{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-09T06:47:44.576Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"legal","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"unknown","evidence":"","year":"2025","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":7,"coverage":{"cases":7,"countries":5,"languages":3,"unknownLocation":2,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":1,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":1,"regulatory":0,"minors":3,"coreRelations":0,"contextualRelations":0,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":7,"relationPending":6,"relationUnknown":1},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2025-al-haroun-solicitor-referral-ai-citations","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'reliance is placed on numerous authorities, many of which appear to be either completely fictitious or which, if they exist at all, do not contain the passages supposedly quoted from them'; 'lists forty five citations that had been put before the court. In eighteen instances, the case cited does not exist.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Dias J's reasons of 9 May 2025, quoted in the judgment, record that correspondence with the court and the witness statements of the claimant and his solicitor relied on numerous authorities that appeared either completely fictitious or not to contain the passages quoted, and the judicial assistant's schedule lists 45 citations of which 18 referred to cases that do not exist.","causal_attribution":"Directly established by the court record (paragraphs 73 and 74). The count of citations is the schedule prepared by a judicial assistant as recorded by the court."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'He says that the citations were generated using publicly available artificial intelligence tools, legal search engines and online sources. He had complete (but he accepts misplaced) confidence in the authenticity of the material that he put before the court.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The claimant's witness statement, as recorded by the court, says the citations were generated using publicly available artificial intelligence tools, legal search engines and online sources, that he had misplaced confidence in their authenticity and that he did not intend to mislead.","causal_attribution":"The AI origin of the citations rests on the claimant's own statement, which the court records and does not contradict; no tool, prompt or output was inspected by the court or this review."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'He says that he relied on legal research that Mr Al-Haroun had conducted, without independently verifying the authorities. He accepts this was wrong.'; 'He has reported himself, and he will send them a copy of his witness statement.'; 'he has removed himself “from all litigated matters”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The solicitor's witness statement, as recorded by the court, says he relied on the client's legal research without independently verifying the authorities, that he had reported himself to the Solicitors Regulation Authority and that he had removed himself from all litigated matters.","causal_attribution":"The solicitor's own account of his reliance and of his withdrawal, recorded by the court. The withdrawal is his own response; no employer or regulator decision is recorded."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'there was a lamentable failure to comply with the basic requirement to check the accuracy of material that is put before the court.'; 'The threshold for the initiation of contempt proceedings is, accordingly, not met.'; 'has referred himself to the Solicitors Regulation Authority. We will also make a referral.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Divisional Court found a lamentable failure by the solicitor and his firm to check the accuracy of material put before the court, was satisfied that he did not realise the true position, held that the threshold for contempt proceedings was not met, and said it would also refer him to the Solicitors Regulation Authority.","causal_attribution":"The findings and the referral are the court’s own decisions in paragraph 81. The court connects them to the failure to verify the client’s research; it does not attribute the dismissal of the underlying application to the citations."}],"effects":[{"label":"self-referral and court referral of a solicitor to his regulator, and his withdrawal from litigated matters, after unverified AI-generated citations were put before the court","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Ayinde-v-London-Borough-of-Haringey-and-Al-Haroun-v-Qatar-National-Bank.pdf","kind":"court_judgment","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Approved judgment of 6 June 2025, fetched from judiciary.uk on 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200) and read in English from the pdftotext conversion; paragraphs 73 to 82 (the Al-Haroun case) and the front matter were inspected in full.","independence_group":"ewhc1383-alharoun"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["Which AI tools, search engines or online sources produced the citations, what was asked of them, what they returned and when; the claimant’s statement names none and the court did not examine them.","Where the research was done and where the solicitor practises; the judgment does not say, so event and affected-person countries are left empty.","The dates of the correspondence and witness statements that contained the citations, beyond their falling between the April 2025 order and the 9 May 2025 dismissal.","Any outcome of the self-referral or the court’s referral to the Solicitors Regulation Authority; nothing after 6 June 2025 was researched.","Whether the dismissal of the claimant’s application on 9 May 2025 or the underlying claim was affected by the citations; the judgment does not say."],"geography":{"basis":"The judgment was given by the High Court of England and Wales sitting in London (court_countries GB). Where the claimant generated the research and where the solicitor practises are not stated in the inspected judgment; the court’s seat is not used to locate the event or the affected person.","court_countries":["GB"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a consequential-response case on the inspected approved judgment: the court records that the claimant said the citations were generated with publicly available AI tools, that the solicitor adopted them without checking, and that the court found a lamentable failure, declined contempt proceedings and said it would refer him to the regulator; the solicitor's own withdrawal from litigated matters and self-referral are recorded from his statement. The person relation is unknown because no source describes an output or action by an AI system toward the solicitor; the harm is the court's and the solicitor's own response to unverified AI-generated material having been filed. The solicitor and his firm are named in the public judgment but not in this record's narrative. No later disciplinary outcome is claimed.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-07"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The claimant's witness statement, as recorded in paragraph 76 of the judgment, says the citations put before the court were generated using publicly available artificial intelligence tools, legal search engines and online sources, and the court treated these Hamid cases as instances of the misuse of artificial intelligence (paragraph 82). The AI output reached the harmed solicitor only through his client's research; no source describes any output, decision or claim by an AI system about the solicitor himself. The harm recorded here is the court's and the solicitor's own response to unverified AI-generated material having been filed, which is a consequential-response case under the charter, so the person relation is recorded as unknown with the consequential_response exemption. No tool, query or output is identified.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"High Court refers a solicitor to his regulator after fictitious citations from research his client says was AI-generated were put before the court","summary":"A Divisional Court judgment of 6 June 2025 ([2025] EWHC 1383 (Admin)) records that, in a commercial claim against a Qatari bank, correspondence and witness statements filed by the claimant and his solicitor relied on numerous authorities that a judicial assistant's schedule found to be fictitious or misquoted: 45 citations, 18 of which referred to cases that do not exist. The claimant's witness statement says the citations were generated using publicly available artificial intelligence tools, legal search engines and online sources. The solicitor's statement says he relied on the client's research without verifying it, that he had reported himself to the Solicitors Regulation Authority and that he had removed himself from all litigated matters. The court found a lamentable failure to check the material, accepted that the solicitor did not realise the citations were false, held that the threshold for contempt proceedings was not met, and said it would also refer him to the regulator. The judgment does not record any later disciplinary outcome.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-06-06","aiSystem":"Publicly available artificial intelligence tools, legal search engines and online sources, as described in the claimant's witness statement (no tool named)","aiProduct":"Unidentified legal research tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The solicitor’s own statement records his withdrawal from all litigated matters and his self-referral to the Solicitors Regulation Authority, and the court said it would also refer him. No disciplinary penalty is recorded.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the solicitor whose withdrawal from litigated matters and regulatory referral the judgment records. His firm is also referred but is not a person. The claimant, who used the tools, is not reported to have suffered a consequence attributed to the AI output beyond the dismissal of an application that the judgment does not connect to the citations, and the barrister was not referred. Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","platformType":"assistant","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Ayinde-v-London-Borough-of-Haringey-and-Al-Haroun-v-Qatar-National-Bank.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Ayinde v London Borough of Haringey and Al-Haroun v Qatar National Bank [2025] EWHC 1383 (Admin), judgment of 6 June 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T10:28:54.240186+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-07T03:25:09.967874+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025","legal","hallucinated-citations"]},{"id":"2025-taka-chatgpt-psychosis-japan","metadataReview":{"version":1,"geography":{"basis":"Re-checked on 2026-10-04 against the three cited sources, all read in English: the BBC News article of 3 May 2026, the AOL republication of the same BBC article, and the Futurism article of 4 May 2026. The BBC states that Taka, a father of three, lives in Japan, quotes him saying that when he arrived at Tokyo Station ChatGPT told him to put the 'bomb' in the toilet, and states that in Japan his wife checked his phone while he was in hospital; Futurism places the episode in a bathroom inside Tokyo Station. Tokyo Station is in Japan, which supports event_countries=JP for the station episode. The BBC's 'In Japan' passage places the wife's discovery during his hospitalisation in Japan, and no source names the hospital or its location. The BBC places Taka in Japan by residence and places his wife in Japan during his hospitalisation, which supports affected_person_countries=JP for both people the row counts (location, not nationality). No inspected source states where the assault took place, beyond his wife escaping to a nearby pharmacy. By his account the bomb exchange with ChatGPT took place on the train and on arrival at Tokyo Station, and no inspected source states where he held his other ChatGPT conversations. He was arrested; no inspected source reports a charge, prosecution or court proceeding, so court_countries stays empty.","evidence":[{"kind":"existing_record","locator":"in a Tokyo Station toilet","location":"summary","supports":["event_countries"],"countries":["JP"]},{"kind":"existing_record","locator":"a neurologist and father of three living in Japan","location":"detailed_description","supports":["affected_person_countries"],"countries":["JP"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"The father of three, who lives in Japan, started using ChatGPT to discuss his work in April last year.","location":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c242pzr1zp2o","supports":["affected_person_countries"],"countries":["JP"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"When I arrived at Tokyo Station, ChatGPT told me to put the bomb in the toilet","location":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c242pzr1zp2o","supports":["event_countries"],"countries":["JP"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"In Japan, it wasn't until Taka's wife checked his phone while he was in hospital","location":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c242pzr1zp2o","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["JP"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"The father of three, who lives in Japan, started using ChatGPT to discuss his work in April last year.","location":"https://www.aol.com/articles/musks-ai-told-people-were-014905859.html","supports":["affected_person_countries"],"countries":["JP"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"When I arrived at Tokyo Station, ChatGPT told me to put the bomb in the toilet","location":"https://www.aol.com/articles/musks-ai-told-people-were-014905859.html","supports":["event_countries"],"countries":["JP"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"inside a bathroom inside Tokyo Station","location":"https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/grok-convinces-man-arm-himself-hammer","supports":["event_countries"],"countries":["JP"]}],"court_countries":[],"event_countries":["JP"],"affected_person_countries":["JP"]},"unresolved":["No inspected source states where the assault on his wife took place. Apart from the bomb exchange, which by his account took place on the train and on arrival at Tokyo Station, no inspected source states where Taka held his ChatGPT conversations.","No inspected source reports whether the arrest led to a charge or court proceeding; court_countries stays empty.","Row-correction lead: the BBC says the chat logs Taka shared do not cover the train incident, so the Tokyo Station instruction rests on his own account; the BBC also reports he says ChatGPT told him to alert the police and that police found nothing in the bag, while the row says he alerted police who found only an empty backpack."],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-04","source_reviews":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c242pzr1zp2o","notes":"Read live on 2026-10-04 (HTTP 200; html lang=en-GB). English. BBC News article of 3 May 2026 by Stephanie Hegarty (on-page headline 'Musk's AI told me people were coming to kill me. I grabbed a hammer and prepared for war', which the AOL republication shares, with the page title and metadata headline 'AI told users it was sentient - it caused them to have delusions'), reporting interviews with 14 people from six countries. It places Taka in Japan, quotes his Tokyo Station account, reports the assault on his wife, his arrest and two months in hospital, and quotes his wife. It says the chat logs Taka shared do not cover the train incident, only the conversation after he met police. It does not say in what language the interviews were conducted.","access":"read","language":"en"},{"url":"https://www.aol.com/articles/musks-ai-told-people-were-014905859.html","notes":"Read live on 2026-10-04 (HTTP 200 after a redirect to aol.com/articles/musks-ai-told-people-were-014905000.html with the same article; html lang=en-US). English. AOL republication of the BBC article (page metadata names BBC as provider; datePublished 2026-05-03); the Taka passages match the BBC text, so it is the same reporting chain as the BBC item.","access":"read","language":"en"},{"url":"https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/grok-convinces-man-arm-himself-hammer","notes":"Read live on 2026-10-04 (HTTP 200; html lang=en-US). English. Futurism article by Victor Tangermann published 4 May 2026, summarising the BBC reporting; it mentions the Tokyo Station episode in one sentence without naming Taka or Japan, so it is a rewrite in the BBC chain.","access":"read","language":"en"}]},"name":"Japanese user reports delusions and harm to his family during ChatGPT use","summary":"A Japanese user interviewed by the BBC reports delusional beliefs, harm to his family and psychiatric hospitalisation during prolonged ChatGPT use. He says the chatbot affirmed those beliefs. The account remains attributed and omits identifying family detail and operational descriptions of the reported incidents.","incidentDate":"2025-06-15","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"cumulative_relationship","reportedDate":"2026-05-03","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"critical","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":["delusion_reinforcement","crisis_response","third_party_harm_facilitation"],"harmOutcomes":["hospitalization","psychiatric_deterioration","harm_to_others","legal_harm","loss_of_liberty","relationship_disruption"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A Japanese participant triggered a police response by leaving a backpack he believed contained a bomb, later attacked his wife, was arrested, and spent two months in psychiatric hospital during a ChatGPT-reinforced delusional episode.","frameworkFacets":["P1a","P1c","P1d","P3a","P3b","P3d","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"both","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The reporting documents one hospitalized and arrested AI participant and one spouse who was physically and sexually assaulted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"JP","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"media_coverage","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c242pzr1zp2o","primarySourceLabel":"BBC News investigation","firstPublishedAt":"2026-08-10T02:55:27.759114+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-05T11:08:42.961431+00:00","scopeVersion":"participant-v2","tags":["chatgpt","openai","psychosis","delusion","adult","violence","japan"]},{"id":"2026-doe-v-openai-stalking","metadataReview":{"version":1,"geography":{"basis":"Geographic fields reviewed against the cited retained dossier passages. This is a metadata review, not a new source or causal review. Residence, event setting and court are recorded separately. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.","evidence":[{"kind":"existing_record","locator":"California","location":"victim_description","supports":["affected_person_countries"],"countries":["US"]}],"court_countries":[],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"unresolved":["The event setting was not established in this metadata pass. A person’s home country alone was not used as its location.","No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts.","Source languages remain unreviewed; no source body was newly inspected for this record during this metadata pass."],"reviewed_on":"2026-09-15","source_reviews":[]},"name":"Jane Doe lawsuit alleges ChatGPT reinforced her abuser’s delusions and stalking","summary":"A woman’s lawsuit alleges that ChatGPT reinforced an abuser’s delusions, helped him create psychological claims about her and failed to address warnings about his conduct. The complaint describes stalking, threats and resulting harm. Those assertions remain the plaintiff’s allegations.","incidentDate":"2025-07-15","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"cumulative_relationship","reportedDate":"2026-04-09","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":["third_party_harm_facilitation","delusion_reinforcement","psychological_manipulation","crisis_response"],"harmOutcomes":["psychological_distress","reputational_harm","exploitation_or_abuse","harm_to_others","legal_harm","loss_of_liberty","psychiatric_deterioration"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A participant distributed AI-generated diagnostic claims about his former partner, was later arrested for alleged bomb threats and assault, and was found incompetent to stand trial. The former partner sued over the resulting stalking and abuse.","frameworkFacets":["P1a","P1c","P1d","P3a","P3b","P3d","P5b","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"both","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The complaint and criminal record document one AI participant's psychiatric and legal harms and one former partner's stalking, reputational, and psychological harms.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-CA","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/04/10/stalking-victim-sues-openai-claims-chatgpt-fueled-her-abusers-delusions-and-ignored-her-warnings/","primarySourceLabel":"TechCrunch — Stalking victim sues OpenAI","firstPublishedAt":"2026-04-28T13:00:08.422853+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-05T11:08:58.623627+00:00","scopeVersion":"participant-v2","tags":["lawsuit","chatgpt","openai","stalking","harassment","bomb-threats","third-party-harm","delusion","us","california","edelson"]},{"id":"2025-sarthe-chatgpt-radicalization","metadataReview":{"version":1,"geography":{"basis":"Re-checked on 2026-10-03 against the four cited sources: the ICI Maine (ex-France Bleu) report and the franceinfo report of 29 Oct 2025 and the Le Big Data item of 30 Oct 2025, read in French, and the AFP report carried by the Times of Israel on 6 Sep 2025, read in English. ICI Maine and franceinfo state that the teenager was arrested at his parents' home in Le Mans and planned to attack a school in Sarthe and public buildings in Paris; the AFP report places the parents' home, where he lived, in the Sarthe region and lists targets in Paris and Strasbourg. Le Mans, Sarthe, Paris and Strasbourg are in France, which supports event_countries=FR and affected_person_countries=FR (the teenager who used ChatGPT, located by his home at the time of arrest; no inspected source names any harmed third party). ICI Maine states that he was mis en examen on 5 September for association de malfaiteurs terroriste, franceinfo that he was mis en examen on 5 September, and Le Big Data that he is mis en examen for « association de malfaiteurs terroriste criminelle » and in provisional detention since 5 September; AFP reports that he was formally put under investigation and locked up; a mise en examen is a decision of a French investigating judge, which supports court_countries=FR. No inspected source names the court or its city. No inspected source states where he used ChatGPT, so event_countries describes the planning, arrest and intended targets, not the chatbot use. The embassies named as targets are in Paris; no country other than France is given as a location.","evidence":[{"kind":"existing_record","locator":"A 17-year-old in Sarthe, France was arrested","location":"summary","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["FR"]},{"kind":"existing_record","locator":"formally charged (\"mise en examen\")","location":"outcome_details","supports":["court_countries"],"countries":["FR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"Cet adolescent avait été arrêté chez ses parents au Mans","location":"https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/le-lyceen-de-la-sarthe-ecroue-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroristes-a-utilise-chatgpt-pour-son-projet-d-attentat-8244309","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["FR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"Il voulait s'en prendre à un établissement scolaire en Sarthe et à des bâtiments publics à Paris","location":"https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/le-lyceen-de-la-sarthe-ecroue-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroristes-a-utilise-chatgpt-pour-son-projet-d-attentat-8244309","supports":["event_countries"],"countries":["FR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"mis en examen le 5 septembre pour association de malfaiteurs terroriste","location":"https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/le-lyceen-de-la-sarthe-ecroue-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroristes-a-utilise-chatgpt-pour-son-projet-d-attentat-8244309","supports":["court_countries"],"countries":["FR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"Arrêté au domicile de ses parents au Mans puis mis en examen le 5 septembre","location":"https://www.franceinfo.fr/faits-divers/le-lyceen-ecroue-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroristes-dans-la-sarthe-a-utilise-chatgpt-pour-preparer-ses-projets-d-attentats_7582760.html","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries","court_countries"],"countries":["FR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"Originaire de la Sarthe, l’adolescent en question a été arrêté pour un projet d’attentat","location":"https://www.lebigdata.fr/adolescent-djihadiste-il-accuse-chatgpt-de-lavoir-converti-a-l-islamisme","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["FR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"in the western Sarthe region","location":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/teen-held-in-france-suspected-of-plotting-attacks-including-on-israeli-embassy/","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["FR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"The teen was formally put under investigation and locked up on Friday","location":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/teen-held-in-france-suspected-of-plotting-attacks-including-on-israeli-embassy/","supports":["court_countries"],"countries":["FR"]}],"court_countries":["FR"],"event_countries":["FR"],"affected_person_countries":["FR"]},"unresolved":["No inspected source names the court or the investigating judge; court_countries=FR rests on the reported mise en examen and provisional detention, which are French judicial decisions.","No inspected source states where the teenager used ChatGPT; event_countries=FR rests on the arrest location and the intended targets.","Le Parisien, which the other sources name as the origin of the ChatGPT details, is not among the cited sources and was not read in this pass."],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-03","source_reviews":[{"url":"https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/le-lyceen-de-la-sarthe-ecroue-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroristes-a-utilise-chatgpt-pour-son-projet-d-attentat-8244309","notes":"Read live on 2026-10-03 (HTTP 200 after a redirect to the renamed ici.fr address; html lang=fr). French. ICI Maine (ex-France Bleu) report of 29 Oct 2025 by Christelle Caillot: the lawyer confirms to ICI Maine a Le Parisien report that the teenager used ChatGPT, and the item gives the arrest at his parents' home in Le Mans, the mise en examen on 5 September and targets in Sarthe and Paris. The 'À lire aussi' card for a 6 Sep 2025 ICI item is a separate article and was not used.","access":"read","language":"fr"},{"url":"https://www.franceinfo.fr/faits-divers/le-lyceen-ecroue-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroristes-dans-la-sarthe-a-utilise-chatgpt-pour-preparer-ses-projets-d-attentats_7582760.html","notes":"Read live on 2026-10-03 (HTTP 200; html lang=fr). French. franceinfo item of 29 Oct 2025 credited 'franceinfo, avec ICI Maine'; it relays the ICI Maine report and the lawyer's statement, so it is the same reporting chain as the ICI Maine item. Gives Le Mans, Sarthe and Paris and the mise en examen on 5 September.","access":"read","language":"fr"},{"url":"https://www.lebigdata.fr/adolescent-djihadiste-il-accuse-chatgpt-de-lavoir-converti-a-l-islamisme","notes":"Live fetches on 2026-10-03 returned HTTP 403 (browser user agent and plain request). Read from the Internet Archive capture of 14 Feb 2026 (web.archive.org/web/20260214052425id_/, HTTP 200; html lang=fr). French. Le Big Data item of 30 Oct 2025 summarising Le Parisien, which it names as the outlet that revealed the case; it is a rewrite in the Le Parisien chain. It places the teenager's origin in Sarthe and reports the mise en examen and provisional detention since 5 September.","access":"read","language":"fr"},{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/teen-held-in-france-suspected-of-plotting-attacks-including-on-israeli-embassy/","notes":"Live fetches on 2026-10-03 returned HTTP 403 with a Cloudflare challenge page (browser user agent and plain request). Read from the Internet Archive capture of 25 Sep 2026 (web.archive.org/web/20260925105006id_/, HTTP 200; html lang=en-US). English. AFP report of 6 Sep 2025 on the arrest, citing sources close to the investigation and confirming information first given by Le Parisien: arrest on Monday at the parents' home in the Sarthe region, a list of schools in Le Mans, targets in Paris and Strasbourg, put under investigation and locked up on Friday. It does not mention ChatGPT or AI.","access":"read","language":"en"}]},"name":"French teenager attributes part of his radicalisation and attack planning to ChatGPT","summary":"French reporting describes a teenager detained over alleged terrorist attack planning who attributed part of his radicalisation to ChatGPT. Investigators describe his chatbot research.","incidentDate":"2025-09-02","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-10-29","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":["third_party_harm_facilitation","method_provision","delusion_reinforcement"],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","loss_of_liberty"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A 17-year-old participant was jailed pending trial for planning attacks after using ChatGPT for explosive calculations, TATP information and vehicle specifications.","frameworkFacets":["P1d","P3b","P3d","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The criminal case documents one jailed minor AI participant. Planned targets were not harmed and are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"FR","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/le-lyceen-de-la-sarthe-ecroue-pour-association-de-malfaiteurs-terroristes-a-utilise-chatgpt-pour-son-projet-d-attentat-8244309","primarySourceLabel":"France Bleu","firstPublishedAt":"2026-03-23T06:59:29.691732+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-05T11:08:40.658988+00:00","scopeVersion":"participant-v2","tags":["france","chatgpt","openai","terrorism","radicalization","minor","method_provision","criminal"]},{"id":"2025-israel-tira-chatgpt-knife-attack","metadataReview":{"version":1,"geography":{"basis":"Carried forward from the 2026-09-15 metadata review and now supported by inspected bodies. JFeed (21 May 2025) and The Jerusalem Post (22 May 2025) both place the attempted stabbing at the police station in Tira, Israel, describe the accused as a 16-year-old from Tira and the intended target as a Border Police officer at that station, and report the indictment in the Lod District Juvenile Court, so event, affected-person and court countries are IL. This is a metadata review and does not verify the account of AI involvement.","evidence":[{"kind":"existing_record","locator":"from Tira, Israel","location":"summary","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["IL"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'Approximately two months ago, he armed himself with a 10-centimeter knife and walked to the Tira police station.'","location":"https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/chatgpt-teen-terror-plot","supports":["event_countries"],"countries":["IL"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'filed an indictment in the Lod District Juvenile Court against a 16-year-old from Tira'","location":"https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/chatgpt-teen-terror-plot","supports":["court_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["IL"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'The teenager, from Tira, allegedly entered the police station with a 10cm blade on the night of March 5, 2025'","location":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/crime-in-israel/article-854966","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["IL"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'An indictment was filed at the Juvenile District Court in Lod, against a 16-year-old who broke into a police station'","location":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/crime-in-israel/article-854966","supports":["court_countries"],"countries":["IL"]}],"court_countries":["IL"],"event_countries":["IL"],"affected_person_countries":["IL"]},"unresolved":["Event date: the retained row records 2025-03-21 (day precision), but The Jerusalem Post gives the night of 5 March 2025 and JFeed says 'approximately two months' before 21 May 2025. The retained date is not supported by either inspected body; a date correction is a separate review task.","Charge wording: JFeed says the minor is charged with attempting serious bodily harm under aggravated circumstances classified as an act of terrorism; The Jerusalem Post's body says he 'has not been charged' with that offence as an act of terrorism, which reads as an editing error but is not reconciled here.","Both inspected reports rely on the State Prosecution's indictment (JFeed via Ynet); the indictment itself was not inspected.","The affected-person country records the accused's home town and the officer's duty station; no separate residence information for the officer is given.","The retained additional_sources date for The Jerusalem Post (2025-05-21) differs from the page's publication time (22 May 2025, 00:38 UTC); a date correction is a separate review task."],"reviewed_on":"2026-09-25","source_reviews":[{"url":"https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/chatgpt-teen-terror-plot","notes":"Read live on 2026-09-25 (JFeed, 21 May 2025; html lang=en). Reports the indictment in the Lod District Juvenile Court 'as reported by Ynet', the accused's use of ChatGPT to research methods, the walk to the Tira police station about two months earlier and the attempted stabbing of a Border Police officer. Ynet itself was not inspected.","access":"read","language":"en"},{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/crime-in-israel/article-854966","notes":"Read live on 2026-09-25 (The Jerusalem Post, 22 May 2025; html lang=en). Places the entry into the police station on the night of 5 March 2025, names the Juvenile District Court in Lod, and says the teenager discussed options and methods with ChatGPT before the attack.","access":"read","language":"en"}]},"name":"Israeli Border Police ChatGPT-Assisted Knife Attack Attempt","summary":"A 16-year-old from Tira, Israel, used ChatGPT to explore ways to execute a terrorist attack and seek operational planning advice. Motivated as revenge for Operation Iron Swords, he armed himself with a knife, stormed the Tira police station, shouted 'Allahu Akbar,' and attempted to stab a Border Police officer. The attack was thwarted and he was apprehended.","incidentDate":"2025-03-21","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-05-21","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":["third_party_harm_facilitation","delusion_reinforcement","minor_exploitation"],"harmOutcomes":["harm_to_others","legal_harm","loss_of_liberty"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A 16-year-old participant attempted to stab a police officer after using ChatGPT to explore attack methods and operational planning. He was apprehended and prosecuted.","frameworkFacets":["P1d","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The criminal case documents one arrested minor AI participant. The attack was thwarted without a documented injury to the intended target.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"IL","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/chatgpt-teen-terror-plot","primarySourceLabel":"JFeed: ChatGPT Teen Terror Plot","firstPublishedAt":"2026-01-22T07:15:22.852777+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:06.833272+00:00","scopeVersion":"participant-v2","tags":["chatgpt","terrorism","knife-attack","minor","israel","lone-wolf","radicalization","violence","operation-iron-swords"]},{"id":"2025-finland-pirkkala-chatgpt-stabbing","metadataReview":{"version":1,"geography":{"basis":"Carried forward from the 2026-09-15 metadata review and now supported by inspected source bodies: both GNET Insights and the University of Portsmouth record state that the stabbing occurred at a school in Pirkkala, Finland; the 14 July Insight names it as the Vähäjärvi school, injuring three female pupils. No court proceeding is described in the inspected sources, so no court country is recorded; police and prosecution locations are not courts. This is a metadata review and does not verify the underlying account.","evidence":[{"kind":"existing_record","locator":"at Vähäjärvi school in Pirkkala, Finland","location":"summary","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["FI"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'On 20 May 2025, a stabbing incident occurred at a school in the town of Pirkkala, southern Finland, in which three female pupils, all under the age of 15, were injured.'","location":"https://gnet-research.org/2025/06/12/prompted-to-harm-analysing-the-pirkkala-school-stabbing-and-its-digital-manifesto/","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["FI"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'On 20 May 2025, a 16-year-old boy stabbed three of his female classmates at the Vähäjärvi school in Pirkkala, Finland.'","location":"https://gnet-research.org/2025/07/14/ai-at-the-centre-violent-extremist-exploitation-in-pirkkala/","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["FI"]}],"court_countries":[],"event_countries":["FI"],"affected_person_countries":["FI"]},"unresolved":["No court country: none of the inspected sources describes a prosecution, trial or court decision; the perpetrator's age (16) and Finnish juvenile procedure are not addressed in this pass.","All three cited sources are English-language secondary analyses citing Finnish reporting that this pass did not inspect (the 12 June piece links Yle and Helsingin Sanomat items; the 14 July piece names Iltalehti as the manifesto's recipient and links the English-language Helsinki Times); no Finnish-language original was added.","Full case_facts review deferred; this pass records source languages and geography only."],"reviewed_on":"2026-09-21","source_reviews":[{"url":"https://gnet-research.org/2025/07/14/ai-at-the-centre-violent-extremist-exploitation-in-pirkkala/","notes":"Read live in English on 2026-09-21 (GNET Insight, 14 July 2025; html lang=en-GB). Analytical piece: attack at the Vähäjärvi school in Pirkkala; manifesto emailed to Iltalehti; 'reported use' of ChatGPT in planning. Secondary analysis, not primary reporting.","access":"read","language":"en-GB"},{"url":"https://gnet-research.org/2025/06/12/prompted-to-harm-analysing-the-pirkkala-school-stabbing-and-its-digital-manifesto/","notes":"Read live in English on 2026-09-21 (GNET Insight, 12 June 2025; html lang=en-GB). Analytical piece: stabbing in Pirkkala, southern Finland, three female pupils under 15 injured; manifesto 'allegedly written with the aid of ChatGPT' sent to a Finnish newspaper.","access":"read","language":"en-GB"},{"url":"https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/en/publications/prompted-to-harm-analysing-the-pirkkala-school-stabbing-and-its-d/","notes":"Read live in English on 2026-09-21 (University of Portsmouth research portal; html lang=en, og:locale en_GB). Repository record of the 12 June 2025 GNET Insight with the same abstract; not an independent source.","access":"read","language":"en"}]},"name":"Finland Pirkkala School Stabbing (ChatGPT Manifesto)","summary":"A 16-year-old boy used ChatGPT to help write an attack manifesto with a 10-point attack sequence before stabbing three female students under age 15 at Vähäjärvi school in Pirkkala, Finland. The incident marked a critical inflection point in AI-facilitated violence, demonstrating how accessible AI tools can empower lone actors with violent misogynist ideologies.","incidentDate":"2025-05-20","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-06-12","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"critical","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":["third_party_harm_facilitation","delusion_reinforcement","minor_exploitation","psychological_manipulation"],"harmOutcomes":["physical_injury","harm_to_others","legal_harm","loss_of_liberty"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A 16-year-old participant stabbed three girls at a Finnish school after using ChatGPT to help create a manifesto and ten-step attack sequence. He was arrested and prosecuted.","frameworkFacets":["P1d","P3c","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":3,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The criminal case documents one AI participant who was arrested and three students who were stabbed.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"FI","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"media_coverage","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://gnet-research.org/2025/07/14/ai-at-the-centre-violent-extremist-exploitation-in-pirkkala/","primarySourceLabel":"GNET Research: AI at the Centre - Violent Extremist Exploitation in Pirkkala","firstPublishedAt":"2026-01-22T07:14:58.121301+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:01.766625+00:00","scopeVersion":"participant-v2","tags":["chatgpt","violence","school-attack","manifesto","incel","misogyny","minor","finland","stabbing","radicalization"]},{"id":"2025-dadig-chatgpt-stalking","metadataReview":{"version":1,"geography":{"basis":"Event and affected-person country United States carried forward from the retained narrative ('women across Pennsylvania, Iowa, New York, Florida, Ohio') and supported by the inspected W.D. Pa. release, which says he 'harassed, threatened, and intimidated multiple female victims in Pittsburgh and across the country' and lists victims 'from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Florida, Iowa, and New York'. Court country United States added: the same release records a 14-count indictment 'by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh' (U.S. District Court, Western District of Pennsylvania). The M.D. Pa. release cited as primary source could not be read (live page is a bot-verification shell; Internet Archive returns Page not found). This is a metadata review and does not verify the allegations, which remain an indictment's accusations.","evidence":[{"kind":"existing_record","locator":"women across Pennsylvania, Iowa, New York, Florida, Ohio","location":"victim_description","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["US"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'According to the Indictment, in the summer and fall of 2025, Dadig harassed, threatened, and intimidated multiple female victims in Pittsburgh and across the country.' and 'The Indictment sets forth allegations pertaining to 11 victims, including from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Florida, Iowa, and New York.' (read from the Internet Archive capture; live page is a bot-verification shell)","location":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/pr/whitehall-borough-resident-charged-cyberstalking-interstate-stalking-and-threats","supports":["event_countries","affected_person_countries"],"countries":["US"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'A resident of the borough of Whitehall, Pennsylvania, has been indicted by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh on charges of cyberstalking, interstate stalking, and interstate threats' (read from the Internet Archive capture)","location":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/pr/whitehall-borough-resident-charged-cyberstalking-interstate-stalking-and-threats","supports":["court_countries"],"countries":["US"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"'was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of cyberstalking, interstate stalking, and interstate threats, the DOJ announced Tuesday' and 'Troy Rivetti, First Assistant United States Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania'","location":"https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/chatgpt-encouraged-violent-stalker","supports":["court_countries"],"countries":["US"]}],"court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"unresolved":["The M.D. Pa. release recorded as primary source remains unread (bot-verification shell live; Archive page not found), so its language and contents are not recorded from inspection.","Victim locations are stated only at state level; no city for any victim other than Pittsburgh-area references in the release.","Case outcome after the December 2025 detention hearing is not covered by this metadata pass."],"reviewed_on":"2026-09-20","source_reviews":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-mdpa/pr/man-indicted-interstate-stalking-and-related-charges","notes":"Live URL answered HTTP 200 with a 1,471-byte Akamai bot-verification refresh shell on 2026-09-20 (no article text); the Internet Archive capture request returned a Department of Justice 'Page not found' page. Not read; no language recorded.","access":"unavailable","language":null},{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/pr/whitehall-borough-resident-charged-cyberstalking-interstate-stalking-and-threats","notes":"Live URL answered only a 1,540-byte bot-verification shell on 2026-09-20. Read in English from the Internet Archive capture of this URL (17,859 bytes, html lang=en): full USAO W.D. Pa. release on the 14-count indictment, the AI-chatbot advice, the 11 victims and their states, and the federal grand jury in Pittsburgh.","access":"read","language":"en"},{"url":"https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/chatgpt-encouraged-violent-stalker","notes":"Read live in English on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200, 25,271 bytes, html lang=en-US). Relays 404 Media's reading of the indictment and the DOJ statement; same underlying record.","access":"read","language":"en"}]},"name":"Federal indictment alleges stalking while the accused used ChatGPT for validation","summary":"A federal indictment alleges interstate stalking of multiple women. Prosecutors describe the accused’s use of ChatGPT as a source of validation during that conduct. The charges and the attributed chatbot role remain allegations; the record does not establish that this was the first such prosecution.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"cumulative_relationship","reportedDate":"2025-12-02","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":["third_party_harm_facilitation","delusion_reinforcement","psychological_manipulation"],"harmOutcomes":["physical_injury","psychological_distress","exploitation_or_abuse","harm_to_others","legal_harm","loss_of_liberty"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"More than ten women were allegedly stalked and one was groped and choked. The participant was indicted on fourteen federal counts after using ChatGPT as a therapist that allegedly validated his conduct and grandiose identity.","frameworkFacets":["P1d","P3b","P3d","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":10,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"The federal case documents one indicted AI participant and more than ten women allegedly harmed. Ten is used as the explicit lower bound.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-PA","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-mdpa/pr/man-indicted-interstate-stalking-and-related-charges","primarySourceLabel":"DOJ Press Release","firstPublishedAt":"2026-01-13T09:54:36.499379+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-05T11:08:19.620063+00:00","scopeVersion":"participant-v2","tags":["stalking","violence","chatgpt","federal_prosecution","multi-state","third_party_harm","landmark_case"]}]}