{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-11-07T02:12:44.568Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"justice","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"2023","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":19,"coverage":{"cases":19,"countries":11,"languages":7,"unknownLocation":4,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":7,"regulatory":5,"minors":6,"coreRelations":12,"contextualRelations":7,"mixedRelations":2,"unknownRelations":2,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":2},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2023-netherlands-driver-says-police-ai-phone-camera-flagged-him-for-holding-phone-while-scratching-head-380-euro-fine","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"De slimme camera’s van de politie zijn uitgerust met kunstmatige intelligentie.; De foto van de overtreding moet ook nog door een agent worden gecontroleerd.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Dat is een mobiele flitscamera van de politie die met kunstmatige intelligentie registreert of iemand aan het bellen is.; Bij flitsfoto's gemaakt met een MONOcam moet een agent altijd nog zelf de foto beoordelen op overtredingen.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"In de video wordt uitgelegd dat een algoritme bepaalt of iemand een mobiel apparaat vasthoudt tijdens het rijden. Vervolgens moet een politiemedewerker beoordelen of er daadwerkelijk een overtreding is begaan.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Dutch police use mobile smart cameras with artificial intelligence that judge from a photo whether a driver is holding a mobile phone, after which a police officer reviews the photo before a fine is issued.","causal_attribution":"Description of the system by two outlets and by the driver from a police video; no police statement on this case."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Volgens de officiële beschikking had ik halverwege oktober als bestuurder tijdens het rijden een mobiel elektrisch apparaat vastgehouden.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"kreeg meteen een boete van 380 euro. Plus nog 9 euro administratiekosten.; vroeg hij de foto van de overtreding op de snelweg A2 bij Weert op.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Maar de politie oordeelde dat hij zat te bellen. Kosten: 380 euro en 9 euro voor de administratie.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The driver received a fine of 380 euros plus 9 euros in administration costs for holding a mobile device while driving, for a photo taken on the A2 motorway near Weert in October 2023.","causal_attribution":"The driver's account of the fine notice, repeated by both outlets from interviews with him; the notice itself was not inspected."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Op de foto is te zien dat ik mijn hand bij mijn gezicht heb, maar ik heb niks vast in mijn hand.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Ik heb een auto met de mogelijkheid om er handsfree te bellen. Ook ben ik linkshandig, maar ik krab daar met mijn rechterhand aan mijn hoofd.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Op de flitsfoto was te zien dat hij tijdens het rijden over de A2 bij Weert aan zijn hoofd zat.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The driver says the flash photo shows his empty hand near his face because he was scratching his head, that his car allows hands-free calling and that he is left-handed.","causal_attribution":"The driver's own account of the photo; RTL describes the photo it published."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"wordt uitgelegd hoe de Monocam, de camera die mij geflitst heeft, gebruikt wordt.; In mijn geval heeft het algoritme dus gezegd dat ik een mobiel apparaat vasthoud tijdens het rijden én de medewerker van de politie heeft dat geaccepteerd.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"is waarschijnlijk gemaakt door een MONOcam.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Deze AI-camera had zich dus vergist.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The driver says the camera was a MONOcam whose algorithm judged that he was holding a mobile device and that the reviewing police employee accepted that judgement; RTL Nieuws reported that the photo was probably taken by a MONOcam, and Omroep Brabant described the fine as the AI camera's mistake.","causal_attribution":"The driver's inference from a police video and the photo; RTL hedges the camera model; no police confirmation."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Die agent was waarschijnlijk bevooroordeeld, omdat het algoritme zei dat ik aan het bellen was.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Als je heel snel naar de foto kijkt, kun je denken: ‘Die zal wel zitten te bellen’. Er is een donkere schaduw in mijn hand te zien.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The driver said the reviewing officer was probably biased because the algorithm said he was phoning, and that on a quick look a dark shadow in his hand could suggest a phone.","causal_attribution":"The driver's own interpretation."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Uiteraard ben ik in bezwaar gegaan, maar daar heb ik nog geen uitslag van.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Ik heb bezwaar gemaakt. Ik ben in afwachting daarvan.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"heeft bezwaar tegen de boete aangetekend, maar dat is nog niet in behandeling genomen door het Openbaar Ministerie (OM).; Het CJIB laat weten dat zij over individuele gevallen geen uitspraken kunnen doen,; laat doorschemeren dat de kans klein is dat de man de boete ook echt moet betalen.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The driver lodged an objection, which had not yet been handled by the Public Prosecution Service when the reports appeared in February 2024; a CJIB spokesperson declined to comment on individual cases but suggested the chance he would really have to pay was small.","causal_attribution":"The driver's statements and RTL's report of the CJIB spokesperson."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"De camera’s zijn super waardevol.; Je moet alleen twijfelgevallen niet bekeuren.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The driver told Omroep Brabant that he still considers the smart cameras very valuable, provided that doubtful cases are not fined.","causal_attribution":"The driver's own qualification, kept as context."}],"effects":[{"label":"driver fined 380 euros plus costs after an AI phone-detection flag on a photo showing his empty hand","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://nippur.nl/tim-versus-politie-algoritme/","kind":"first_person_account","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-11-01; passages translated into English by the research agent (an AI). Read from an Internet Archive capture of 2 May 2025 because the site did not respond.","independence_group":"driver-blog-2024-02"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/4423832/tim-geflitst-door-slimme-camera-380-euro-voor-krabben-aan-oor","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-11-01; passages translated into English by the research agent (an AI). The article interviews the driver.","independence_group":"omroep-brabant-2024-02-20"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/sport/artikel/5436204/tim-krijgt-boete-van-380-euro-voor-krabben-aan-zijn-hoofd","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-11-01; passages translated into English by the research agent (an AI). Read from an Internet Archive capture of 17 April 2025 because the site returned HTTP 403; the article interviews the driver and quotes CJIB and OM spokespeople.","independence_group":"rtl-nieuws-2024-02-21"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["public_services","justice"],"unknowns":["Whether the objection succeeded or the fine was paid; no decision has been reported since February 2024.","Whether the camera was in fact a MONOcam; the police have not confirmed the device, and RTL says only that it was probably one.","The exact date of the photo: the driver's blog says mid-October 2023 and RTL says the end of October."],"geography":{"basis":"The photo was taken on the A2 motorway near Weert in the Netherlands, according to the driver and both outlets; RTL Nieuws describes him as a man from a Dutch town, and the fine was issued through the Dutch CJIB.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["NL"],"affected_person_countries":["NL"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a police AI phone-detection camera flagging a driver whose photo, by his account, shows an empty hand at his head, with an officer approving the flag and a 380-euro fine issued. The driver's account, the hedged camera identification and the unresolved objection are attributed.","reviewed_on":"2026-11-01"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Omroep Brabant and RTL Nieuws describe the police camera as using artificial intelligence to register whether a driver is holding a phone, and the driver writes that its algorithm judged that he was holding a mobile device while the photo shows his empty hand at his head; an officer then accepted that flag and the fine followed, so the system's recognition output is reported as wrong and as informing the officer's decision. The camera model rests on the driver's account and RTL's 'probably'; the police have not commented on the case.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Dutch driver says police AI phone camera flagged him for holding a phone while he scratched his head, and an officer approved a 380-euro fine","summary":"Dutch police use mobile smart cameras that apply artificial intelligence to photos of passing drivers to detect whether they are holding a mobile phone; a police officer then reviews each flagged photo before a fine is issued. A driver says that in October 2023, on the A2 motorway near Weert, such a camera photographed him with his right hand at his head and that he received a fine of 380 euros plus 9 euros in administration costs for holding a mobile device while driving. He says the flash photo, which he requested from the Central Judicial Collection Agency (CJIB), shows his empty hand near his face: he was scratching his head, his lease car allows hands-free calling, and he is left-handed. In a February 2024 blog post he writes that the camera was a MONOcam, that its algorithm judged that he was holding a device and that the reviewing police employee accepted that judgement, so that both the algorithm and a person erred; RTL Nieuws reported that the photo was probably taken by a MONOcam. Omroep Brabant described the fine as a mistake by the AI camera. The driver said the reviewing officer was probably biased by the algorithm's output and that a dark shadow in his hand could mislead a quick look. He lodged an objection with the Public Prosecution Service; it had not been decided when the reports appeared in February 2024, and a CJIB spokesperson, who would not comment on individual cases, suggested to RTL that he was unlikely to have to pay. No later outcome has been reported. He also told Omroep Brabant that he considers the cameras valuable for road safety, provided doubtful cases are not fined.","incidentDate":"2023-10-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2024-02-20","aiSystem":"Dutch police mobile smart traffic camera that uses artificial intelligence to flag drivers apparently holding a mobile phone, with each flag reviewed by a police officer; identified as a MONOcam by the driver's blog and as probably a MONOcam by RTL Nieuws","aiProduct":"MONOcam (reported)","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The driver says he was fined 380 euros plus 9 euros in costs for holding a phone while driving after a police AI camera flagged him and an officer approved the flag, although the photo shows his empty hand at his head; he lodged an objection, whose outcome has not been reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One driver, who describes his own fine in his blog post and in interviews with Omroep Brabant and RTL Nieuws.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"NL","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"media_coverage","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/4423832/tim-geflitst-door-slimme-camera-380-euro-voor-krabben-aan-oor","primarySourceLabel":"Omroep Brabant, Tim geflitst door slimme camera: 380 euro voor krabben aan oor, 20 February 2024","firstPublishedAt":"2026-11-01T03:07:21.222094+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-11-01T03:07:21.222094+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["traffic-camera","phone-detection","traffic-fine","police","netherlands","public-services"]},{"id":"2023-us-mexico-border-cbp-one-asylum-app-face-capture-failed-black-applicants-advocates-say","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"The government announced in early January that the new CBP One mobile app would be the only way migrants arriving at the border can apply for asylum and exemption from Title 42 restrictions; which is now required to apply for asylum","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"the Biden administration announced in early January that the CBP One app would be the only way people at the border can apply for asylum and an exemption from Title 42.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In early January 2023 the US government announced that the CBP One app would be the only way migrants arriving at the US-Mexico border could apply for asylum and exemption from Title 42 restrictions; uploading a photo through the app was required to obtain an appointment.","causal_attribution":"Government announcement as reported; the photo requirement is the reporter's and advocates' description."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Non-profits that assist Black asylum seekers are finding that the app, CBP One, is failing to register many people with darker skin tones, effectively barring them from their right to request entry into the US.; The facial recognition is not picking up [images] if people have darker skin tones,; held a workshop for Haitians in Tijuana on how to use the app a day after it went live on 12 January. But with the app unable to map the features of many darker-skinned asylum seekers, they cannot upload their photos in order to receive an asylum appointment with the US immigration authorities, Pinheiro said.; The Haitians at the workshop were getting error after error message on the app","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Because the app cannot map the features of darker-skinned asylum seekers, they cannot upload their photo to receive an asylum appointment, Pinheiro said.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Non-profits assisting Black asylum seekers said the app's facial recognition was failing to register many people with darker skin tones, so they could not upload their photos to receive asylum appointments; Al Otro Lado's executive director said Haitians at a Tijuana workshop held the day after the app went live on 12 January got error after error message.","causal_attribution":"Advocates' accounts of what they observed; no technical analysis or CBP confirmation is reported."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"There are about 4,000 Black asylum seekers waiting in Reynosa and at least another 1,000 Haitians in Matamoros. Hardly anyone is getting an asylum appointment.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The co-director of the Sidewalk School said about 4,000 Black asylum seekers were waiting in Reynosa and at least 1,000 Haitians in Matamoros, and that hardly anyone was getting an asylum appointment.","causal_attribution":"The non-profit's estimate; the figures describe people waiting and are not counted as people harmed."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"One fix they’ve come up with is installing bright construction lights at the shelter in Reynosa, which Haitians and others shine on their faces as they take the photo to upload to the app. “So far it seems to be working, so the adults can get past that,; still not working for children under the age of six.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"This prevents families from being able to apply for asylum, since the app will accept only one or two members of the family, but not the rest.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Sidewalk School said shining bright construction lights on faces let adults get past the photo step, but it still did not work for children under six, which prevented families from applying because the app accepted only some family members.","causal_attribution":"The non-profit's account of its workaround and of families blocked."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"said the CBP One app has helped “lighter-skin toned people from other nations” obtain their asylum appointments “but not Haitians” and other Black applicants.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"A Haitian Bridge Alliance staff attorney said the app had helped lighter-skinned people from other nations obtain asylum appointments, but not Haitians and other Black applicants.","causal_attribution":"Advocate's comparison; not measured."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Besides the face recognition technology not registering them, there are other barriers, too. Many asylum seekers have outdated cellphones – if they have cellphones at all – that don’t support the CBP One app and often have limited or no access to the internet.; If you can afford to spend $1,000 on a new cellphone, then you can upload the image no problem.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The advocates also described barriers unrelated to facial recognition: many asylum seekers had outdated phones that did not support the app, or limited internet access, and a new phone could upload the image.","causal_attribution":"Kept as context: other causes of failed uploads that the sources do not separate from the face capture."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"CBP did not reply with comments before publication, after being approached with questions by the Guardian.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The Border Chronicle contacted CBP with several detailed questions about the CBP One app, including the problems with its facial-recognition technology. A spokesperson for CBP, Justin Long, said no one was available to respond.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"CBP did not reply to the Guardian's questions before publication, and a CBP spokesperson told the Border Chronicle no one was available to respond.","causal_attribution":"The agency's non-response."}],"effects":[{"label":"advocates say darker-skinned asylum seekers could not pass the app's photo step to obtain appointments","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"advocates say families with children under six could not apply","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/08/us-immigration-cbp-one-app-facial-recognition-bias","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-31; no translation.","independence_group":"del-bosque-cbp-one-2023-02"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.theborderchronicle.com/p/facing-bias-cbps-immigration-app","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-31 from an Internet Archive capture of 26 February 2024; no translation. Same reporter as the Guardian article.","independence_group":"del-bosque-cbp-one-2023-02"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["public_services","justice"],"unknowns":["How many people the app's face capture rejected; the advocates give no count.","Whether the rejections came from the facial recognition itself, phone cameras or lighting; no technical analysis is reported.","Whether CBP changed the face capture or how long the problem lasted; neither source reports a later response."],"geography":{"basis":"The advocates describe asylum seekers using the app while waiting in the Mexican border cities of Tijuana, Reynosa and Matamoros to request entry into the United States.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["MX"],"affected_person_countries":["MX"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a government asylum app whose facial recognition, according to non-profits that assisted applicants, rejected the photos of many Black asylum seekers so they could not obtain appointments, the only route then available. The account is attributed to the advocates; other barriers and CBP's non-response are recorded.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-31"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Non-profits running workshops and shelters for asylum seekers told the Guardian and the Border Chronicle that the CBP One app's facial recognition did not register the faces of many darker-skinned applicants: the app returned error messages and would not accept their photos, which were required to obtain an asylum appointment through the app, the only route CBP allowed at the time. The rejection of the photo is the system's own output and the advocates connect it to applicants being unable to get appointments. The attribution rests on the advocates' observations; no technical analysis is reported, CBP did not respond, and the advocates also cite old phones and poor connectivity.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_decision_about"]},"name":"Advocates say CBP One asylum app's facial recognition rejected photos of Black asylum seekers at the US-Mexico border, blocking appointments","summary":"In January 2023 US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) made its CBP One mobile app the only way for migrants at the US-Mexico border to apply for asylum appointments and exemption from Title 42 restrictions; applicants had to upload a photo of themselves through the app. In February 2023 the Guardian and the Border Chronicle, both reporting by Melissa del Bosque, quoted three non-profits working with Haitian and African asylum seekers in Tijuana, Reynosa and Matamoros who said the app's facial recognition was failing to register many people with darker skin, so they could not upload their photos and obtain appointments. The executive director of Al Otro Lado said Haitians at a workshop her organisation held in Tijuana the day after the app went live got error after error message. The Sidewalk School said hardly anyone among about 4,000 Black asylum seekers in Reynosa and 1,000 Haitians in Matamoros was getting an appointment, and that shining construction lights on faces let adults get past the photo step but not children under six, which kept families from applying. A Haitian Bridge Alliance attorney said the app had helped lighter-skinned applicants but not Haitians. The advocates also described other barriers, such as outdated phones and poor internet access. CBP did not answer the Guardian's questions before publication and told the Border Chronicle no one was available to respond. No technical analysis of the failures is reported.","incidentDate":"2023-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2023-02-07","aiSystem":"Facial recognition photo capture in US Customs and Border Protection's CBP One mobile app, required in 2023 for migrants at the US-Mexico border to request asylum appointments, as described by non-profits quoted by the Guardian and the Border Chronicle","aiProduct":"CBP One app","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","other_material_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Advocates say the app's facial recognition failed to register many darker-skinned asylum seekers, so they could not upload their photos or obtain the asylum appointments the app had become the only route to; they say lighting workarounds helped adults but not children under six, which kept families from applying.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"The advocates describe groups (Haitians at a Tijuana workshop, families with young children at a Reynosa shelter) without counts. The figures of about 4,000 Black asylum seekers in Reynosa and 1,000 Haitians in Matamoros describe people waiting, not people whose photos the app rejected, so they are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"media_coverage","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/08/us-immigration-cbp-one-app-facial-recognition-bias","primarySourceLabel":"The Guardian, Facial recognition bias frustrates Black asylum applicants to US, advocates say, 8 February 2023","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-31T03:21:06.698324+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-31T03:21:06.698324+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["cbp-one","facial-recognition","asylum","immigration","public-services","us-mexico-border"]},{"id":"2023-germany-magazine-printed-ai-generated-michael-schumacher-interview-family-won-compensation","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Die Aktuelle ran a front cover in April 2023 with a picture of a smiling Schumacher and the headline promising ‘Michael Schumacher, the first interview’.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"A strapline added: \"it sounded deceptively real\". Inside, it emerged the quotes had been produced by AI.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"German magazine Die Aktuelle promoted on its cover in April 2023 the words “Michael Schumacher, the first interview!” It also wrote “it sounds deceptively real” with the supposed quotes attributed to Schumacher generated by AI.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Die Aktuelle ran a front cover in April 2023 promising 'Michael Schumacher, the first interview', with a strapline saying it sounded deceptively real, and the quotes attributed to Schumacher inside had been generated by AI.","causal_attribution":"Reuters and AP describe the magazine's own presentation; the AI tool is not named."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Ferrari great Schumacher, now 55, has not been seen in public since he suffered a serious brain injury in a skiing accident on a family holiday in the French Alps in December 2013. Schumacher’s family maintains strict privacy about the former driver’s condition, with access limited to those closest to him.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Schumacher has not been seen in public since a serious brain injury in December 2013, and his family keeps his condition private.","causal_attribution":"Context reported by Reuters."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Michael Schumacher's family is to take legal action against a German magazine that ran an 'interview' with the seven-time world champion that was generated by artificial intelligence. ... A spokesperson for the family confirmed to news agency Reuters that legal action would be taken.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"A spokesperson for Schumacher's family confirmed to Reuters in April 2023 that legal action would be taken against the magazine.","causal_attribution":"Family spokesperson via Reuters."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Funke apologised in a statement on its website www.funkemedien.de. \"This tasteless and misleading article should never have appeared. It in no way meets the standards of journalism that we and our readers expect from a publisher like Funke,\" said Funke magazines managing director Bianca Pohlmann. ... \"Die Aktuelle editor-in-chief Anne Hoffmann, who has held journalistic responsibility for the paper since 2009, will be relieved of her duties as of today.\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Funke apologised in a statement on its website, calling the article tasteless and misleading, and said the editor-in-chief of Die Aktuelle would be relieved of her duties.","causal_attribution":"Publisher's statement as quoted by Sky Sports."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Michael Schumacher’s family has secured 200,000 euros compensation from the publishers of a German magazine that printed an AI-generated ‘interview’ with the seven times Formula One world champion. A family spokeswoman on Wednesday confirmed a Munich Labour Court judgement and settlement by Funke media group, publishers of the magazine Die Aktuelle, without making any further comment.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Family spokesperson Sabine Kehm told The Associated Press that legal action was successful, without making any further comment. The compensation amount was reportedly 200,000 euros (£170,000).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In May 2024 a family spokeswoman confirmed a Munich Labour Court judgement and a settlement by Funke; Reuters reports compensation of 200,000 euros and the AP reports the amount as reportedly 200,000 euros.","causal_attribution":"Family spokesperson to two agencies (one witness); the judgement itself was not read."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"But Ubermedien, a publication focused on legal issues within the media, now claims that it was not enough for the Schumacher family. It emerges that Funke will also have to pay 200,000 euros to the Schumachers, aided by a ruling of the Landesarbeitsgericht - the Munich labour court. However, the publication also claims that fired editor-in-chief Hoffmann successfully argued that she was wrongfully dismissed, with the court describing the firing as not legally valid.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"GrandPrix.com, relaying Ubermedien, says the payment was linked to a ruling of the Munich labour court and that the dismissed editor argued successfully that her dismissal was not legally valid.","causal_attribution":"Second-hand claim from Ubermedien; not confirmed in another source read."}],"effects":[{"label":"AI-generated quotes published as an interview with Michael Schumacher","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"family took legal action and received compensation from the publisher","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/05/23/schumachers-family-win-compensation-for-ai-interview","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200): Cyprus Mail copy of a Reuters report dated 23 May 2024.","independence_group":"reuters-schumacher"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12861595/michael-schumacher-s-family-to-take-legal-action-over-german-magazine-s-ai-generated-interview","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200, published 20 Apr 2023). Its family confirmation came from Reuters, so it shares Reuters' group.","independence_group":"reuters-schumacher"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12863950/michael-schumacher-german-magazine-die-aktuelle-sacks-editor-and-apologises-to-schumacher-family","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200, published 22 Apr 2023). It quotes Funke's statement published on funkemedien.de, which was not read directly.","independence_group":"funke-statement-2023-04"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://lbc.co.uk/world-news/774b51afe40140d5b52a78e72243a672","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200): LBC copy of an Associated Press report dated 23 May 2024.","independence_group":"ap-schumacher"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.grandprix.com/news/michael-schumacher-awarded-eur-200000.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200, published 22 May 2024). It relays the German media-law outlet Ubermedien, which was not read.","independence_group":"uebermedien-schumacher"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool the magazine used and how the quotes were produced.","The exact issue date and the text of the AI-generated interview.","Why the settlement was confirmed through a labour court, and the terms of the judgement.","Whether the dismissed editor's claim succeeded as Ubermedien reports."],"geography":{"basis":"Die Aktuelle is a German magazine published by the Essen-based Funke media group, and the settlement was confirmed with a Munich Labour Court judgement (Reuters, Sky Sports). Where Schumacher lives is not stated in the sources read.","court_countries":["DE"],"event_countries":["DE"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published because Reuters and the AP report that a magazine printed AI-generated quotes as an interview with Michael Schumacher, and that his family took legal action, received an apology and later secured compensation confirmed by his family's spokeswoman.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-31"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Reuters, Sky Sports and the AP report that the quotes the magazine attributed to Michael Schumacher and presented as his first interview had been generated by AI, which emerged inside the issue. The AI-generated statements were the published impersonation that led the family to take legal action and the publisher to apologise and pay compensation. The tool is not named in the sources read.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"German magazine printed an AI-generated 'interview' with Michael Schumacher; publisher apologised and his family later won 200,000 euros","summary":"In April 2023 the German weekly Die Aktuelle (Funke media group) ran a front cover with a picture of Michael Schumacher and the headline 'Michael Schumacher, the first interview', with a strapline saying it sounded deceptively real; inside, the quotes attributed to him had been produced by artificial intelligence. Schumacher has not been seen in public since a serious brain injury in December 2013, and his family keeps his condition private. The family announced legal action; Funke called the article tasteless and misleading, apologised and relieved the editor-in-chief of her duties. In May 2024 a family spokeswoman confirmed a Munich Labour Court judgement and a settlement by Funke, with compensation of 200,000 euros reported by Reuters and, as a reported figure, by the AP. The sources read do not name the AI tool the magazine used.","incidentDate":"2023-04-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2023-04-20","aiSystem":"AI text generation used by the magazine Die Aktuelle to produce the quotes attributed to Michael Schumacher (tool not named in the sources read)","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI writing tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Reuters and the AP report that the magazine published AI-generated quotes attributed to Michael Schumacher as his first interview; his family took legal action, Funke apologised for the tasteless and misleading article, and the family received compensation reported as 200,000 euros.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted: Michael Schumacher, to whom the AI-generated quotes were attributed and on whose behalf his family brought the legal action. Family members are not counted separately because no source describes an individual effect on them. The dismissed editor is not counted as a harmed person in this case.","victimAgeRange":"adult","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_settled","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/05/23/schumachers-family-win-compensation-for-ai-interview","primarySourceLabel":"Cyprus Mail (Reuters), 23 May 2024: Schumacher family wins compensation for AI interview","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-31T03:10:22.67466+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-31T03:10:22.67466+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-generated-interview","fabricated-quotes","celebrity-magazine","privacy","settlement","germany"]},{"id":"2023-new-york-federal-judge-sanctions-lawyers-over-chatgpt-invented-cases-chatbot-said-were-real","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'March 1, 2023 submission that first cited the fake cases'; 'On March 1, 2023, Mr. LoDuca filed an “Affirmation in Opposition” to'; 'citing non-existent cases to the Court in his Affirmation in Opposition'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The original case involved a man suing an airline over an alleged personal injury.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"An affirmation in opposition filed on 1 March 2023 in a personal-injury suit against Avianca cited judicial decisions that did not exist.","causal_attribution":"Established by the court record; BBC reports the nature of the suit."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Mr. Schwartz had used ChatGPT, which'; 'fabricated the cited cases.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"used ChatGPT to look for similar previous cases.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court found that the lawyer who researched the brief had used ChatGPT and that ChatGPT fabricated the cited cases.","causal_attribution":"Finding of the sanctions opinion, based on the lawyer's own testimony and filings; BBC reports his written statement."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'“Is Varghese a real case” and “Are the other cases you provided fake”). (ECF 32-1.) ChatGPT'; 'responded that it had supplied “real” authorities that could be found through Westlaw,'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"ChatGPT responds again that the case is real and can be found on legal reference databases such as LexisNexis and Westlaw.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"When the lawyer asked ChatGPT whether Varghese was a real case and whether the other cases were fake, ChatGPT replied that it had supplied real authorities that could be found on legal databases.","causal_attribution":"The opinion describes the screenshots the lawyer filed (ECF 32-1); the exhibit itself was not read."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'the Court finds bad faith on the part of the individual Respondents based upon acts of'; 'A penalty of $5,000 is jointly and severally imposed on'; 'mail a letter individually addressed to plaintiff'; 'mail a letter individually addressed to each judge falsely identified as the author of the fake'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On 22 June 2023 the court found bad faith by both individual lawyers, imposed a USD 5,000 penalty jointly and severally on them and their firm, and ordered letters to the client and to each judge falsely identified as an author of the fake opinions.","causal_attribution":"Established by the sanctions opinion itself."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'nothing inherently improper about using a reliable artificial intelligence tool for assistance. But'; 'then continued to stand by the fake opinions'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court said that using a reliable AI tool is not inherently improper and based the sanctions on the lawyers continuing to stand by the fake opinions after the court questioned them.","causal_attribution":"Context and contrary weight: the sanction responds to the lawyers' conduct as well as to the AI output."}],"effects":[{"label":"two lawyers were found to have acted in bad faith and sanctioned over ChatGPT-invented case law","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.575368/gov.uscourts.nysd.575368.54.0.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-28 from the RECAP copy of the 43-page opinion (HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext). The hearing transcript, the April and May affidavits and the screenshot exhibit (ECF 32-1) were not read separately.","independence_group":"sdny-avianca-sanctions-opinion"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65735769","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-28 (HTTP 200). BBC reports the filings before the sanctions hearing.","independence_group":"bbc-avianca-chatgpt-lawyer"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use","others_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["Whether any professional disciplinary body later acted against either lawyer, and whether the sanctions were appealed, was not checked in this review.","Which ChatGPT version was used; the opinion records the lawyer's prompts and the chatbot's responses only as summarised from exhibits.","Whether the fake citations affected the plaintiff's own claim; the separate ruling on the airline's motion to dismiss was not read."],"geography":{"basis":"The brief was filed in, and the sanctions imposed by, the US District Court for the Southern District of New York (sanctions opinion). Where the lawyer ran his ChatGPT queries is not stated, so no event or affected-person country is recorded from the court seat.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published because the federal sanctions opinion of 22 June 2023 documents that ChatGPT fabricated the cases cited in a filed brief, that it told the lawyer who used it the cases were real, and that the court sanctioned two lawyers and their firm after finding bad faith.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The sanctions opinion finds that the lawyer who researched the brief used ChatGPT, which fabricated the cited cases, and records from his filed screenshots that when he asked whether Varghese was a real case and whether the other cases were fake, ChatGPT replied that it had supplied real authorities findable on Westlaw, LexisNexis and the Federal Reporter. The fabricated authorities reached the court in the 1 March 2023 filing; the court read them, found them fake and sanctioned the two lawyers (communicated_with for the lawyer who used ChatGPT; informed_decision_about because the court's sanctions decision acted on the AI-invented authorities). The court based its bad-faith finding on the lawyers' conduct after the citations were questioned.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"New York federal judge sanctions two lawyers whose brief cited cases ChatGPT invented, after the chatbot told one of them the cases were real (2023)","summary":"In a passenger's personal-injury suit against the airline Avianca in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York, an opposition brief filed on 1 March 2023 cited judicial opinions that did not exist. The court found that the lawyer who did the research had used ChatGPT, which fabricated the cases, and that when he asked the chatbot whether one of them was real it replied that it had supplied real authorities that could be found on legal databases. On 22 June 2023 the court found bad faith by the two lawyers, based on their conduct after the citations were questioned, and imposed a USD 5,000 penalty jointly on them and their firm, together with letters to the client and to each judge falsely named as an author of the fake opinions.","incidentDate":"2023-03-01","incidentEndDate":"2023-06-22","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2023-05-27","aiSystem":"ChatGPT, which the court found the researching lawyer used and which fabricated the cited cases","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","professional_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the court's sanctions opinion of 22 June 2023, two lawyers were found to have acted in bad faith and, with their firm, were ordered to pay a USD 5,000 penalty and to write to the client and to the judges falsely named as authors of the ChatGPT-invented opinions.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two lawyers sanctioned in the 22 June 2023 opinion: the lawyer the court found used ChatGPT (counted as the AI user) and the attorney of record who filed the brief. The firm is not counted as a person.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.575368/gov.uscourts.nysd.575368.54.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"US District Court for the Southern District of New York, No. 1:22-cv-01461-PKC, Opinion and Order on Sanctions (ECF 54), 22 June 2023","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-28T03:16:40.650766+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-28T03:16:40.650766+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["chatgpt","fabricated-citations","federal-court","sanctions","lawyers","new-york"]},{"id":"2023-colorado-lawyer-suspended-after-motion-cited-fictitious-cases-from-chatgpt-and-he-blamed-an-intern","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'cited case law that he found through the artificial intelligence platform, ChatGPT'; 'discovered that the cases from ChatGPT were either incorrect or fictitious'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The motion cited three cases to support'; 'that were made up by the generative AI program, which the lawyer didn’t realize until it was too late.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The lawyer cited case law found through ChatGPT in a client's motion to set aside a judgment without reading or verifying it, and the cited cases were incorrect or fictitious; Law Week Colorado reports three non-existent Court of Appeals decisions.","causal_attribution":"The disciplinary summary attributes the fictitious citations to ChatGPT; the lawyer's affidavit says the same."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'falsely attributed the mistakes to a legal intern'; 'Six days after the hearing'; 'did not alert the court to the sham cases at the hearing. Nor did he withdraw the motion.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'I think all my cases cited from chatGPT are garbage'; 'the morning he was set to appear in front of the court May 5'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On the morning of the hearing the lawyer realised the ChatGPT citations were fabricated, did not alert the court or withdraw the motion, and falsely attributed the mistakes to a legal intern; six days later he filed an affidavit saying he had used ChatGPT.","causal_attribution":"Findings in the stipulated disciplinary summary and the lawyer's own filed messages."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'denied the motion and ordered'; 'his decision to deny the motion wasn’t based on the made-up cases'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The judge denied the motion, ordered the lawyer to explain why he should not be sanctioned and reported to attorney regulators, and later stated that the denial was not based on the made-up cases.","causal_attribution":"Law Week Colorado's report of the court's orders."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'for one year and one day, with ninety'; 'The suspension took effect November 22, 2023.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'with 90 days to be served and the remainder to be stayed upon'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The Presiding Disciplinary Judge approved a stipulation suspending the lawyer for one year and one day, with 90 days served and the remainder stayed on two years of probation, effective 22 November 2023.","causal_attribution":"The disciplinary summary and its relay; one origin."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'it never even dawned on me that this technology could be deceptive'; 'he was “overwhelmingly impressed” by ChatGPT’s capabilities after the program gave him accurate responses to a number of questions he asked as a test'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In his affidavit the lawyer said earlier accurate answers from ChatGPT had made him trust its case citations.","causal_attribution":"The lawyer's own account in his affidavit, as quoted by Law Week Colorado."}],"effects":[{"label":"motion cited three fictitious cases supplied by ChatGPT","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"lawyer suspended for one year and one day, 90 days served","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.cobar.org/Portals/COBAR/Repository/Family%20Law%20Section%20Folder/AI%20EXHIBITS%20-%20Combined.pdf","kind":"court_record_reproduction","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-26 from an Internet Archive capture of the Colorado Bar Association PDF (the live file returned HTTP 403); page 1 reproduces the Presiding Disciplinary Judge's summary of 23PDJ067.","independence_group":"colorado-pdj-23pdj067-summary"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.lawweekcolorado.com/article/colorado-lawyer-cited-fake-cases-in-motion-written-with-chatgpt/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-26 (HTTP 200, full article body).","independence_group":"lawweek-colorado-2023-06-21"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.lawweekcolorado.com/article/court-opinions-presiding-disciplinary-judge-opinions-for-oct-31-nov-22/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-26 (HTTP 200); relays the disciplinary opinion, so it shares s1's independence group.","independence_group":"colorado-pdj-23pdj067-summary"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["Whether the lawyer's employment with his firm ended because of the motion; the firm did not answer Law Week Colorado's questions.","Which version of ChatGPT was used.","The full stipulation and opinion text beyond the published summary."],"geography":{"basis":"The motion was filed in a Colorado district court by a lawyer working in his firm's Colorado Springs office (Law Week Colorado), and the discipline was imposed by Colorado's Presiding Disciplinary Judge.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published because ChatGPT supplied fictitious case citations that a lawyer filed unchecked, and Colorado's Presiding Disciplinary Judge suspended him, with the misconduct findings including his false statement blaming an intern. The disciplinary summary records the ChatGPT use and the sanction.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-26"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Presiding Disciplinary Judge's summary records that the lawyer cited case law he found through ChatGPT, that the cases were incorrect or fictitious, and that he later filed an affidavit saying he used ChatGPT; Law Week Colorado reports from the affidavit that ChatGPT supplied three non-existent appellate decisions. The fabricated citations, together with his failure to check them and his false statement about an intern, led to the suspension.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Colorado lawyer suspended for a year and a day, 90 days served, after filing a motion with fictitious ChatGPT case citations and blaming an intern","summary":"A Colorado lawyer who had recently moved into civil litigation used ChatGPT in April and May 2023 to find case law for a client's motion to set aside a judgment and cited three Colorado Court of Appeals decisions that did not exist, without reading or checking them. On the morning of the 5 May hearing he realised the cases were fabricated but did not tell the court or withdraw the motion, and when the judge raised concerns he falsely blamed a legal intern; six days later he filed an affidavit saying he had used ChatGPT. The judge denied the motion, said the denial did not rest on the invented cases, and ordered him to show cause why he should not be sanctioned and reported to attorney regulators. On 22 November 2023 Colorado's Presiding Disciplinary Judge approved a stipulation suspending him for one year and one day, with 90 days served and the rest stayed on two years' probation, for violating rules on competence, diligence, candour to the tribunal and honesty.","incidentDate":"2023-05-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2023-06-21","aiSystem":"ChatGPT, which the lawyer used to find case law for the motion and which supplied three citations to decisions that did not exist","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A lawyer who relied on unchecked ChatGPT case citations, then misled the court about them, was suspended from practice for a year and a day, with 90 days served, by Colorado's Presiding Disciplinary Judge.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the lawyer, who used ChatGPT himself and was suspended. The client's motion was denied, but the judge stated the denial did not rest on the fabricated cases, so no harm to the client is counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-CO","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.cobar.org/Portals/COBAR/Repository/Family%20Law%20Section%20Folder/AI%20EXHIBITS%20-%20Combined.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Colorado Bar Association exhibit reproducing the Presiding Disciplinary Judge's summary, 23PDJ067, 22 November 2023","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-26T03:14:58.604934+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-26T03:14:58.604934+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["legal","lawyer","chatgpt","fabricated-citations","professional-discipline","own-use","work"]},{"id":"2023-rome-labour-court-upholds-graphic-designers-dismissal-in-reorganisation-where-remaining-design-work-moved-partly-to-ai-tools","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La lavoratrice era stata assunta nel marzo 2022'; 'Nel maggio 2023 la società le intimava licenziamento per giustificato motivo oggettivo, motivandolo con una riorganizzazione interna e con la soppressione della posizione lavorativa'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'una graphic designer, assunta nel 2022 da una società di cybersecurity, rimaneva vittima, un anno dopo, di una riorganizzazione interna dell’azienda'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"A cybersecurity company dismissed a graphic designer it had hired in March 2022 in May 2023, citing an internal reorganisation and the suppression of her post to contain costs.","causal_attribution":"The company's stated grounds as recorded in the judgment and relayed by legal press; one origin (the judgment)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Particolarmente rilevante, poi, è la circostanza relativa all’impiego di strumenti di intelligenza artificiale da parte del responsabile marketing, che consentivano di realizzare contenuti grafici con standard qualitativi adeguati, riducendo tempi e costi'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'l’azienda specificava come le mansioni di graphic design fossero state prima assorbite da altre figure e poi svolte, per le attività residue, anche tramite supporto di strumenti di intelligenza artificiale'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"According to the judgment as reported, the design tasks were first absorbed by other staff and the residual work was then done partly with AI tools, which the marketing manager used to produce graphics of adequate quality at lower cost and in less time.","causal_attribution":"The company's account and the evidence summarised from the judgment by legal press; one origin. The worker disputed that her tasks were eliminated."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La dipendente impugnava il recesso, sostenendo che la riorganizzazione fosse meramente pretestuosa e che le sue mansioni non fossero state realmente eliminate, ma semplicemente redistribuite ad altri lavoratori'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The worker challenged the dismissal, arguing that the reorganisation was a pretext and that her tasks had been redistributed to other workers rather than eliminated.","causal_attribution":"The worker's case as summarised from the judgment by one outlet; one origin."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'A tale quesito ha risposto il Tribunale di Roma – IV Sezione Lavoro, con la sentenza n. 9135 del 19 novembre 2025'; 'Il giudice capitolino ha ritenuto legittimo il licenziamento di una graphic designer'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Lo ha stabilito il Tribunale di Roma con la sentenza n. 9135 del 19 novembre 2025, che ha riconosciuto legittimo, per “giustificato motivo oggettivo”, il licenziamento di una graphic designer'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The labour section of the Tribunale di Roma, in judgment no. 9135 of 19 November 2025, held the dismissal lawful.","causal_attribution":"The court's ruling as relayed by two outlets; the judgment text was not read; one origin."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Nella motivazione della sentenza, l’Intelligenza artificiale non viene individuata come causa autonoma del licenziamento, ma come uno degli strumenti utilizzati dall’azienda per rendere più efficiente la propria struttura'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'L’intelligenza artificiale, sostiene il decidente, è utilizzata dall’azienda come “supporto”, non come causa autonoma'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The reports say the court treated AI as one of the tools the company used to make its structure more efficient and not as an autonomous cause of the dismissal.","causal_attribution":"The court's reasoning as relayed by a news outlet and a legal commentary; one origin (the judgment)."}],"effects":[{"label":"graphic designer dismissed in a reorganisation that included AI tools, challenge rejected","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://lentepubblica.it/personale-e-previdenza/lintelligenza-artificiale-puo-causare-un-licenziamento-per-giustificato-motivo/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-24 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. lentepubblica.it report on the judgment, 2 March 2026; HTTP 200, full text read. The judgment itself was not read.","independence_group":"tribunale-di-roma-judgment-9135-2025"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://tg24.sky.it/economia/2026/02/26/licenziamento-ai-tribunale-legittimo-perche","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-24 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Sky TG24 report, 26 February 2026, which says the decision was reported by the Corriere della Sera; HTTP 200, full text read.","independence_group":"tribunale-di-roma-judgment-9135-2025"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://giustiziainsieme.it/print/articolo_pdf?id=3953","kind":"other","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-24 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Giustizia Insieme commentary by a lawyer on the judgment, 27 April 2026; PDF print version read in full (HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext).","independence_group":"tribunale-di-roma-judgment-9135-2025"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The text of judgment no. 9135/2025 and whether it was appealed.","Which AI tools the marketing manager used.","The name of the company and its location within Italy.","How much of the designer's former work the AI tools took over, as against other staff."],"geography":{"basis":"The case was decided by the Tribunale di Roma under Italian dismissal law, and lentepubblica says the worker was employed under the Italian commerce and services collective agreement (CCNL Commercio Terziario), placing the employment and dismissal in Italy. The worker's residence is not stated.","court_countries":["IT"],"event_countries":["IT"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a consequential-response case: a cybersecurity company dismissed a graphic designer in May 2023 in a reorganisation in which, according to the reported judgment, residual design work was done partly with AI tools, and a Rome labour court upheld the dismissal in judgment 9135/2025 while describing AI as a support and not an autonomous cause. All facts come from legal press reports of the judgment, which was not read.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-24"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's dismissal of the designer in a reorganisation that, according to the judgment as reported, included moving residual graphic work partly to AI tools used by the marketing manager to produce graphics at lower cost and time; the court accepted that reorganisation and, according to the reports, described AI as a support and not an autonomous cause. No source says an AI system produced any output about the worker, so the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Rome labour court upholds a graphic designer's dismissal in a reorganisation in which her remaining design work was done partly with AI tools","summary":"A graphic designer hired in March 2022 by a cybersecurity company was dismissed in May 2023 for a justified objective reason, which the company gave as an internal reorganisation and the suppression of her post to contain costs during an economic crisis. She challenged the dismissal, arguing that the reorganisation was a pretext and that her tasks had been redistributed to other workers, not eliminated. According to legal press reports of the judgment, the company said the graphic-design tasks were first absorbed by other staff and the residual work was then done partly with the support of artificial-intelligence tools, which the marketing manager used to produce graphics of adequate quality at lower cost and in less time. The labour section of the Tribunale di Roma (judgment no. 9135 of 19 November 2025) found a real crisis and reorganisation, no possibility of redeploying her, and upheld the dismissal. The reports say the court treated AI as one of the tools the company used to make its structure more efficient, not as an autonomous cause of the dismissal; a commentary in Giustizia Insieme calls the publicity around a first dismissal caused by AI out of proportion to the ruling. The judgment itself was not read, and whether it was appealed is not reported.","incidentDate":"2023-05-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-02-26","aiSystem":"Unnamed artificial-intelligence tools that, according to the judgment as reported, the company's marketing manager used to produce graphic content after the design post was suppressed","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A graphic designer lost her job in a reorganisation in which, according to the reported judgment, remaining design work was done partly with AI tools, and a Rome labour court rejected her challenge.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"disputed","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The dismissed graphic designer, described in all three sources. No other dismissal is described.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"IT","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://lentepubblica.it/personale-e-previdenza/lintelligenza-artificiale-puo-causare-un-licenziamento-per-giustificato-motivo/","primarySourceLabel":"lentepubblica.it, 2 March 2026: Rome labour court judgment 9135/2025 on dismissal and artificial intelligence","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-24T03:16:41.726766+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T03:16:41.726766+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["dismissal","workplace-ai","labour-court","italy","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2023-massachusetts-high-school-pupil-penalised-for-submitting-ai-text-with-invented-citations-federal-court-refuses-to-undo-penalties","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"indiscriminately copied and pasted text that had been generated by Grammarly.com ... (“Grammarly”), a publicly available AI tool, into their draft script. ... in the submission consists of a citation to a nonexistent book ... citation to Grammarly, and no acknowledgement that AI of any kind had been used.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court found, on the preliminary record, that the pupil and a partner copied and pasted text generated by Grammarly, a publicly available AI tool, into the script for an AP U.S. History project, including citations to nonexistent books, without acknowledging any AI use.","causal_attribution":"The court's preliminary finding; the plaintiffs disputed whether the school's AI rules were clear."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"the website flagged parts of the ... submission as AI-generated. ... two additional AI detection tools, which also indicated ... admitted that he had used Grammarly to “generate ideas” and","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the order, Turnitin flagged parts of the submitted script as AI-generated, the teacher's follow-up with revision-history and two further AI detection tools indicated AI generation, and a school official's affidavit says the pupil admitted using Grammarly to generate ideas and create portions of the script.","causal_attribution":"School officials' account as recorded by the court."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"The students received failing grades on two parts of the multi-part project, but ... was required to attend a Saturday detention, and in the ... spring of 2024, he was rejected from the school’s National Honor Society, although he was ... ultimately permitted to reapply and has since been admitted. ... grade of 78.75 (equivalent to a C-plus).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The pupil received failing grades on two parts of the project, was required to attend a Saturday detention, and in spring 2024 was rejected from the school's National Honor Society, although he was later allowed to reapply and was admitted; his year grade in the course was a C-plus.","causal_attribution":"none"},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"about its standards for academic honesty as they apply to the use of AI, that ... from a C-plus to a B. ... For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary injunction is DENIED.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The parents sued teachers, school officials and the school committee, asking the court to expunge the detention and raise the grade, and contended that the school had not adequately told the pupil how its academic honesty rules applied to AI; the court denied a preliminary injunction on 20 November 2024.","causal_attribution":"none"},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"image of the filed stipulation: STIPULATION OF DISMISSAL WITH PREJUDICE ... with prejudice as to all claims and all parties, waiving the right to appeal","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The parties filed a stipulation of dismissal with prejudice as to all claims and all parties, waiving appeal, in February 2025.","causal_attribution":"none"}],"effects":[{"label":"failing project grades, a Saturday detention and an initial National Honor Society rejection after submitting AI-generated text with invented citations","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.275605/gov.uscourts.mad.275605.30.0.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-23 (CourtListener RECAP copy of ECF 30, HTTP 200, 47 pages); no translation. Memorandum and order of 20 November 2024 on the plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction, based on affidavits, exhibits and hearing testimony from both sides; its findings are preliminary.","independence_group":"d-mass-1-24-cv-12437-pi-order"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.275605/gov.uscourts.mad.275605.40.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Image-only scan (CourtListener RECAP copy of ECF 40, HTTP 200); the page was rendered and read visually by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23 because no text layer or OCR was available; no human reviewer read it. Stipulation of dismissal filed 6 February 2025.","independence_group":"d-mass-1-24-cv-12437-stipulation"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["education","justice"],"unknowns":["The pupil's own account of how he used the tool, beyond the plaintiffs' positions recorded in the order.","Whether the school changed its AI guidance afterwards."],"geography":{"basis":"The pupil attended Hingham High School in Massachusetts, where the project was submitted and the discipline imposed; the suit was in the District of Massachusetts.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (communicated_with): according to a federal court's preliminary findings, a pupil submitted text and invented citations generated for him by an AI writing tool and the school penalised him; the court refused to undo the penalties and the suit was dismissed with prejudice. The pupil is not identified.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court found, on the preliminary record, that the pupil copied text that Grammarly, an AI tool, had generated for him into his project script, including citations to books that do not exist, and the school penalised him for submitting it as his own; the invented citations were among the evidence. Turnitin and two further AI detection tools also flagged the script as AI-generated, and a school official says he admitted using Grammarly.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","made_claim_about"]},"name":"Massachusetts: federal court refuses to undo a high school's penalties on a pupil found to have submitted Grammarly AI text with invented citations","summary":"In late 2023 a junior at a public high school in Hingham, Massachusetts, and a classmate submitted a script for an AP U.S. History project that, a federal court later found on a preliminary record, contained text copied from Grammarly, a publicly available AI tool, including citations to nonexistent books, with no acknowledgement of AI use. Turnitin and other AI detection tools had flagged the script, and a school official says the pupil admitted using Grammarly. In December 2023 the school treated it as cheating: the pupil failed two parts of the project, served a Saturday detention and was rejected from the National Honor Society in spring 2024, though he was later admitted. His parents sued, arguing the school had not made its AI rules clear; on 20 November 2024 the US District Court for the District of Massachusetts refused a preliminary injunction to undo the penalties, and in February 2025 the parties dismissed the case with prejudice.","incidentDate":"2023-12-01","incidentEndDate":"2024-03-20","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2024-11-20","aiSystem":"Grammarly, described by the court as a publicly available AI tool, whose generated text and invented citations the pupil copied into a project script; Turnitin and two further AI detection tools flagged the script","aiProduct":"Grammarly (reported)","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["educational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A pupil found by the court, on a preliminary record, to have submitted Grammarly-generated text with invented citations failed two project parts, served a detention and was initially refused National Honor Society membership; his family's suit to undo the penalties failed.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the pupil whose discipline the suit concerned (ECF 30). The partner student is not counted because the order describes no suit or consequence detail for that student beyond the shared failing grades, and is not identified.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.275605/gov.uscourts.mad.275605.30.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"US District Court, District of Massachusetts, No. 1:24-cv-12437, memorandum and order denying a preliminary injunction, 20 Nov 2024 (ECF 30)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-23T03:24:44.992123+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-23T03:24:44.992123+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["school","ai-writing-tool","academic-integrity","discipline","lawsuit","hallucinated-citations"]},{"id":"2023-tokyo-police-say-man-posted-ai-made-sexual-deepfakes-resembling-about-300-actresses-and-idols-on-paid-sites","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"画像生成ＡＩ（人工知能）で女性芸能人に似せて作ったわいせつ画像「性的ディープフェイク」を会員制サイトに掲載したとして、警視庁が１９日 ... わいせつ電磁的記録記録媒体陳列容疑で逮捕したことがわかった。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Tokyo police arrested a man on 19 January 2026 on suspicion of displaying obscene electronic records, for posting on member sites obscene images made with image-generation AI to resemble female celebrities.","causal_attribution":"Police action as reported; the AI generation is the police's description."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"同庁は、２０２３年夏以降、計約３００人の女優やアイドルの画像を使った５０万点以上の性的ディープフェイクをサイトに掲載し、計約１１００万円の閲覧料を得たとみている。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Police believe that since summer 2023 he posted more than 500,000 sexual deepfakes using images of about 300 actresses and idols and earned about 11 million yen in viewing fees.","causal_attribution":"Police belief, not a finding."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"捜査関係者によると、男は２４年１２月～昨年５月、女性芸能人に酷似したわいせつ画像計十数点を二つの会員制サイトに掲載し、不特定多数が閲覧できるようにした疑い。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to investigative sources, the charge covers a dozen or so obscene images resembling female celebrities posted on two member sites between December 2024 and May 2025.","causal_attribution":"Investigative sources' account of the charge."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"無料公開されている画像生成ＡＩに女優やアイドルの画像データを学習させ、本人に似せたわいせつ画像を作成。 ... 男は高額プランの契約者から、モデルにしてほしい芸能人の要望も受け付けていたという。","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Police say he trained a freely available image-generation AI on image data of actresses and idols to make obscene images resembling them, and took requests from higher-paying members for which celebrity to depict.","causal_attribution":"The AI generation of the images, as described by police and investigative sources."}],"effects":[{"label":"actresses and idols depicted without consent in AI-made sexual deepfakes sold through member sites","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20260120-GYT1T00049/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ja","translation_note":"Read in Japanese by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-22 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Yomiuri Shimbun report of 20 Jan 2026 (datePublished 2026-01-20T05:00+09:00) relaying the Tokyo police and investigative sources; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"tokyo-police-jan-2026-arrest"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["Which image-generation tool was used and how investigators established the AI generation.","How many women appear in the charged images, and whether any depicted woman responded.","Whether the suspect admitted the charge or was indicted, and the outcome."],"geography":{"basis":"The Tokyo Metropolitan Police made the arrest, and the images were made on the suspect's home computer in Japan and posted on member sites promoted through X and Instagram, as described, so the event country is Japan. The depicted women are described only as actresses and idols, so their countries are not recorded. No court proceeding is reported.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["JP"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): the investigating Tokyo police say a man trained a freely available image-generation AI on actresses' and idols' images and posted obscene images resembling them on paid member sites; he was arrested in January 2026. Non-consensual sexual depiction is itself the reported harm. The attribution rests on one report of the police account. No suspect or depicted woman is named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-22"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"According to the Tokyo police and investigative sources as reported by the Yomiuri, the suspect trained a freely available image-generation AI on image data of actresses and idols and used it to make obscene images resembling them, which he posted on paid member sites; police believe more than 500,000 such images of about 300 women. Those generated sexual depictions of real women are the harm. The police do not disclose a tool, and the source does not report how the AI generation was established beyond the investigation's account.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Tokyo police say a man posted over 500,000 AI-made sexual deepfakes resembling about 300 actresses and idols on paid member sites; arrested in January 2026","summary":"The Tokyo Metropolitan Police arrested a 31-year-old unemployed man on 19 January 2026 on suspicion of displaying obscene electronic records, for posting on member sites obscene images made with image-generation AI to resemble female celebrities, the Yomiuri Shimbun reported. Police believe that since summer 2023 he posted more than 500,000 sexual deepfakes using images of about 300 actresses and idols and earned about 11 million yen in viewing fees. According to investigative sources, the charge covers a dozen or so obscene images resembling female celebrities posted on two member sites between December 2024 and May 2025. Police say he trained a freely available image-generation AI on the women's images, advertised with sample images on X and Instagram, and took requests from higher-paying members for which celebrity to depict.","incidentDate":"2023-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-01-20","aiSystem":"A freely available image-generation AI that, according to the Tokyo police, the suspect trained on image data of actresses and idols on his home computer to make obscene images resembling them (tool not identified)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the Tokyo police, a man used image-generation AI to make sexual deepfakes resembling actresses and idols without their consent and sold access to them on member sites; police believe about 300 women were depicted.","frameworkFacets":[],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"Police believe images of about 300 actresses and idols were used; the charge concerns a dozen or so images whose number of depicted women is not stated, so no count is entered and zero placeholders are used. Paying viewers are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"JP","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20260120-GYT1T00049/","primarySourceLabel":"Yomiuri Shimbun, 20 Jan 2026: 「性的ディープフェイク」で女性芸能人に似せたわいせつ画像を作成、会員制サイトに掲載した疑い…警視庁が３１歳男を逮捕","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-22T03:16:14.122951+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-22T03:16:14.122951+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["sexual_deepfake","generative_ai","arrest","japan"]},{"id":"2023-beijing-voice-actress-ai-text-to-speech-voice-from-her-recordings-sold-without-consent-court-awards-250000-yuan","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'发现他人利用其配音制作的作品在多个知名APP广泛流传。经声音筛选和溯源，发现上述作品中的声音来自于被告一北京某智能科技公司运营平台中的文本转语音产品'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In May 2023 the voice actress found that works using her voice were circulating widely on several well-known apps and traced the voice to a text-to-speech product on an app operator's platform.","causal_attribution":"Court account of the claimant's discovery."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'录制的一部录音制品作为素材，采用人工智能等技术进行处理，生成了案涉文本转语音产品，并在被告四上海某网络科技公司运营的云服务平台对外出售'; '《数据授权书》并非'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'进行AI化处理'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court found that a software company used only one of her sound recordings, supplied by a media company, as material, processed it with AI and other techniques into a text-to-speech product, and sold it on a cloud-service platform; the authorisation document had not been signed by her.","causal_attribution":"Court findings as relayed; the judgment was not inspected."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'采取应用程序接口形式，在未经技术处理的情况下，直接调取并生成文本转语音产品在其平台中使用。平台显示案涉声音播放量为3256728530次'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'相关配音作品的播放量高达32亿余次'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"An app operator called the product through an interface for use on its platform, which showed the voice as played 3,256,728,530 times.","causal_attribution":"Court findings as relayed."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'现场使用案涉文本转语音产品进行文本转语音的操作，获得的AI声音与'; '的音色、语调、发音风格等具有高度一致性'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'庭审现场，法官当庭勘验：AI产品生成的语音，与'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"At the hearing the court used the product and found the AI voice highly consistent with the voice actress's timbre, intonation and pronunciation style.","causal_attribution":"The court's own inspection as relayed by the court account."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'北京互联网法院于2024年4月23日作出（2023）京0491民初12142号民事判决'; '经济损失人民币250000元'; '宣判后，双方当事人未提出上诉，判决已发生法律效力'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'4月23日，北京互联网法院一审开庭宣判了全国首例AI生成声音人格权侵权案'; '赔偿损失25万元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'原告获赔经济损失25万元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"On 23 April 2024 the Beijing Internet Court ordered written apologies and 250,000 yuan for economic loss, rejected her other claims, and the judgment took effect without appeal.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as relayed by the court account and reports of it."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'并未举证证明被诉侵权行为给其精神利益造成严重损害，因此，对其精神损害赔偿请求不予支持'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court rejected the claim for mental-harm damages because she had not shown that the infringement seriously harmed her mental interests.","causal_attribution":"Court reasoning as relayed; recorded as a limit on the harm."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'一审审理过程中，被告一北京某智能科技公司、被告三某软件公司下架了案涉文本转语音产品'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The app operator and the software company took the text-to-speech product down during the first-instance proceedings.","causal_attribution":"Court account."}],"effects":[{"label":"court found a voice actress's voice rights infringed by an AI text-to-speech voice made from her recording and sold without her consent","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s6867e681d5ded84697eedca5.html","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Case digest published by the Beijing courts' \"Jing Fa Wang Shi\" account on Beijing Daily's platform; the judgment itself was not inspected.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-account"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do?id=741827","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Relays the Beijing Internet Court's announcement of the judgment.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-account"},{"id":"s3","url":"http://paper.people.com.cn/zgcsb/html/2024-04/29/content_26055200.htm","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Commentary in China City News (People's Daily group) relaying the same court account.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-account"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s6ad969cce4b0e42f8f01e464.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Feature on the Beijing Internet Court quoting its judges; it restates the case.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-account"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["work","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["When the software company first sold the product and when the app operator began using it.","Which apps and works used the voice; the sources give only a playback count shown on the operator's platform.","How the 250,000-yuan figure was calculated beyond the court's general factors.","Where the voice actress lives."],"geography":{"basis":"The case digest describes Beijing and Shanghai companies selling and using the product on a Chinese cloud platform and app, and the case was decided by the Beijing Internet Court, so the event is placed in China. The sources do not say where the voice actress lives, so no affected-person country is recorded.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): the Beijing Internet Court found that an AI text-to-speech voice made from a voice actress's recording imitated her identifiably and was sold and used without her consent, and awarded 250,000 yuan. One reporting chain, the court's own account, read in four Chinese sources.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-22"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"In the court's account a software company processed the voice actress's recording with AI and other techniques to generate a text-to-speech voice, and at the hearing the court used the product and found the generated voice highly consistent with hers. The AI-generated voice imitated her voice in works heard on apps (depicted_or_impersonated); the court held that this use without her consent infringed her voice rights and awarded damages.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Beijing Internet Court finds an AI text-to-speech voice made from a voice actress's recordings was sold without her consent and awards her 250,000 yuan","summary":"According to the Beijing courts' case digest and reports of the April 2024 judgment, a voice actress found in May 2023 that works using her voice were circulating widely on several well-known apps. The court found that a software company had used only one of her sound recordings, supplied by a media company that held the recording rights, to make a text-to-speech product with AI and other techniques, and sold it on a cloud-service platform; an app operator then called the product through an interface for use on its own platform, where the voice was shown as played 3,256,728,530 times. The authorisation document had not been signed by her. On 23 April 2024 the Beijing Internet Court held that her voice rights extend to an identifiable AI-synthesised voice, ordered the app operator and the software company to apologise in writing, and ordered the media company and the software company to pay her 250,000 yuan for economic loss. It rejected her claim for mental-harm damages. Neither side appealed.","incidentDate":"2023-05-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2024-04-24","aiSystem":"A text-to-speech voice product that a software company made by processing one of the voice actress's sound recordings with AI and other techniques, sold on a cloud-service platform and called by an app operator for use on its platform (product names not recorded here)","aiProduct":"Unidentified voice-cloning tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the Beijing courts' account, an AI text-to-speech voice made from a voice actress's recording without her consent was sold and widely used, and the court found her voice rights infringed and awarded 250,000 yuan for economic loss.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the voice actress who sued (Beijing courts' case digest and reports of the judgment). Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s6867e681d5ded84697eedca5.html","primarySourceLabel":"Beijing courts' case digest via Beijing Daily, 4 July 2025: AI-processed voice protected by voice rights","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-22T03:08:01.07425+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-22T03:08:01.07425+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["voice-cloning","voice-rights","text-to-speech","court-ruling","beijing","china","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2023-slovakia-ai-voice-deepfake-of-party-leader-and-journalist-discussing-election-rigging-spread-during-moratorium","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Len dva dni pred parlamentnými voľbami zdieľali tisíce slovenských používateľov sociálnych sietí podozrivý zvukový súbor, ktorý bol prezentovaný ako rozhovor medzi Michalom Šimečkom, predsedom Progresívneho Slovenska (PS), a Monikou Tódovou, novinárkou Denníka N. ... Na nahrávke hovoria, že voľby 30. septembra budú zmanipulované v prospech PS.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Neznámy dezinformátor alebo dezinformátori vypustili tesne pred voľbami 2023 novú formu hoaxu, ktorý mal potenciál ovplyvniť výsledky hlasovania. Terčom takzvaného deepfaku – počítačom vyrobenej nahrávky – sa stali predseda PS Michal Šimečka a novinárka Denníka N Monika Tódová. V nahrávke zneli ich hlasy tak, akoby sa dohodovali o manipulácii volieb.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Shortly before Slovakia's 2023 parliamentary election, an audio file spread on social media in which the voices of the Progressive Slovakia leader and a Denník N journalist appear to discuss rigging the election.","causal_attribution":"AFP observed the posts and file itself; Denník N reports the same file from its own position as the journalist's employer."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Na základe nášho vyhodnotenia predmetná nahrávka vykazuje viaceré znaky, že je vytvorená umelou inteligenciou pomocou algoritmov umožňujúcich vytvorenie syntetického/umelého hlasu vytrénovaného na hlasoch reálnych osôb (tzv. audio deepfake) ... Preukazuje to tón hlasu, neprirodzená dikcia, výber slov a podobne.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The director of the Interior Ministry's Centre for Countering Hybrid Threats told AFP that the centre's evaluation found several signs that the recording was created with AI algorithms producing a synthetic voice trained on real people's voices, citing tone, unnatural diction and word choice.","causal_attribution":"Government examining unit's assessment as quoted by AFP; its full method is not published."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Viacerí analytici však pre agentúru AFP na základe hneď niekoľkých faktorov zvukového záznamu uviedli, že nahrávka je podvod vytvorený umelou inteligenciou a technológiou syntetického hlasu.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Several analysts consulted by AFP said, on the basis of several features of the recording, that it was a fake created with artificial intelligence and synthetic-voice technology.","causal_attribution":"Expert assessments gathered by AFP; one expert said it could alternatively be spliced from other calls."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"bývalý poslanec strany Sme Rodina, ktorý ho 28. septembra zverejnil na svojom facebookovom účte. ... napísal v príspevku, ktorý nazbieral viac ako 2200 zdieľaní. ... Jeden z príspevkov na Facebooku bol zdieľaný viac ako 3 000-krát pred tým, ako bol odstránený.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"A former member of parliament posted the recording on Facebook on 28 September as authentic and called the party leader a traitor and fraudster, in a post shared more than 2,200 times; another Facebook post was shared more than 3,000 times before removal.","causal_attribution":"AFP's observation of the posts."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Naši súperi vytvorili ďalšie falošné video s hlasom od umelej inteligencie","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The party leader called the recording fake and said his opponents had made another fake video with an AI voice.","causal_attribution":"Depicted person's own statement, relayed by AFP."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Novinárkin advokát Tomáš Kamenec postavil trestné oznámenie na paragrafoch o ohováraní a poškodzovaní cudzích práv. ... Jej trestné oznámenie polícia prvýkrát odmietla už po pár týždňoch. Vyšetrovateľ síce uznal, že išlo o zjavný podvrh, podľa neho však bol málo presvedčivý, a teda nemohol ovplyvniť významnejšiu skupinu voličov. ... S postupom polície sa vtedy nestotožnil ani prokurátor Okresnej prokuratúry Bratislava III, ktorý vyšetrovateľom nariadil prípad riadne prešetriť.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The journalist filed a criminal complaint through her lawyer on defamation and interference with others' rights; police first dismissed it, saying the fake was obvious and unconvincing, and the district prosecutor then ordered a proper investigation.","causal_attribution":"Reported by the journalist's employer; the police and prosecutor decisions themselves were not read."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Vyšetrovateľka Okresného riaditeľstva Bratislava III prerušila trestné stíhanie s vysvetlením, že „sa nepodarilo zistiť skutočnosti oprávňujúce vykonať trestné stíhanie voči konkrétnej osobe“. ... Novinárka Tódová podala prostredníctvom advokátskej kancelárie Paul Q proti tomuto rozhodnutiu sťažnosť.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"After almost a year, an investigator suspended the prosecution because no specific suspect could be identified, and the journalist filed a complaint against that decision.","causal_attribution":"Reported by the journalist's employer."}],"effects":[{"label":"party leader and journalist falsely depicted plotting election fraud; recording spread as genuine; criminal complaint filed","claim_id":"c6","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://fakty.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33WY9LF","kind":"fact_check","access":"read","language":"sk","translation_note":"Read in Slovak by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-22 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. AFP Fakty fact-check published 28 Sep 2023 21:51, updated 29 Apr 2024; direct fetch 403, read in full from an Internet Archive capture (web.archive.org/web/2024id_/).","independence_group":"afp-fakty-sep-2023"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://dennikn.sk/4249286/policia-povedala-ze-nevie-vypatrat-autora-deepfaku-ktory-sa-snazil-ovplyvnit-volby/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"sk","translation_note":"Read in Slovak by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-22 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Denník N report of 27 Oct 2024; Denník N employs the depicted journalist. Direct fetch 403, read in full from an Internet Archive capture (web.archive.org/web/2025id_/).","independence_group":"dennik-n-oct-2024"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["public_life","justice"],"unknowns":["Who made the recording and with which tool.","How the hybrid-threats centre and the analysts assessed the recording beyond the features they cite.","What happened to the journalist's complaint against the 2024 suspension; later reports were not read for this review."],"geography":{"basis":"AFP reports the file spread among Slovak social-media users before the Slovak parliamentary election, so the event country is Slovakia. The party leader leads a Slovak party and the journalist works for the Slovak daily Denník N and filed her complaint with Slovak police (Denník N), so both are placed in Slovakia. No court proceeding is reported.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["SK"],"affected_person_countries":["SK"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): the Slovak Interior Ministry's hybrid-threats centre, which evaluated the recording, said it showed signs of AI synthetic-voice generation, and the imitated voices of a party leader and a journalist were spread as a record of them plotting election fraud. The leader denounced it and the journalist filed a criminal complaint for defamation, which police later suspended for want of a suspect.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-22"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"AFP Fakty quotes the director of the Slovak Interior Ministry's Centre for Countering Hybrid Threats saying that the centre's evaluation of this recording found several signs that it was created with AI algorithms producing a synthetic voice trained on real people's voices, citing tone, unnatural diction and word choice; several analysts consulted by AFP said the same on the basis of features of the recording. The generated voices of the party leader and the journalist were what spread as a supposed record of them plotting election fraud. The tool is not identified, and one expert said the file could alternatively have been spliced from other calls.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Slovakia: audio of a party leader and a journalist discussing vote rigging, which a ministry unit said showed signs of AI, spread before the 2023 election","summary":"Two days before Slovakia's parliamentary election of 30 September 2023, during the pre-election moratorium, an audio file presented as a phone call between Progressive Slovakia leader Michal Šimečka and Denník N journalist Monika Tódová spread on Facebook, Telegram, TikTok and chain e-mails. In it, the two voices discuss rigging the election in the party's favour. The director of the Interior Ministry's Centre for Countering Hybrid Threats told AFP that the ministry's evaluation found several signs that the recording was created with AI synthetic-voice algorithms trained on real people's voices, and other analysts consulted by AFP said it was an AI-made fake. A former member of parliament shared it as authentic, calling Šimečka a traitor and fraudster. Šimečka called it fake. Tódová filed a criminal complaint for defamation; according to Denník N, police first dismissed it, a prosecutor ordered an investigation, and in 2024 an investigator suspended the case because no suspect could be identified.","incidentDate":"2023-09-28","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2023-09-28","aiSystem":"Synthetic-voice (audio deepfake) generation imitating the voices of a party leader and a journalist, according to the Slovak Interior Ministry's Centre for Countering Hybrid Threats and analysts consulted by AFP (tool not identified)","aiProduct":"Unidentified voice-cloning tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to AFP Fakty and Denník N, a party leader and a journalist were falsely depicted, through imitated voices that the Interior Ministry's hybrid-threats centre said showed signs of AI generation, as plotting to rig an election; the file spread widely during the moratorium, a former MP presented it as genuine and called the leader a traitor, the leader denounced it, and the journalist filed a criminal complaint for defamation.","frameworkFacets":[],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two depicted people, the party leader and the journalist, each with a reported objection (the leader's public denial reported by AFP; the journalist's criminal complaint reported by Denník N). Voters who heard or shared the file are an audience and are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"SK","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://fakty.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33WY9LF","primarySourceLabel":"AFP Fakty, 28 Sep 2023: Údajná nahrávka telefonátu predsedu PS a novinárky Denníka N vykazuje podľa expertov početné známky manipulácie","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-22T03:05:17.620696+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-22T03:05:17.620696+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["voice_clone","audio_deepfake","election","journalist","defamation","slovakia"]},{"id":"2023-victoria-child-protection-worker-entered-family-information-into-chatgpt-for-court-report-regulator-finds","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Report: 'The Deputy Commissioner therefore found that DFFH contravened both IPP 3.1 and IPP 4.1 and determined that the contraventions were “serious”'; 'Issue a direction to Child Protection staff setting out that they are not to use any web-based or external Application Programming Interface (API)-based GenAI text tools (such as ChatGPT) as part of their official duties'; 'This action must be implemented by 5 November 2024 and maintained until 5 November 2026'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The regulator issued orders to the department, including blocking IP and domains for a range of generative AI websites, including ChatGPT, Meta AI, Gemini and Copilot.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"OVIC's investigation report, published in September 2024, found that DFFH contravened Information Privacy Principles 3.1 and 4.1 over a child protection worker's use of ChatGPT, that the contraventions were serious, and issued a compliance notice requiring DFFH to direct child protection staff not to use web-based generative AI text tools and to block them until 5 November 2026.","causal_attribution":"The regulator's own report and compliance notice establish its findings and orders."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Compliance notice: 'In or around September 2023, a Child Protection worker (CPW1) of the Organisation used'; 'ChatGPT, a web-based generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tool, when drafting a Protection'. Report: 'The report had been submitted to the Children’s Court for a case concerning a young child whose parents had been charged in relation to sexual offences'; 'CPW1 admitted that they had used ChatGPT in drafting the report, but denied inputting personal information as part of this'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"OVIC found that in or around September 2023 a DFFH child protection worker used ChatGPT when drafting a Protection Application Report that was submitted to the Children's Court in a case about a young child whose parents had been charged in relation to sexual offences; the worker admitted to DFFH using ChatGPT for the report.","causal_attribution":"OVIC's finding, based on indicators in the report and the worker's admission to DFFH."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Report: 'OVIC found, on the balance of probabilities, that CPW1 input personal information, including names'; 'By entering personal and sensitive information about the mother, father, carer, and child into ChatGPT, CPW1 also disclosed this information to OpenAI (the company which operates ChatGPT)'; DFFH response: 'it is not possible to definitively confirm that personal information has ever been entered into ChatGPT by the Child Protection Practitioner who no longer works in the department'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Ovic found that, on the balance of probabilities, the worker had entered in personal information.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"OVIC found on the balance of probabilities that the worker entered personal information, including names, about the child, mother, father and carer into ChatGPT, disclosing it to OpenAI; the worker denied entering personal information, and DFFH says this cannot be confirmed definitively.","causal_attribution":"A regulator's finding on the balance of probabilities, contested by the worker's denial; organisations cannot see what staff typed into ChatGPT."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Report: 'First, the PA Report referenced how the child’s father used a particular toy, a doll, for sexual purposes.'; 'The report later referenced the same toy as a notable strength, in that the parents had provided the child with “age-appropriate toys”'; 'ChatGPT failed to properly understand the relevant context, and generated inappropriate and inaccurate content as a result'; 'these deficiencies in the report did not ultimately change the decision-making of either Child Protection or the Court in relation to the child'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'But it also said the report did not change the decision-making of either the child protection agency or the court.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"OVIC's report attributes inaccurate content in the report to ChatGPT: having described a doll the father had reportedly used for sexual purposes, the report later cited the same toy as a parental strength ('age-appropriate toys'), which downplayed the risk to the child; the deficiencies did not change the decisions of Child Protection or the court.","causal_attribution":"OVIC attributes the doll passage to ChatGPT from the content itself and the worker's admission of ChatGPT use."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Report: 'DFFH arranged with the Court for the PA Report to be withdrawn and a replacement one submitted. It also notified affected parties about the incident'; 'In the present case, the mother, father, and carer variously described feelings of anxiety and being overwhelmed when informed about their information being disclosed'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to OVIC's report, DFFH arranged with the court for the report to be withdrawn and replaced and notified the affected parties; the mother, father and carer described feelings of anxiety and being overwhelmed when told their information had been disclosed.","causal_attribution":"DFFH's account to OVIC; the family members' reactions are relayed by the regulator, not in their own words."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"DFFH response, 18 September 2024: 'I accept that there was an unauthorized use of ChatGPT by a Child Protection Practitioner'; 'when developing a Protection Application Report for court'; 'the Child Protection Practitioner who no longer works in the department'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'In response, the department said it accepted the findings and would work to implement the orders. It said it no longer employed the worker.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"DFFH's Secretary accepted that a child protection practitioner had used ChatGPT without authorisation for a court report and that the department breached the two privacy principles, and the department said it no longer employs the worker.","causal_attribution":"DFFH's own letter, annexed to the report."}],"effects":[{"label":"personal information about a child, the mother, father and carer was entered into ChatGPT and disclosed to OpenAI, regulator finds","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"ChatGPT-generated content in a Children's Court report downplayed the risk to the child; the report was withdrawn and replaced","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the mother, father and carer described anxiety and being overwhelmed when told of the disclosure","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://ovic.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/DFFH-ChatGPT-investigation-report-20240924-Re-upload.pdf","kind":"official_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"OVIC investigation report under s8C(2)(e) of the Privacy and Data Protection Act 2014 (Vic), September 2024, with the compliance notice (Annexure A) and DFFH's response letter of 18 September 2024 (Annexure B); the PDF (re-uploaded November 2024) was read in full on 2026-10-22 from ovic.vic.gov.au (HTTP 200); the report page gives 'Last updated 24 September 2024'.","independence_group":"ovic-dffh-chatgpt-investigation"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/sep/26/victoria-child-protection-chat-gpt-ban-ovic-report-ntwnfb","kind":"news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"The Guardian (Australia), 26 September 2024, read in full on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). Its account comes from OVIC's report, so it shares that group. Its statement that the worker may have used ChatGPT in 100 cases does not match the report, which attributes the 100 cases to the worker's broader work unit; that statement is not relied on.","independence_group":"ovic-dffh-chatgpt-investigation"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["privacy","public_services","justice"],"unknowns":["Exactly what text the worker entered into ChatGPT; neither DFFH nor OVIC could see the prompts, and the input of personal information rests on a balance-of-probabilities finding.","The exact date of the ChatGPT use (the compliance notice says 'in or around September 2023') and of the court hearing.","Whether OpenAI retained or used the information entered.","Which people were affected in the 100 other cases with indicators of ChatGPT use, and whether their information was entered.","How DFFH has complied with the compliance notice since its first monitoring reports."],"geography":{"basis":"OVIC is Victoria's information regulator, DFFH is a Victorian government department, and the report says the affected child protection case went before the Children's Court, a Victorian court. The family's case was handled by the department in Victoria.","court_countries":["AU"],"event_countries":["AU"],"affected_person_countries":["AU"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-10-06 privacy clarification: a regulator's investigation report finds that a child protection worker entered a family's personal information into ChatGPT, without authorisation, and that ChatGPT-generated text minimising the risk to a child went into a court report. Relations: received_personal_information and made_claim_about. The case adds a statutory child protection setting, a court report and a compliance notice banning generative AI tools.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-22"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"OVIC's report finds that ChatGPT received personal information about the child, mother, father and carer that the worker typed in, which disclosed it to OpenAI, and that ChatGPT generated report text inaccurately describing the parents' care of the child (the doll passage), which went into a report submitted to the Children's Court and downplayed the risk to the child. The finding rests on indicators in the report text, the worker's admission of ChatGPT use and colleagues' accounts; the input of personal information was found on the balance of probabilities and the worker denied it.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["received_personal_information","made_claim_about"]},"name":"Victorian child protection worker put a family's information into ChatGPT to draft a court report that minimised risk to the child, regulator finds","summary":"Victoria's Information Commissioner (OVIC) found in a report published on 24 September 2024 that a child protection worker at the Department of Families, Fairness and Housing (DFFH) used ChatGPT in or around September 2023 to draft a Protection Application Report submitted to the Children's Court about a young child. On the balance of probabilities, OVIC found the worker entered personal information, including names, about the child, mother, father and carer, disclosing it to OpenAI; the worker admitted using ChatGPT but denied entering personal information. OVIC found generated content in the report described a doll that the father had reportedly used for sexual purposes as a parental strength ('age-appropriate toys'), downplaying the risk to the child, although the court's and the department's decisions did not change. The report was withdrawn and replaced, and the mother, father and carer described anxiety when told of the disclosure. OVIC found serious breaches of two privacy principles and issued a compliance notice requiring DFFH to ban and block generative AI text tools for child protection staff until November 2026; DFFH accepted the breach findings.","incidentDate":"2023-09-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2024-09-24","aiSystem":"ChatGPT (OpenAI), used through its website by a child protection worker of Victoria's Department of Families, Fairness and Housing to draft a court report, without departmental authorisation (per OVIC's investigation report)","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["other_material_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"OVIC found that personal information about a child, the mother, father and carer was entered into ChatGPT and disclosed to OpenAI, and that ChatGPT-generated content in a court report downplayed the risk to the child; the mother, father and carer described anxiety when told, according to OVIC's report.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":4,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"OVIC's report finds that personal and sensitive information about the mother, father, carer and child in this case was entered into ChatGPT (four people), and records that the mother, father and carer described anxiety when informed. OVIC says personal information had likely been entered in other cases too; those people are not counted. The worker, the court and DFFH staff are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"AU-VIC","platformType":"chatbot","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://ovic.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/DFFH-ChatGPT-investigation-report-20240924-Re-upload.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Office of the Victorian Information Commissioner: Investigation into the use of ChatGPT by a Child Protection worker (report, 24 Sep 2024)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-22T03:03:14.588614+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-22T03:03:14.588614+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["chatgpt","child-protection","court-report","privacy-regulator","unauthorised-ai-use","personal-information","victoria"]},{"id":"2023-merseyside-police-say-man-used-ai-to-make-indecent-pseudo-images-of-children-and-sexual-deepfakes-jailed","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"pleaded guilty to making indecent photographs/pseudo-photographs of a child, sharing a photograph or film of a person in an intimate state for the purpose of sexual gratification and voyeurism. ... He was jailed for two years and two months yesterday, Tuesday 22 October, at Liverpool Crown Court.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"He was jailed for two years and two months on October 22 at Liverpool Crown Court.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The man pleaded guilty to making indecent photographs or pseudo-photographs of a child, sharing a photograph or film of a person in an intimate state for the purpose of sexual gratification, and voyeurism, and was jailed for two years and two months at Liverpool Crown Court on 22 October 2024.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as announced by the police; no AI role is stated in the offence names."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"As part of a complex investigation, it was also found that between July 2023 and January 2024, ... made 266 indecent pseudo-images of children using AI technology.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"made 266 indecent pseudo-images of children using AI technology.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Merseyside Police say an investigation found that between July 2023 and January 2024 the man made 266 indecent pseudo-images of children using AI technology.","causal_attribution":"The investigating police attribute the 266 pseudo-images to AI technology; they do not name the tool or say how they established its use."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"including creating and sharing digitally altered pornographic images of children and women – known more commonly as ‘deepfakes’. ... A ‘deepfake’ is an image or video that has been digitally altered with the help of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to replace the face of one person with the face of another. ... used the faces of real women and children without their knowledge to create pornographic images and shared them online.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"using artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the faces of real women and children before sharing them online, Merseyside Police said.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The police say the man used the faces of real women and children without their knowledge to create pornographic images and shared them online, and describe the images as digitally altered images known as deepfakes, which the release defines as images altered with the help of AI to replace one person's face with another's.","causal_attribution":"Police account; the release's own AI statement (c2) concerns the pseudo-images of children, and the BBC relay extends the AI wording to the women's images."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Knowing those images of me are out there circulating the internet is so violating. ... A second woman who was targeted in the same way said in her Victim Impact Statement","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"I worry when a man looks at me for too long and panic that he may have seen the images.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Two women gave victim impact statements, published by the police, describing a sense of violation, fear that others had seen the images, anxiety and difficulty sleeping.","causal_attribution":"The statements describe harm from the pornographic images; the sources do not say whether these women's images were made with AI."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"he obviously didn't know how to create these deepfake images at that point, so he had uploaded hundreds of headshots of me off my Facebook, Instagram, family photos that were shared in our groupchat and he had asked people to deface them. ... there was no law against deepfake pornography at the time so technically no crime had been committed. ... was arrested in January 2023, with police pinning their investigation on the missing black heels. ... It never went to the Crown Prosecution Service. They decided on that day there was not a case to be answered.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"opened Facebook in September 2022, she found an anonymous message ... Then a quick Google search of the username uncovered a series of digitally altered images, with her face superimposed onto the naked bodies of other women. ... There was no law against deepfake pornography at the time so technically no crime had been committed","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"A woman related to the man by marriage says the explicit images of her that she found online after anonymous messages in September 2022 were made by other people he had asked to deface her photos, because he did not then know how to make deepfakes himself, and that the case never went to prosecutors after his arrest in January 2023; the Echo and SWNS report that no law then covered such images.","causal_attribution":"In this account the earlier images of her were made by other people he asked to deface her photos (the method is not stated); they predate the period the police describe and are context, not among the AI-made images the police count."}],"effects":[{"label":"real children's and women's faces used in sexual images, which the police say included 266 AI-made pseudo-images of children","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"two women describe violation, anxiety and fear after discovering the images","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.merseyside.police.uk/news/merseyside/news/2024/october/southport-man-jailed-for-creating-digitally-altered-pornographic-images-of-children-and-women/","kind":"official_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-20 through an Internet Archive capture (web.archive.org/web/2024id_/...), because the live page returned HTTP 403; no translation needed.","independence_group":"merseyside-police-oct-2024"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5y3820nq7zo","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-20; HTTP 200. BBC report relaying the Merseyside Police release and victim impact statements, the same police origin as s1.","independence_group":"merseyside-police-oct-2024"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://metro.co.uk/2024/10/23/man-jailed-making-indecent-deepfake-images-children-women-21851607/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-20; HTTP 200. Metro report reproducing the police release wording, the same police origin as s1.","independence_group":"merseyside-police-oct-2024"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/mums-deepfake-horror-brother-law-33992504","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-20 through an Internet Archive capture (web.archive.org/web/2026id_/...), because the live page returned an empty HTTP 202; interview with a woman related to the man by marriage.","independence_group":"relative-interviews-2026"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.jambalayanews.com/news/national/woman-victim-of-deepfake-porn-by-family-member-helps-change-law/article_c5780438-a23f-5667-8247-deca2c6d5cce.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-20; HTTP 200. SWNS feature syndicated by Jambalaya News, based on an interview with the same woman as s4, so not independent of s4.","independence_group":"relative-interviews-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool was used and how the police established its use.","How many children and women were depicted; 266 is the police count of AI-made pseudo-images of children.","Whether the two women who gave victim impact statements were depicted in AI-made images or in images made by other means.","Where the images were shared online and whether they were removed."],"geography":{"basis":"The case was investigated by Merseyside Police and sentenced at Liverpool Crown Court, so the court country is the United Kingdom (GB). The sources describe the man as from Southport but do not say where the images were made, uploaded or viewed, or where the depicted children and women live, so no event or affected-person country is recorded.","court_countries":["GB"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): the investigating Merseyside Police say the man made 266 indecent pseudo-images of children using AI technology and used real women's and children's faces in pornographic images he shared online; he pleaded guilty and was jailed. The technical basis of the police AI attribution is undisclosed, and a relative's account that her earlier images were edited by other people is recorded as context. No victim is named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-20"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The investigating Merseyside Police say the man made 266 indecent pseudo-images of children using AI technology between July 2023 and January 2024 and that he used the faces of real women and children without their knowledge in pornographic images he shared online. The AI-made depictions of real people were the sexual images at the centre of the offences. The police do not name the tool or say how they established its use, and their explicit statement of AI use concerns the pseudo-images of children; the images of women are called deepfakes, which the release defines as images altered with the help of AI.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Merseyside police say a man used AI to make 266 indecent pseudo-images of children and made sexual deepfakes of real women; he was jailed in 2024","summary":"Merseyside Police said in October 2024 that a Southport man had been jailed for two years and two months at Liverpool Crown Court after pleading guilty to making indecent photographs or pseudo-photographs of a child, sharing an intimate photograph or film, and voyeurism. According to the police, an investigation found that between July 2023 and January 2024 he made 266 indecent pseudo-images of children using AI technology, and that he used the faces of real women and children without their knowledge to create pornographic images, which the force calls deepfakes, and shared them online. Two women described in victim impact statements lasting fear, anxiety and a sense of violation. A woman related to him by marriage later told the Liverpool Echo that explicit images of her, which she found online after anonymous messages in September 2022, were made by other people he had asked to deface her photos, and that the case never went to prosecutors after his arrest in January 2023.","incidentDate":"2023-07-01","incidentEndDate":"2024-01-31","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2024-10-23","aiSystem":"Unnamed AI technology that Merseyside Police say the man used to make indecent pseudo-images of children (tool not identified)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Merseyside Police say the man made 266 indecent pseudo-images of children using AI technology between July 2023 and January 2024, and used the faces of real women and children without their knowledge in pornographic images he shared online; two women described lasting anxiety and a sense of violation.","frameworkFacets":[],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"No reliable count: the police say real children's and women's faces were used but give no number of people depicted (266 is a count of images). Two women gave victim impact statements, but the sources do not establish that their images were among those the police tie to AI, so they are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"GB","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.merseyside.police.uk/news/merseyside/news/2024/october/southport-man-jailed-for-creating-digitally-altered-pornographic-images-of-children-and-women/","primarySourceLabel":"Merseyside Police, 23 Oct 2024: Southport man jailed for creating digitally altered pornographic images of children and women","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-20T03:04:09.115741+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-20T03:04:09.115741+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai_generated_images","pseudo_images_of_children","sexual_deepfakes","guilty_plea","united_kingdom"]},{"id":"2023-queensland-teacher-ai-nude-images-of-schoolgirls-traded-on-telegram-jailed","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'was sentenced to six years in jail on Thursday after admitting to storing over 53,000 images and videos on his devices'; 'Among the 31 child abuse-related offences he pleaded guilty to were 27 counts of using a carriage service to transmit child abuse material to himself, and three counts of using a carriage service to transmit, make available, publish, distribute or advertise child abuse material.'; 'was taken into custody and will be eligible for parole in early 2029. His teaching registration remains suspended.'; 'The Ipswich District Court heard that between 2023 and 2024,'; 'During sentencing, Judge'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"A former Queensland teacher pleaded guilty to 31 child abuse-related offences and was sentenced in the Ipswich District Court to six years in jail, with parole eligibility in early 2029; his teaching registration remains suspended.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as reported by one chain (Courier Mail court reporting relayed by the Daily Mail)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'A Queensland teacher has been jailed after he took photos of uniformed schoolgirls and traded AI-generated nude images of them with others online, as details of his offending were revealed in court.'; 'The Ipswich District Court heard that between 2023 and 2024,'; 'uploaded photos of girls he had found on social media, as well as images he had covertly taken of uniformed schoolgirls, into an artificial intelligence tool to make them appear naked, The Courier Mail reports.'; 'He then traded the AI-generated images with 13 users on encrypted messaging platform Telegram, in exchange for over 1100 other child abuse images.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court heard that between 2023 and 2024 he uploaded photos of girls he had found on social media, and images he had covertly taken of uniformed schoolgirls, into an artificial intelligence tool to make them appear naked, and traded the AI-generated images with 13 Telegram users for other child abuse images.","causal_attribution":"What the court heard, as reported by one chain; the tool is not named."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Police identified more than 20 victims, aged between 12 and 17, who were targeted by'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Police identified more than 20 victims aged between 12 and 17 who were targeted by the AI-made images.","causal_attribution":"Police figure as reported in the court coverage."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'One of the victims told the court in her victim impact statement that'; 'Knowing that someone I knew and thought I trusted could do this to me and others makes me feel sick.'; 'I will never be able to maintain a healthy relationship with anyone, especially men.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"One victim told the court in a victim impact statement that knowing someone she knew and trusted could do this to her and others made her feel sick, and that because of him she would never be able to maintain a healthy relationship with anyone.","causal_attribution":"Victim impact statement as quoted in the court reporting."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'had abused his position of trust.'; 'The court heard he was not working at that school when he secretly took images of the students.'; 'A spokesperson for the Queensland Department of Education told the Daily Mail that support is being offered to students and school employees.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The judge said he had abused his position of trust; the court heard he was not working at the school where he taught at the time of his arrest when he took the images of students; the Queensland Department of Education said support was being offered to students and school employees.","causal_attribution":"Sentencing remarks and department statement as reported; context."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'was arrested after electronic devices were seized from a property in Ipswich on August 20 by Australian Federal Police.'; 'fronted Ipswich Magistrates Court on Monday after three charges were laid.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In 2024 the man was arrested after Australian Federal Police seized electronic devices from a property in Ipswich on 20 August, and he appeared in the Ipswich Magistrates Court after three charges were laid.","causal_attribution":"Arrest reporting from 2024; context for the timeline, no AI described."}],"effects":[{"label":"photos of girls made to appear naked with an AI tool and traded on Telegram","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"a victim told the court the offending made her feel sick and would affect her relationships","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.dailymail.com/news/article-16206899/index.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-14 at the name-free article-ID URL (it redirects to the full Daily Mail article). The Daily Mail report (14 October 2026) relays The Courier Mail's court reporting ('The Courier Mail reports') and adds a Department of Education statement.","independence_group":"courier-mail-court-reporting"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/queensland/brisbane-man-accused-of-sharing-child-abuse-material-worked-at-school-20240924-p5kcym.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-14 (the article text above the subscription prompt). Brisbane Times report syndicated on smh.com.au, 24 September 2024, on the arrest and first court appearance; it does not mention AI.","independence_group":"brisbane-times-2024-arrest"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["The AI tool used and how its use was established","Which of the 31 offences concern the AI-made images","The exact number of girls depicted beyond 'more than 20'","Whether the depicted girls were students he taught"],"geography":{"basis":"Event: the reporting does not state where he took the photos, uploaded them to the AI tool or traded the images; his residence, his Queensland teaching post and the Ipswich device seizure do not locate those acts, so event_countries is left empty. Affected people: the girls' locations are not stated. Court: Ipswich District Court, Queensland, Australia.","court_countries":["AU"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a reported case resting on one chain of court reporting: The Courier Mail's account, relayed by the Daily Mail, of a sentencing hearing at which the court heard that a teacher used an artificial intelligence tool to make photos of more than 20 girls aged 12 to 17 appear naked and traded the images on Telegram; he was jailed after guilty pleas. The AI output is the sexual depiction of the girls. The convicted man, the school and the girls are not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Daily Mail relays The Courier Mail's report of what the Ipswich District Court heard: between 2023 and 2024 the teacher uploaded photos of girls into an artificial intelligence tool to make them appear naked and traded the AI-generated images on Telegram; police identified more than 20 girls targeted by these images. The AI output is the non-consensual sexual depiction of the girls (depicted_or_impersonated), presented in a sentencing hearing after guilty pleas. The tool is not named and how its use was established is not reported.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Queensland court jails former teacher for six years after hearing he used an AI tool to make nude images of more than 20 girls and traded them","summary":"The Daily Mail, relaying The Courier Mail's court reporting, says a former Queensland secondary teacher was sentenced to six years in jail in the Ipswich District Court after pleading guilty to 31 child abuse-related offences. The court heard that between 2023 and 2024 he uploaded photos of girls he had found on social media, and images he had covertly taken of uniformed schoolgirls, into an artificial intelligence tool to make them appear naked, then traded the AI-generated images with 13 Telegram users for other abuse material. Police identified more than 20 victims aged 12 to 17. One victim told the court in a victim impact statement that knowing someone she knew and trusted had done this made her feel sick, and that she would never be able to maintain a healthy relationship. He is eligible for parole in early 2029 and his teaching registration remains suspended. The AI tool is not named.","incidentDate":"2023-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-14","aiSystem":"An artificial intelligence tool used to make photos of girls appear naked, as the court heard (tool not named)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to court reporting, more than 20 girls aged 12 to 17 had photos made to appear naked with an AI tool and traded on Telegram; one told the court the offending made her feel sick and would affect her future relationships.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":21,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Lower bound 21: the court reporting says 'Police identified more than 20 victims, aged between 12 and 17, who were targeted by' the AI-made images (claim c3). 'More than 20' supports at least 21; the exact number is not stated. The victims did not use the AI. Children in the other, non-AI abuse material are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"AU","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.dailymail.com/news/article-16206899/index.html","primarySourceLabel":"Daily Mail, 14 October 2026: Queensland teacher jailed over AI-generated nude images of schoolgirls","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-14T03:01:23.259821+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-14T03:01:23.259821+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-generated-image","non-consensual-sexual-imagery","minors","teacher","telegram","criminal-sentence","queensland","australia","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2023-asturias-court-security-guard-dismissal-unfair-after-switch-to-ai-camera-surveillance","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La vigilancia presencial permanente dio paso a un sistema de cámaras con inteligencia artificial, rondas itinerantes y respuesta a alarmas'; 'Duro Felguera contrató el nuevo servicio con Securitas el 1 de agosto de 2023'; 'Securitas sustituyó el 95% del sistema anterior, instaló nuevas cámaras e incorporó cámaras con IA para el análisis de vídeo'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"From 1 August 2023 Duro Felguera replaced the continuous on-site guarding provided by Protectum with a Securitas service that combined cameras with artificial intelligence for video analysis, roving patrols and alarm response, according to La Razón's account of the judgment.","causal_attribution":"La Razón's account of the proven facts of the judgment; the judgment was not inspected."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'dejó a los vigilantes de la anterior contrata fuera del nuevo contrato'; 'que había extinguido el contrato del empleado el 31 de julio de 2023'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The guards of the outgoing contract were left out of the new contract, and Protectum ended the claimant guard's employment on 31 July 2023.","causal_attribution":"La Razón's account of the case."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La sentencia 1385/2024 del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Asturias, fechada el 29 de julio de 2024'; 'la nueva adjudicataria quedó absuelta porque el sistema de rondas y vigilancia electrónica era diferente'; 'El despido, sin embargo, fue declarado improcedente'; 'El fallo le reconoció 30.672,72 euros por la extinción del contrato'; 'a razón de 58,76 euros diarios'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The High Court of Justice of Asturias (judgment 1385/2024, 29 July 2024) absolved Securitas of taking on the guard because the new service differed from the old, declared the dismissal unfair and ordered Protectum to pay €30,672.72 plus processing wages at €58.76 a day.","causal_attribution":"La Razón's account of the judgment."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'aunque siguió habiendo intervención humana'; 'La presencia de esa tecnología formaba parte de la reorganización acreditada, pero no convirtió el despido en procedente'; 'El tribunal señala que el nuevo contrato era más barato'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"La Razón states that human intervention continued in the new service and that the presence of AI was part of the established reorganisation without making the dismissal lawful; the court also noted that the new contract was cheaper.","causal_attribution":"La Razón's analysis and its account of the judgment; this limits how far the job loss can be attributed to AI."}],"effects":[{"label":"a security guard lost his job when the client replaced continuous on-site guarding with a remote-monitoring service that included AI video-analysis cameras and roving patrols","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.larazon.es/tecnologia-consumo/inteligencia-artificial/justicia-avala-empresa-reemplace-sus-vigilantes-fisicos-camaras-automatizadas-inteligencia-artificial-mantener-su-plantilla_202610096ac8c68ffb06971aadff1a69.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in full in Spanish by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 (HTTP 200); the English assertions are the agent's translation and no human translator reviewed them. The article reports the content of TSJ Asturias judgment 1385/2024, which was not itself inspected.","independence_group":"larazon-tsj-asturias-1385-2024-account"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The location of the guarded installations and how many guards of the outgoing contract lost their jobs.","What the AI cameras analysed and how much of the reduction in on-site guarding they accounted for, as against roving patrols and remote operators.","Whether an appeal for the unification of doctrine was lodged and whether the compensation has been paid.","The text of judgment 1385/2024, which was not inspected."],"geography":{"basis":"The case was decided by the Gijón labour court and the High Court of Justice of Asturias (La Razón). The article does not state where Duro Felguera's guarded installations are, so no event country is recorded from the court's seat; the guard's residence is not stated.","court_countries":["ES"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a consequential-response case: according to La Razón's account of the judgment, a guard's employment ended when the client replaced on-site guarding with a service built on AI video-analysis cameras, and the High Court of Justice of Asturias declared the dismissal unfair. The AI connection and the ruling are reported from one newspaper account; the guard is a private person and is not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"La Razón attributes the harm to a client's decision to adopt a security service that included cameras with AI for video analysis. La Razón, describing the proven facts of the judgment, reports that continuous on-site guarding gave way to a system of cameras with artificial intelligence for video analysis, roving patrols and alarm response, and that the guards of the outgoing contract were left out. It also reports that human guards still intervened and that the new contract was cheaper, so the AI cameras are one part of the reorganisation that ended the post. As La Razón reports it, the court's reasoning turned on the changed identity of the service (roving patrols and electronic surveillance, a 95% equipment renewal, a cheaper contract), and the AI cameras appear in its proven facts as one element of that renewal. No source says an AI system produced any output about the guard, so the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Asturias court rules a security guard's 2023 dismissal unfair after a client replaced on-site guarding with AI cameras and patrols, La Razón reports","summary":"According to La Razón's account of a July 2024 judgment of the High Court of Justice of Asturias, Duro Felguera replaced the continuous on-site guarding provided by the contractor Protectum with a Securitas service that, from 1 August 2023, combined cameras with artificial intelligence for video analysis, roving patrols and alarm response. The guards of the outgoing contract were left out of the new one. Protectum ended a guard's employment on 31 July 2023. The court held that Securitas did not have to take him on because the new service was different, declared the dismissal unfair and ordered Protectum to pay him €30,672.72 in compensation plus processing wages. La Razón notes that human guards still intervened in the new service and that the presence of AI was part of the reorganisation without making the dismissal lawful.","incidentDate":"2023-07-31","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-09","aiSystem":"Cameras with artificial intelligence for video analysis, installed by Securitas as part of a remote-monitoring, roving-patrol and alarm-response service that replaced continuous on-site guarding; no product is named","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI video-analysis system","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to La Razón's account of the judgment, the guard lost his job when the client replaced continuous on-site guarding with a service built on AI video-analysis cameras, roving patrols and alarm response; the court declared the dismissal unfair and awarded him €30,672.72 plus processing wages against his former employer. Other guards of the outgoing contract were also left out; their outcomes are not reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted: the guard whose dismissal the court ruled on. La Razón says the guards (plural) of the previous contract were left out of the new contract but gives no number and does not report whether the others lost their jobs, so only the claimant is counted, as a documented minimum.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"ES","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.larazon.es/tecnologia-consumo/inteligencia-artificial/justicia-avala-empresa-reemplace-sus-vigilantes-fisicos-camaras-automatizadas-inteligencia-artificial-mantener-su-plantilla_202610096ac8c68ffb06971aadff1a69.html","primarySourceLabel":"La Razón, 9 October 2026: report on a High Court of Justice of Asturias judgment on guards replaced by AI cameras","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:17:24.169189+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:17:24.169189+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["dismissal","workplace-ai","security-guards","video-analytics","labour-court","unfair-dismissal","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2023-espanola-new-mexico-flock-alpr-misread-plate-sisters-handcuffed-lawsuits","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'pulled the sisters over July 23 on Calle Duran after they had passed through an intersection equipped with a Flock Safety camera, which incorrectly flagged their car’s license plate as belonging to a stolen vehicle, according to the lawsuits.'; 'officers pulled the vehicle over and handcuffed them before placing them in the back of police vehicles prior to discovering the error.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'when Flock notified police that her Kia was stolen.'; 'Body camera footage from the July 2023 stop shows officers stopping the sisters and ordering them to exit the car, before handcuffing them.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In July 2023 Española police stopped the sisters' car after a Flock camera alert identified it as stolen, and officers ordered both sisters out and handcuffed them, including the 12-year-old.","causal_attribution":"The lawsuits as reported, and Business Insider's separate review of the body-camera footage."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'The plate number ended in 2, which the camera incorrectly read as 7, according to the complaint.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'According to an incident report, the camera misread a \"2\" for a \"7.\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The camera misread a 2 on the plate as a 7.","causal_attribution":"The sisters' complaint (as reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican) and the police incident report (as reported by Business Insider) agree on the misread."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'compensation for personal injuries including “anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement.”'; 'Instead, officers handcuffed the girl and put her in the back of a different police vehicle, according to the complaint.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The sisters' lawsuits sought damages including compensation for anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement; the older sister had asked an officer to call their mother to collect the 12-year-old, and officers instead handcuffed the girl.","causal_attribution":"The sisters' complaints as reported."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Two Rio Arriba County sisters have filed lawsuits against the city of Española'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The family filed a lawsuit and settled with the city in 2025.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The family filed lawsuits against the city of Española and settled with the city in 2025.","causal_attribution":"Filing reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican; settlement reported by Business Insider without terms."},{"id":"c5","status":"disputed","evidence":[{"locator":"'Officers said the number was obscured by a license plate cover, though it'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Officers said a license plate cover obscured the number; Business Insider says the number is visible in the body-camera footage it reviewed.","causal_attribution":"Officers' explanation as reported by Business Insider, contradicted by Business Insider's own review of the footage."}],"effects":[{"label":"both sisters, one aged 12, handcuffed and held in police vehicles after a misread license-plate-camera alert flagged their car as stolen","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"lawsuits claimed anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/sisters-sue-espa-ola-over-traffic-stop-they-say-was-illegal/article_1c949c30-ae3e-11ee-ad85-f71a8c9ecb1e.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-04 from the Internet Archive 2026 capture (Santa Fe New Mexican, 8 January 2024); the live site returned HTTP 429. Reports the two complaints and the attorney's comments.","independence_group":"espanola-sisters-lawsuits"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/flock-safety-alpr-cameras-misreads-2026-3","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-10-04 (Business Insider, 9 March 2026); full text present in the served page. Draws on its own review of body-camera footage and the incident report.","independence_group":"business-insider-records-review"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["Settlement terms and date in 2025.","The state district court case numbers; the complaints were not read.","How long the sisters were held before officers found the error."],"geography":{"basis":"The stop took place on Calle Duran in Española, New Mexico; the sisters are from Rio Arriba County, and the suits were filed in New Mexico state district court (Santa Fe New Mexican).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an institutional-use case consistent with the held Flock misread rows: the sisters' lawsuits (Santa Fe New Mexican) and the police incident report and body-camera footage reviewed by Business Insider describe a Flock license-plate-camera misread that led officers to handcuff a 21-year-old and her 12-year-old sister. Neither sister is named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-04"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The sisters' lawsuits (Santa Fe New Mexican) say a Flock Safety camera incorrectly flagged the plate as belonging to a stolen vehicle, reading a 2 as a 7; Business Insider reports the incident report records the same misread and describes the cameras as Flock's AI cameras. The plate match against a stolen-vehicle record is the automated system's claim about the car; the decision to handcuff both sisters was the officers'.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Police in New Mexico handcuffed two sisters, one a child, after a Flock plate camera misread a digit and flagged their car as stolen, lawsuits say; settled 2025","summary":"On 23 July 2023 Española police officers pulled over a car driven by a 21-year-old woman with her 12-year-old sister as a passenger, after a Flock Safety camera at an intersection flagged the car's plate as belonging to a vehicle stolen in Rio Rancho. According to the sisters' lawsuits, reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican in January 2024, the camera had read a 2 on the plate as a 7, and officers handcuffed both sisters and placed them in the backs of separate police vehicles before discovering the error; the older sister had asked an officer to call their mother, who lived nearby, to collect the girl. The suits sought damages for anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement. Business Insider, which reviewed the body-camera footage and incident report, reported in March 2026 that officers said the number was obscured by a license plate cover although it is visible in the footage, and that the family settled with the city in 2025.","incidentDate":"2023-07-23","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2024-01-08","aiSystem":"Flock Safety automated license-plate-reader camera at an Española intersection (described by Business Insider as one of Flock's AI cameras) that misread the car's plate, matched it to a stolen-vehicle record and notified police","aiProduct":"Flock Safety license plate readers","aiCompany":"Flock Safety","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Both sisters, one of them 12, were handcuffed and held in the backs of police vehicles after the misread alert; their lawsuits claimed anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement (Santa Fe New Mexican). The family settled with the city in 2025 (Business Insider).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two people, the sisters, both handcuffed and placed in police vehicles (Santa Fe New Mexican; Business Insider). Exact 2.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US-NM","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_settled","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/sisters-sue-espa-ola-over-traffic-stop-they-say-was-illegal/article_1c949c30-ae3e-11ee-ad85-f71a8c9ecb1e.html","primarySourceLabel":"Santa Fe New Mexican, 8 January 2024: Sisters sue Española over traffic stop they say was illegal","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:31:48.559655+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-10T03:03:27.071855+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["flock","alpr","license-plate-reader","misread","wrongful-stop","handcuffed","minor","new-mexico","espanola","justice","made-claim-about","settlement"]},{"id":"2023-reno-peppermill-casino-facial-recognition-misidentification-arrest-killinger-lawsuit","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint, introduction paras 1-3: 'reported that their A.I. facial recognition software positively identified the man as M.E., a man they'; 'The Peppermill’s A.I. software was wrong. It mistakenly identified Plaintiff Jason'; 'gaming at the casino, of being M.E. They handcuffed him, took him to their security office, and'; 'On September 17, 2023, the Peppermill Casino in Reno telephoned the Reno Police'; 'had barred from the casino months earlier for sleeping on the premises.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background (recounting the complaint): 'security. (Id. at 7-8.) Peppermill’s facial recognition software (“FRS”) identified Plaintiff as'; 'Peppermill’s security handcuffed Plaintiff and placed him in a citizen’s arrest.'; 'In the early morning, Plaintiff was stopped by Peppermill'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'misidentified by the venue’s AI facial recognition technology as a local reprobate, according to court filings.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Mr. Killinger was arrested because the casino’s facial recognition security camera system alerted to Mr. Killinger being a possible match for another individual who had been banned from the premises.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"According to Jason Killinger's federal complaint, in the early hours of 17 September 2023 the Peppermill Casino in Reno reported to police that its AI facial-recognition software had identified him as a man barred from the casino months earlier; the complaint says the identification was wrong and that casino security handcuffed him and held him in its security office.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation, relayed by the court in its background recital and by news coverage of the filings. The casino's system is not named in any inspected source."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint para 5 and para 12: 'recognition software had provided a 100 percent match confirming that KILLINGER was M.E.'; 'fingerprint analysis conclusively established that he was KILLINGER, not M.E. or anyone else.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background: 'Plaintiff’s driver’s license and Peppermill’s FRS results confirming a 100% match with the'; 'Defendant did not review any additional documentation before handcuffing'; 'At WCDF, Plaintiff’s identity was positively confirmed.'; 'for biometric intake to confirm his identity.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'According to court filings, police detained Killinger for identification after receiving the facial recognition alert. Fingerprints later confirmed he was not the person flagged by the system, and he was released.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The complaint alleges that the responding Reno police officer was told the software had produced a 100 percent match, did not examine the other identification Killinger had on him and in his car, and arrested him and took him to the Washoe County jail to establish his identity, where a fingerprint check confirmed who he was.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation. The court's March 2026 order recites these facts from the complaint and makes no finding on them; the arrest decision was the officer's."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint paras 65-73: 'KILLINGER was in handcuffs approximately four hours'; 'in custody at the jail for an additional nine and one-half hours for a total'; 'contusions (bruising) on both wrists.'; 'This does not include the time he was held by the Peppermill before Jager’s arrival.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The truck driver was detained for 11 hours, according to a wrongful arrest lawsuit filed in the US District Court for the District of Nevada.'; 'For four of those hours, he was handcuffed, resulting in bruises and shoulder pain, per the suit.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The complaint states that Killinger was in police and jail custody for about eleven hours, not counting the time casino security held him, was handcuffed for about four hours and was treated at an urgent-care clinic the next day for bruising to both wrists.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background (recounting the complaint): 'At the bench trial, a Reno prosecutor dismissed'; 'the charges against Plaintiff but without prejudice to re-charge Plaintiff within the year.'; 'The next day, Plaintiff'; 'was charged with trespassing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Complaint para 19: 'Even though the charge was eventually dismissed, he'; 'now has a criminal record.'; 'He had never been accused of a crime, arrested, or taken to jail.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Killinger was charged with trespassing the day after his release; at the bench trial a Reno prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice, and the complaint says the arrest left him, a man with no previous arrests, with a criminal record.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation, recited by the court without a finding."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The plaintiff has already sued the Peppermill Casino in a case that was settled for an undisclosed amount.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Casino.org reports that Killinger had sued the Peppermill Casino and that the case was settled for an undisclosed amount.","causal_attribution":"Casino.org's report; the settlement terms and any filing against the casino were not inspected."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Order, Conclusion and Part IV: 'liability claim and denied in part as to Plaintiff’s proposed wrongful arrest claim. Plaintiff'; 'incident and a new claim of municipal liability for policies regarding FRS and handcuffing.'; 'Plaintiff concedes there are no cases in the Ninth Circuit clearly'; 'Since Plaintiff previously conceded that no relevant precedent exists'; 'and fails to respond or rebut his own conclusion with any case law'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'In a new filing, a district court has granted his request to add the City of Reno as a new defendant in the case, as well as a new municipal liability claim against the city.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In an order of 27 March 2026 the court allowed Killinger to add the City of Reno as a defendant with a municipal liability claim concerning policies on facial recognition software and handcuffing, and refused to let him add a wrongful arrest claim against the officer, holding it futile under qualified immunity because he had earlier conceded that no Ninth Circuit case clearly established that arrests based solely on facial recognition were unlawful and cited no case law in reply.","causal_attribution":"Procedural rulings documented by the order; no finding on the merits."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Caption page: '[Proposed] Amicus Curiae Brief of the'; 'Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for'; 'Filed 09/21/26'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"'On September 21, 2026, the ACLU, ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed an amicus brief in the District of Nevada in support of Jason Killinger'; 'The brief asks the court to rule that police lacked probable cause to arrest Mr. Killinger based on a facial recognition technology result'; 'The brief also asks the court to rule that the City of Reno is liable for Mr. Killinger’s wrongful arrest.'; 'failing to provide training to Reno Police Department officers amounts to deliberate indifference'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 21 September 2026 the ACLU, the ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed a proposed amicus brief (ECF No. 96-1) supporting Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment, asking the court to rule that police lacked probable cause to arrest him on a facial recognition result and that the City of Reno is liable for failing to train its officers.","causal_attribution":"The filing date and the proposed status of the brief come from its caption; the description of its requests is the ACLU's own. No ruling on the motion or on leave to file the brief was found."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 2 and page 18: 'The RPD detective investigated and concluded the Peppermill’s FRT was'; 'were two separate people'; 'had arrested an innocent man.'; 'committed identity theft.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"}],"assertion":"Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment of 12 September 2026 states that after the trespass charge was dismissed the city prosecutor referred the case to a Reno police detective to examine whether he had committed identity theft, and that the detective concluded the casino's facial recognition match was wrong, that he and the barred man were two separate people and that the officer had arrested an innocent man.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's motion summarising the detective's deposition (Exhibit 3), which was not itself read; no court has ruled on it."},{"id":"c9","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, pages 10-11: 'Peppermill from about October 2024 to July 2026.'; 'an alert of 100% on someone who was clearly not the person in the database.'; 'that happen sometimes 12 times on a single shift.'; 'he was told to rely on the alerts not on their identification.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"'generating as many as 12 false matches with “100% confidence” during a single shift.'; 'worked as a Peppermill security officer from October 2024 until July 2026'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"The motion cites a declaration by a former Peppermill security officer, employed there from about October 2024 to July 2026, that the system would alert at 100 percent on people who were clearly not the person in its database, sometimes 12 times in a single shift, and that guards were told to rely on the alerts rather than on a person's identification; Casino.org reported the same declaration on 13 October 2026.","causal_attribution":"A former employee's declaration as summarised in the plaintiff's motion and relayed by Casino.org; the security officer started work about a year after Killinger's arrest and describes later practice, not this arrest."},{"id":"c10","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 9: 'track FRT false positives. In those years the casino believed a FRT match of 100% was accurate'; 'Towards the end of 2025 the Peppermill discovered that FRT false positives occur'; '10% of the time.'; page 24: 'Peppermill security director'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"}],"assertion":"The motion also cites the Peppermill's security director as testifying that from 2023 to 2025 the casino had no way to track false positives and believed a 100 percent match was accurate, and that toward the end of 2025 it found that false positives occur 10 percent of the time.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's summary of a deposition (Exhibit 1) that was not itself read."},{"id":"c11","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 8, quoting the officer in an interrogatory answer: 'Killinger, I had no knowledge that FRT could be inaccurate.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"'In a separate declaration, he said he had never previously known the Peppermill’s facial recognition system to make an incorrect identification.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"The arresting officer has said that before the arrest he had no knowledge that facial recognition could be inaccurate; Casino.org reports that he denies wrongdoing and that in a separate declaration he said he had never known the Peppermill's system to make an incorrect identification.","causal_attribution":"The officer's own statements as quoted by the plaintiff and relayed by Casino.org; his denial of wrongdoing is recorded as counterevidence."}],"effects":[{"label":"handcuffed for about four hours and held in police and jail custody for about eleven hours after a casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched him to a barred man","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"prosecuted for trespassing until a prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice, leaving an arrest on his record","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.1.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Complaint, Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), filed 30 July 2025 (ECF No. 1, 31 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-04. It sets out the plaintiff's allegations, including quotations he attributes to the officer's body-worn camera; it is not a finding.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.58.0.pdf","kind":"court_order","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Order of 27 March 2026 (ECF No. 58, 10 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-04. Its background section states that it relies on the facts alleged in the original complaint, so its factual recital is not an independent finding; its rulings are documented by the order itself.","independence_group":"killinger-court-order-2026-03-27"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.casino.org/news/peppermill-renos-facial-recognition-tech-leads-to-wrongful-arrest/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Casino.org, 11 November 2025, read live on 2026-10-04. The article attributes its account to the court filings; it is a derivative of the plaintiff's pleadings for the incident facts.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2026/04/08/man-sues-city-reno-over-use-facial-recognition/","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"KOLO (Reno), 8 April 2026, read live on 2026-10-04 (short item attributed to court documents).","independence_group":"killinger-court-order-2026-03-27"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://mynews4.com/news/local/facial-recognition-lawsuit-raises-questions-about-ai-use-in-policing-nevada-law-enforcement-police-ai-artificial-intelligence-technology-suspects-lawsuit-killinger-v-jager-city-of-reno-peppermill-resort-us-district-court-fourth-amendment","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"News 4 (Reno, mynews4.com), 14 May 2026, read live on 2026-10-04; attributes the incident account to court filings.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://assets.aclu.org/live/uploads/2026/09/096-1-Proposed-Amicus-Brief.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Proposed amicus curiae brief of the ACLU, ACLU of Nevada and Innocence Project, ECF No. 96-1 (Exhibit 1), filed 21 September 2026, 39 pages, from the ACLU's copy; read for its caption and filing details. Its arguments are the amici's, not findings.","independence_group":"aclu-amicus"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.aclu.org/cases/killinger-v-jager","kind":"organisation_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"ACLU case page (last updated 23 September 2026), read live on 2026-10-04. The ACLU is an amicus supporting the plaintiff; its summary of the arrest relays the litigation record.","independence_group":"aclu-amicus"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.95.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment based on municipal liability, Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), ECF No. 95, filed 12 September 2026 (31 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-14. It is the plaintiff's argument and summarises deposition testimony and declarations filed as exhibits; the exhibits themselves were not available and were not read. It is not a finding.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.casino.org/news/peppermill-casino-facial-recognition-made-12-false-matches-in-one-shift-ex-guard-claims/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Casino.org report of 13 October 2026, read in full on 2026-10-14 (HTTP 200). It reports a former security officer's sworn declaration and the officer's separate declaration from the court filings; it does not say it read the declarations themselves. No translation was needed.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","privacy","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Which facial recognition product the casino used and what match threshold it applied.","Whether the court has ruled on Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment on municipal liability (ECF No. 95) that the amicus brief supports, and what the City of Reno said in response.","Whether the court has granted Killinger's April 2026 motion for reconsideration (ECF No. 60) or his motion for leave to file a second amended complaint (ECF No. 63).","The terms and date of the reported settlement with the Peppermill Casino.","Whether the officer's deposition admissions, which the March 2026 order mentions without describing, and the amicus brief's statement that Peppermill's records show Reno police arrested at least 16 people on Peppermill facial recognition matches before September 2023 are borne out; neither was tested here.","Whether the detective's conclusion, the security director's 10 percent false-positive figure and the former security officer's account hold up; the record has them only as the plaintiff's motion summarises the depositions and declarations, and the exhibits were not read.","What the October 2026 docket entries that follow the motion (ECF Nos. 112 to 114) say; none could be read."],"geography":{"basis":"The arrest took place at the Peppermill Casino in Reno, Nevada; the complaint states the plaintiff resides in Washoe County, Nevada, and the suit is in the US District Court for the District of Nevada.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a contextual case: a casino's facial recognition system made a claim about a patron's identity that, according to his federal complaint, was wrong and led to his arrest, about eleven hours in custody and a dismissed trespass prosecution. The incident facts are the plaintiff's allegations, relayed by news coverage of the filings and recited without findings in a court order; the procedural rulings are documented. The plaintiff is named because he sues in his own name; the officer appears only by surname in the case caption, and the barred man, whom the complaint identifies only by initials, is not named. The 2026-10-14 review added the plaintiff's September 2026 summary-judgment motion and an October 2026 Casino.org report; their accounts of a detective's conclusion and a former security officer's declaration are allegations in the plaintiff's filing, and the officer's contrary statement is recorded.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint alleges that the Peppermill Casino's 'A.I. facial recognition software' identified Killinger as a barred man and that casino security and the responding officer relied on its reported 100 percent match; it quotes the officer on body-worn camera describing the casino's 'artificial intelligence software'. The court's March 2026 order recites the facial recognition identification from the complaint without a finding. The vendor and system are not named in any inspected source. The handcuffing, arrest and prosecution decisions were made by casino staff, the officer and prosecutors. Killinger's September 2026 summary-judgment motion adds, from deposition testimony it summarises, that a Reno police detective later concluded the match was wrong, and cites a former casino security officer's declaration, covering his employment from about October 2024 to July 2026, that the system often alerted at 100 percent on the wrong people.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Reno casino's facial recognition wrongly matched a patron to a barred man and police jailed him for about eleven hours, his federal lawsuit alleges","summary":"Jason Killinger, a UPS truck driver, alleges in a federal civil-rights complaint filed in July 2025 that on 17 September 2023 the Peppermill Casino in Reno reported to police that its AI facial recognition software had identified him as a man barred from the casino months earlier. According to the complaint, casino security handcuffed him, and the responding Reno police officer, told the system had found a 100 percent match, did not examine his other identification and took him to jail as an unidentified person, where fingerprints confirmed who he was. The complaint says he was handcuffed for about four hours, starting in the casino security office, spent about eleven hours in police and jail custody, and was treated the next day for bruised wrists. According to the complaint, he was then charged with trespassing, and a prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice at the bench trial. Casino.org reports that he settled a suit against the casino. In March 2026 the court let him add the City of Reno and a municipal liability claim over facial recognition policies, but refused a new wrongful arrest claim against the officer on qualified immunity grounds. In September 2026 the ACLU, the ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed a proposed amicus brief supporting him. His September 2026 motion for partial summary judgment says a Reno police detective later concluded that the match was wrong and that he and the barred man were different people, and it cites a declaration by a former casino security officer, who worked there from about October 2024, that the system often alerted at 100 percent on the wrong people; in a declaration reported by Casino.org, the officer said he had never known the system to misidentify anyone. The case is ongoing.","incidentDate":"2023-09-17","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-11-11","aiSystem":"Facial recognition software used by the Peppermill Casino's security system in Reno, which the complaint calls 'A.I. facial recognition software'; vendor not named in the inspected sources","aiProduct":"Unidentified facial recognition system","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","legal_harm","physical_injury","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to his complaint, Killinger was handcuffed for about four hours, arrested and held in police and jail custody for about eleven hours after the casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched him to a barred man; he was bruised by the handcuffs, prosecuted for trespassing until the charge was dismissed without prejudice, and left with an arrest record.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the plaintiff, who was arrested and held according to his complaint. Reported allegations about other people arrested on casino facial recognition matches in Reno are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-NV","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.1.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), complaint, 30 July 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:19:04.699044+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-14T03:03:41.476658+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["facial-recognition","wrongful-arrest","casino","reno","nevada","justice","made-claim-about","lawsuit"]},{"id":"2025-doe-v-clothoff-nj","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint caption and preliminary statement; ¶¶260-274, 338-340 (Telegram as nominal defendant).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Docket D.E. 1 (filed 2025-10-16; assigned judges).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Jane Doe, a minor suing through her parents, filed the complaint on 16 October 2025 in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC, Judge Esther Salas, Magistrate Judge James B. Clark) against AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. d/b/a ClothOff (BVI), Alaiksandr Babichau and Dasha Babicheva (of Minsk), and Telegram entities as nominal defendants.","causal_attribution":"Established directly by the filing and the docket."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint ¶¶33-40 (the discovery date, the Snapchat-group circulation, the age-14 source photo, the classmate uploader).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"TechCrunch's complaint-based account, including that local authorities declined prosecution.","relation":"context","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 20 October 2023 Doe, then 15, learned that ClothOff-generated CSAM of her and 'several other girls in her class' was circulating in a Snapchat group; the source was an ordinary photo of her at age 14 from Instagram, uploaded by a minor classmate; local authorities declined to prosecute.","causal_attribution":"Established as the complaint's contents; they remain the plaintiff's allegations. The prosecution decline is TechCrunch's reading of the complaint, attributed."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint ¶¶1-6, 54-55 (visitors, image rate, watermark, three clicks), ¶¶220-255 (affiliated services), ¶¶695-697 (bots, API).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The complaint describes ClothOff as a purpose-built 'undress' service producing hyper-realistic output 'indistinguishable from real photographs' without a watermark in three clicks, with at least 27 million visitors and about 200,000 images per day, at least ten affiliated services, Telegram bots and an API.","causal_attribution":"Established as the complaint's contents. These are the plaintiff's allegations, not independently audited figures; the historical record's '3 million users' and '15+ affiliated services' were corrected to the complaint's figures."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Guardian passages naming the operators, the fake CEO, Texture Oasis and GGSel/GG Technology; the Almendralejo and Westfield links; '>4m monthly visits'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Bellingcat's network map and payment-laundering account (G2A/Skinsback/Steam/PayPal/Stripe/Patreon), 23 Feb 2024.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Reporting before the suit identified the operators: the Guardian's Black Box investigation named Babichau and Babicheva (Minsk), a fake AI 'CEO', the Texture Oasis payment front and GGSel/GG Technology links, and tied ClothOff to the Almendralejo (Spain) and Westfield NJ school incidents; Bellingcat's independent investigation mapped the same network and its payment laundering six days earlier.","causal_attribution":"Two independent investigations six days apart; they overlap on GG Technology/Bondarenko but were conducted separately. The complaint itself relies on the Guardian's reporting (per Yale)."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Docket entries D.E. 12-20 (24 Jun notice; 29 Jun vacatur; 8 Jul order; 9 Jul motion and exhibits; 3 Aug setting).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The 2026 docket shows continuing service efforts: a Rule 4(m) call for dismissal on 24 June 2026 (service not effected; the pseudonym motion administratively terminated), vacated by Judge Salas on 29 June after the plaintiff showed ongoing foreign-service efforts; an order allowing service by email on 8 July; and a motion for service by publication or email on 9 July, set for decision on 3 August 2026.","causal_attribution":"Established by the docket through the RECAP mirror's end (15 July 2026); nothing later is visible in this review."},{"id":"c6","status":"disputed","evidence":[{"locator":"Yale's account of the removal letters and platform responses (X, Discord, Google, YouTube).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"TechCrunch: the service was 'still available... through a Telegram bot' (12 Jan 2026).","relation":"contradicts","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"X, Discord, Google and YouTube removed ClothOff following the clinics' summer 2025 letters (Yale); the historical claim that Telegram removed the ClothOff bot in October 2025 is contradicted by TechCrunch, which found the service still available through a Telegram bot on 12 January 2026.","causal_attribution":"The platform removals are a party account (Yale); the Telegram-bot status is contradicted by later reporting and recorded as disputed rather than resolved either way."}],"effects":[{"label":"AI-generated CSAM of a minor circulated in her school community; federal suit against the platform","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.njd.585002/gov.uscourts.njd.585002.1.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Complaint PDF (45 pages) fetched and read via pdftotext on 2026-09-15. The filing establishes its own contents; its allegations remain allegations.","independence_group":"court-record"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71665449/doe-v-airobotics-venture-strategy-3-ltd/","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Docket reviewed on 2026-09-15 through D.E. 20 (mirror ends 15 July 2026).","independence_group":"court-record"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/clinics-file-suit-against-website-generates-nonconsensual-nude-images","kind":"party_announcement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-15. Party source (the clinics bringing the suit); used for the clinics' role and the X/Discord/Google/YouTube removal letters.","independence_group":"yale"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/29/clothoff-deepfake-ai-pornography-app-names-linked-revealed","kind":"news_investigation","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full on 2026-09-15 (29 Feb 2024, Black Box).","independence_group":"guardian"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://bellingcat.com/news/2024/02/23/behind-a-secretive-global-network-of-non-consensual-deepfake-pornography/","kind":"news_investigation","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full on 2026-09-15 (23 Feb 2024).","independence_group":"bellingcat"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/01/12/a-new-jersey-lawsuit-shows-how-hard-it-is-to-fight-deepfake-porn/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full on 2026-09-15 (12 Jan 2026); own interview with co-lead counsel.","independence_group":"techcrunch"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/10/teen-haunted-by-fake-nudes-sues-to-kill-nudify-app-block-telegram-bots/","kind":"news_relaying_wsj","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-15 (17 Oct 2025). Relays the WSJ report; adds Telegram's ToS statement and the separate suit against the boy.","independence_group":"wsj"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/teen-sues-maker-of-fake-nude-software-b88f316f","kind":"news_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"HTTP 401 paywall on 2026-09-15; not read; language not established.","independence_group":"wsj"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.nj.com/news/2026/01/this-nj-girl-was-a-victim-of-deepfake-porn-shes-suing-the-app-that-generated-it.html","kind":"news_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"HTTP 403 on 2026-09-15; not read; language not established.","independence_group":"nj-com"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","justice"],"unknowns":["The service-by-publication/email motion's outcome after 3 August 2026 is not visible in the RECAP mirror (ends 15 July 2026); whether default judgment or dismissal followed is unknown.","Whether Doe's school is the Westfield High School of the earlier New Jersey incident is unverified: the complaint names only 'a high school in Union County', and the historical record's 'separate victim from Francesca Mani' is not established by any inspected document. The school is deliberately not inferred or named.","The current availability of the generated images is unknown.","The platforms' and registries' responses to the requested injunctions are not yet reported.","The complaint's platform figures (visitors, image rate) are the plaintiff's allegations and are not independently audited."],"geography":{"basis":"Event: a high school in Union County, New Jersey (complaint; the school is not named and is not inferred). Affected person: the New Jersey minor. Court: U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The defendants' BVI/Belarus connections are recorded without becoming event or court countries.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case (depicted_or_impersonated) with the federal complaint as the primary record. The plaintiff is a minor protected by court-ordered pseudonymity; no school, classmate or image description beyond the minimum case facts is reproduced. The complaint's contents are recorded as allegations; operator identity rests on two independent investigations.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint alleges the images of Doe were generated by ClothOff from her photo; the platform's purpose-built undress function is documented by the complaint and the Guardian/Bellingcat investigations. The allegations remain allegations against the unserved defendants; the platform's existence, function and operator identity are independently investigated.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Doe v. ClothOff (D.N.J.): a New Jersey minor sues the AI 'undressing' platform over generated CSAM","summary":"On 16 October 2025, Jane Doe, a New Jersey minor suing through her parents, filed a federal complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC) against the operators of ClothOff, an AI 'undressing' service, after ClothOff-generated sexual images of her — created from an ordinary photo of her at 14 — circulated in a Snapchat group when she was 15. The complaint, brought by Yale Law School clinics, alleges the platform was purpose-built to produce hyper-realistic non-consensual intimate imagery and names AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. (British Virgin Islands), Alaiksandr Babichau and Dasha Babicheva (Minsk), and Telegram as nominal defendant. As of mid-July 2026 the docket shows a continuing effort to serve the foreign defendants by email or publication.","incidentDate":"2023-10-20","incidentEndDate":"2025-10-16","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-10-16","aiSystem":"ClothOff (AI undressing service)","aiProduct":"ClothOff","aiCompany":"AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. d/b/a ClothOff (BVI); operators identified in reporting as based in Minsk, Belarus","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":["minor_exploitation","third_party_harm_facilitation"],"harmOutcomes":["psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"ClothOff-generated CSAM of a 15-year-old circulated in her school's Snapchat group from an ordinary childhood photo — persistent image-based abuse of a minor that local authorities declined to prosecute, leaving the federal suit as the remedy path.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted depicted person: Jane Doe (complaint). The complaint's 'several other girls in her class' are depicted but unnamed and unquantified, so the total is counted-plus-unquantified (partial). Platform visitor and image-rate figures (27 million visitors, ~200,000 images/day) are not people and are never counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US-NJ","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.njd.585002/gov.uscourts.njd.585002.1.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Federal complaint, D.N.J. 2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC (45 pages, read via pdftotext)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-05-10T10:35:08.921808+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:01.196687+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["lawsuit","federal","minor","new-jersey","clothoff","deepfake","csam","ncii","yale-law","ongoing"]},{"id":"2025-tyler-deepfake-conviction-uk","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'used artificial intelligence (AI) to create deepfake pornography of women he knew has been jailed for five years'; '20 women were targeted in 173 online posts by Tyler, of Railway Street, between March 2023 and May 2024'; 'Another explicit edit was made on a photograph of a 16-year-old girl on her prom night'; 'posted his victims' names and social media handles online, as well as their phone numbers'; 'He admitted 18 counts of causing harassment without violence and 15 counts of sharing an intimate photo or film'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Between March 2023 and May 2024 Tyler used AI to make sexually explicit images of 20 women he knew from their social-media photos, including a 16-year-old's prom photo, and posted them 173 times with their names, handles and phone numbers on a forum glorifying rape culture; on 4 April 2025 he was jailed for five years after admitting 18 harassment counts and 15 counts of sharing intimate images.","causal_attribution":"Court proceedings reported by the BBC; guilty pleas."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'One said she continued to receive \"anonymous sexual comments\" from people calling her phone, claiming it led to her long-term relationship ending. \"I have and still do feel completely violated by what Brandon did to me\"'; 'clearly intended to degrade and humiliate'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Victims described continuing anonymous sexual phone calls, the end of a long-term relationship, and feeling 'completely violated'; the judge said Tyler intended to degrade and humiliate them.","causal_attribution":"Victim impact evidence and sentencing remarks reported by the BBC."}],"effects":[{"label":"20 women depicted in AI-made sexual images posted with their names and phone numbers on a rape-glorifying forum; harassment and humiliation described in court","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cewgxd5yewjo","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-18 (BBC News Essex, Lewis Adams, from Chelmsford Crown Court, 4 April 2025). Court reporting with prosecutor, judge and victim quotations.","independence_group":"bbc"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["relationships","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["The AI tools and the forum are not named in the inspected reporting.","Whether the 16-year-old's image was charged as an indecent image of a child is not stated (the charges reported are harassment and intimate-image sharing).","Any appeal or licence conditions are not reported."],"geography":{"basis":"Perpetrator from Braintree, Essex; victims were women he knew personally (BBC); sentenced at Chelmsford Crown Court, England (UK, recorded as GB).","court_countries":["GB"],"event_countries":["GB"],"affected_person_countries":["GB"]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case with identified (unnamed) depicted victims, a criminal conviction and victim-impact evidence. One court-reporting chain read; claims recorded as reported. Original ID and first-publication timestamp preserved.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-18"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court heard, and the defendant admitted through his pleas, that he used AI to edit the women's images into sexual content; the BBC reports the prosecutor's account of AI removal of clothing. The tools depicted the affected women; they did not interact with them.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Braintree, Essex: a bar worker was jailed for five years for making AI deepfake pornography of 20 women he knew, including a 16-year-old's prom photo, and posting it with their names and phone numbers on a forum glorifying rape","summary":"Between March 2023 and May 2024 Brandon Tyler, 26, a bar worker from Braintree, Essex, took images from the social-media pages of 20 women he knew, used AI to remove clothing or otherwise make them sexually explicit, and posted 173 times on an online forum that, in the prosecutor's words, championed 'rape culture and sexual violence to women', adding the women's names, social-media handles and phone numbers and, under one picture, asking 'which one deserves to be gang raped?'. One edit was made from a 16-year-old girl's prom-night photograph. He was caught after including his own Instagram handle in a screenshot. On 4 April 2025 at Chelmsford Crown Court, having admitted 18 counts of causing harassment without violence and 15 counts of sharing an intimate photo or film for sexual gratification, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; Judge Alexander Mills called his conduct 'the worst kind of toxic masculinity'. Two victims told the court of the impact: one said she still received anonymous sexual calls and that her long-term relationship had ended; another said she felt 'completely violated'.","incidentDate":"2023-03-01","incidentEndDate":"2024-05-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-04-04","aiSystem":"AI image-editing / 'undressing' tools (not named in the inspected court reporting)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress","reputational_harm","relationship_disruption"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Twenty women, one of them 16 in the photograph used, were depicted in AI-made sexual images posted with their contact details on a forum glorifying sexual violence; victims described continuing harassment, humiliation and, in one case, the end of a relationship. The perpetrator was jailed for five years.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":20,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The court heard that 20 women were targeted in 173 posts (BBC). Exact count of 20 from the prosecution's case; the 16-year-old is one of the 20.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"GB","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cewgxd5yewjo","primarySourceLabel":"BBC News Essex, 4 April 2025: man jailed for five years for AI deepfake pornography of 20 women he knew (Chelmsford Crown Court sentencing report)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-03-09T05:45:24.153671+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:18.791238+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ai-undressing","ncii","doxxing","united-kingdom","essex","criminal-conviction","online-safety-act","depicted"]},{"id":"2023-spain-almendralejo-deepfake-minors","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'The pictures were created using photos of the targeted girls fully clothed, many of them taken from their own social media accounts. These were then processed by an application that generates an imagined image of the person without clothes on.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Que lo han hecho a través de una aplicación de inteligencia artificial.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'los responsables de esta manipulación habrían utilizado fotos de perfil de Whatsapp y publicaciones de Instagram de las víctimas para generar los desnudos simulados'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"'recoge como hechos probados que los menores utilizaron aplicaciones de inteligencia artificial para obtener imágenes manipuladas, de tal forma que, a los rostros originales de las chicas, que obtenían de los perfiles de Whatsapp e Instagram de las mismas, les superponían las fotografías de otros cuerpos femeninos desnudos'; 'difundieron las fotografías editadas a través de dos grupos de Whatsapp'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In September 2023 artificial-intelligence image-manipulation applications were used to create fake nude images of secondary-school girls in Almendralejo from photographs taken from their WhatsApp and Instagram profiles, and the images circulated in WhatsApp groups.","causal_attribution":"The juvenile court's agreed judgment records the use of AI applications as proven fact (El País and Infobae, 9 July 2024, citing the TSJEx)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'So far more than 20 girls, aged between 11 and 17, have come forward as victims'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Ya son 22 menores las víctimas de un caso que ha puesto patas arriba a la localidad.'; 'a 10 de los presuntos autores, todos ellos menores de edad'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'manipular imágenes de al menos 20 niñas residentes en Almendralejo (Badajoz) con inteligencia artificial'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"At least 20 girls aged 11 to 17 were affected; police had counted 22 victims and identified 10 suspected authors, all minors, by 21 September 2023.","causal_attribution":"Counts are the police and court figures as reported; the BBC also reports a parents' group of 28, which is not used as a harm count."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'El Juzgado de Menores de Badajoz ha dictado libertad vigilada durante un año para 15 menores de edad al considerarlos responsables de 20 delitos de pornografía infantil y otros tantos contra la integridad moral'; 'La sentencia del 20 de junio, dictada en conformidad'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'El tribunal he declarado a estos quince menores responsables de veinte delitos de pornografía infantil y otros tantos contra la integri'; 'recibirán contenido especialmente orientado a recibir formación afectivo sexual, sobre uso responsable de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, sensibilización en materia de igualdad y género'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'a juvenile court this summer sentenced 15 of their classmates to a year of probation'","relation":"context","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"On 20 June 2024 the Badajoz juvenile court, in an agreed judgment, held 15 minors responsible for 20 counts of child pornography and 20 counts against moral integrity and imposed one year of supervised release (libertad vigilada) with affective-sexual education, responsible-technology and gender-equality content.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as reported from the TSJEx; the judgment text itself was not inspected."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Investigators are also looking into the claim that an attempt was made to extort one of the girls by using a fake image of her.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'según han denunciado varias madres, chantajearon a sus hijas con dinero para no distribuir sus fotografías manipuladas'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"Mothers reported that girls were blackmailed with the fake images, and police investigated an attempt to extort one of the girls.","causal_attribution":"Reported by the families to police and the press; no charge for extortion is recorded in the inspected judgment reporting."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The impact the images' circulation has had on the girls affected varies.'; 'says her daughter is bearing up well, but that some girls'; 'won't even leave their house'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"One mother said some affected girls would not leave their homes after the images circulated, while her own daughter was bearing up well.","causal_attribution":"A parent's account reported by the BBC; not independently confirmed."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ha multado con 2.000 euros a los padres de un menor de edad que usó una herramienta de inteligencia artificial para crear una imagen falsa de una de sus compañeras desnuda'; 'la Agencia ha confirmado que deriva de los hechos sucedidos en Almendralejo en 2023'; 'la manipulación de imágenes con inteligencia artificial para asociar rostros reales de un grupo de personas a cuerpos desnudos que no les correspondían'; 'La cifra final de la multa ha sido, por tanto, de 1.200 euros.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"The AEPD fined the parents of one of the minors 2,000 euros, reduced to 1,200 euros for accepting responsibility and early payment, in a resolution the agency confirmed arose from the Almendralejo events; it described the facts as manipulating images with artificial intelligence to attach real faces to naked bodies.","causal_attribution":"elDiario.es report of the AEPD resolution, quoting the agency; the resolution was not inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"nonconsensual_sexualized_imagery_of_minors","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"extortion_attempt","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"},{"label":"psychological_distress","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66877718","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15; datePublished 2023-09-23.","independence_group":"bbc"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://elpais.com/espana/2023-09-18/la-policia-investiga-el-desnudo-integral-de-varias-menores-en-extremadura-con-inteligencia-artificial-me-dio-un-vuelco-el-corazon.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Model read the Spanish original retained on 2026-09-15; no independent bilingual human review. Re-read on 2026-10-23 from an Internet Archive capture (the live page answered HTTP 403); the locators are verbatim passages from that capture.","independence_group":"elpais"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://elpais.com/sociedad/2023-09-21/las-victimas-por-los-desnudos-de-almendralejo-ascienden-a-22-con-10-presuntos-autores-identificados-hasta-el-momento.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Model read the Spanish original retained on 2026-09-15; no independent bilingual human review.","independence_group":"elpais"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://elpais.com/sociedad/2024-07-09/un-ano-de-libertad-vigilada-para-15-menores-de-almendralejo-por-manipular-imagenes-de-ninas.html","kind":"news_report_court_outcome","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Model read the Spanish original retained on 2026-09-15; no independent bilingual human review. Court outcome is reported from TSJEx; the judgment itself was not inspected. Re-read on 2026-10-23 from an Internet Archive capture (the live page answered HTTP 403); the locators are verbatim passages from that capture.","independence_group":"tsjex-judgment-account"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.infobae.com/espana/2024/07/09/los-menores-que-manipularon-desnudos-con-inteligencia-artificial-en-almendralejo-quedan-en-libertad-vigilada/","kind":"news_agency_report_court_outcome","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Model read the Spanish original retained on 2026-09-15; no independent bilingual human review. Court outcome is reported from TSJEx; the judgment itself was not inspected. Infobae credits EFE for this article.","independence_group":"tsjex-judgment-account"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.infobae.com/espana/2023/09/18/caso-almendralejo-es-delito-utilizar-la-ia-con-fines-pornograficos-hasta-nueve-anos-de-carcel-por-manipular-imagenes-de-menores-desnudas/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Model read the Spanish original retained on 2026-09-15; no independent bilingual human review.","independence_group":"infobae"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://fortune.com/2024/08/16/ai-nude-deepfakes-boys-social-media-classmates-school/","kind":"news_agency_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Associated Press report carried by Fortune; read in English on 2026-09-15.","independence_group":"ap"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://incidentdatabase.ai/cite/610/","kind":"incident_database_aggregator","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Aggregator entry listing press reports; used as context only.","independence_group":"aiid"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.eldiario.es/tecnologia/multa-2-000-euros-padres-menor-creo-imagen-companera-desnuda-inteligencia-artificial_1_12746015.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in the original Spanish on 2026-10-23 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Report of the AEPD resolution, which the paper says the agency confirmed relates to Almendralejo; the resolution itself was not inspected.","independence_group":"aepd-resolution-account"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["The application or applications used are not named in the inspected court reporting; elDiario.es (6 November 2025) names one app, but neither the court record nor the AEPD resolution was inspected to confirm it.","When each image was created is not established; the BBC reports that many were believed to have been created over the summer of 2023.","Whether any image reached pornographic websites, which the families feared, is not established.","The individual consequences for the affected girls beyond the reports cited are not documented.","The judgment text was not inspected; its contents are taken from El País and Infobae reporting the TSJEx.","The AEPD resolution text, its date and whether other minors' parents were sanctioned were not inspected."],"geography":{"basis":"Event: the images were made and circulated among pupils of secondary schools in Almendralejo, Badajoz, Spain (BBC; El País 18 and 21 September 2023). Affected persons: girls attending those schools (El País 21 September 2023). Court: Juzgado de Menores de Badajoz (El País and Infobae, 9 July 2024).","court_countries":["ES"],"event_countries":["ES"],"affected_person_countries":["ES"]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under its original ID after source, duplicate and sensitivity review under the 2026-09-15 charter. Eight sources read, seven in full; no victim or suspect is named; the app named in the earlier record is omitted because the inspected court reporting does not name it. Updated on 2026-10-23 with the AEPD data-protection fine reported by elDiario.es (November 2025).","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Badajoz juvenile court's agreed judgment of 20 June 2024, as reported by El País and Infobae citing the Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Extremadura, records as proven fact that the minors used artificial-intelligence applications to superimpose the girls' faces on other bodies. The application is not named in the inspected court reporting.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Almendralejo, Spain: AI-generated nude images of at least 20 schoolgirls; 15 minors placed under supervised release","summary":"In September 2023 families in Almendralejo (Badajoz, Spain) reported that artificial-intelligence 'undressing' applications had been used to create fake nude images of local girls aged 11 to 17 from their social-media photographs, and that the images circulated in WhatsApp groups. Police counted 22 victims and identified 10 suspects, all minors, within days. On 20 June 2024 the Badajoz juvenile court, in an agreed judgment, held 15 minors responsible for 20 counts of child pornography and 20 counts against moral integrity and imposed one year of supervised release with an education programme. In November 2025 elDiario.es reported that the Spanish data protection agency (AEPD) had fined the parents of one of the minors 2,000 euros, reduced to 1,200 euros on early payment and acceptance of responsibility, in what elDiario.es described as the first resolution of its kind in Spain.","incidentDate":"2023-09-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2023-09-18","aiSystem":"AI image 'undressing' applications (not named in the inspected court reporting)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"At least 20 girls aged 11 to 17 had AI-manipulated nude images of them created from their social-media photographs and shared in WhatsApp groups; families reported blackmail attempts and one mother said some girls would not leave their homes.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":20,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"The juvenile court's agreed judgment, as reported by El País and Infobae from the TSJEx, refers to at least 20 girls; police had counted 22 victims by 21 September 2023 (El País). The court figure is used as the documented minimum. The 15 minors held responsible are not counted as harmed persons.","victimAgeRange":"minor","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66877718","primarySourceLabel":"BBC News, 23 September 2023: 'AI-generated naked child images shock Spanish town of Almendralejo'","firstPublishedAt":"2026-01-29T09:52:26.746489+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-23T03:14:21.244418+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfakes","minors","spain","school","non-consensual-imagery","juvenile-court"]}]}