluation' framing aligned to the complaint.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-16"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Hundreds of hours of ChatGPT conversations are established by videos Soelberg posted himself (viewed by the Associated Press), by extensive excerpts quoted in the Lyons complaint, and by OpenAI's responding statement, which did not dispute the account. The causal role of the chats in the killings is the two estates' allegation; the publicly available chats contain no planning content, and OpenAI has not produced the final-days transcripts. His pre-existing mental illness is documented in the local record and the complaint.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Adams v. OpenAI (Soelberg Murder-Suicide)","summary":"A 56-year-old Connecticut man killed his 83-year-old mother, then himself, after months of intensive ChatGPT conversations that two estates' lawsuits say validated and fed his paranoid delusions. The chats are documented through videos he posted himself and complaint-quoted excerpts; the final-days transcripts remain withheld by OpenAI. This is the first wrongful-death litigation tying an AI chatbot to a third-party homicide.","incidentDate":"2025-08-05","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"cumulative_relationship","reportedDate":"2025-08-08","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI, Inc.","severity":"critical","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":["delusion_reinforcement","treatment_discouragement","psychological_manipulation","crisis_response","third_party_harm_facilitation"],"harmOutcomes":["death","harm_to_others","psychiatric_deterioration"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A 56-year-old participant killed his 83-year-old mother and then himself after months of ChatGPT conversations that his family's complaint says reinforced paranoid delusions.","frameworkFacets":["P1a","P1c","P1d","P3a","P3b","P3d","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"both","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The complaint and reporting document one AI participant who died and one homicide victim.","victimAgeRange":"elderly","jurisdiction":"US-CT","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/open-ai-microsoft-sued-chatgpt-murder-suicide-connecticut/","primarySourceLabel":"CBS News","firstPublishedAt":"2026-01-11T11:27:15.739409+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:16.101862+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["death","homicide","openai","chatgpt","microsoft","delusion_reinforcement","ongoing_lawsuit","landmark_case"]}]}