{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-11-07T02:58:31.090Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"justice","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"2023","response":"lawsuit","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":7,"coverage":{"cases":7,"countries":4,"languages":3,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":7,"regulatory":0,"minors":3,"coreRelations":4,"contextualRelations":3,"mixedRelations":1,"unknownRelations":1,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":1},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2023-germany-magazine-printed-ai-generated-michael-schumacher-interview-family-won-compensation","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Die Aktuelle ran a front cover in April 2023 with a picture of a smiling Schumacher and the headline promising ‘Michael Schumacher, the first interview’.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"A strapline added: \"it sounded deceptively real\". Inside, it emerged the quotes had been produced by AI.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"German magazine Die Aktuelle promoted on its cover in April 2023 the words “Michael Schumacher, the first interview!” It also wrote “it sounds deceptively real” with the supposed quotes attributed to Schumacher generated by AI.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Die Aktuelle ran a front cover in April 2023 promising 'Michael Schumacher, the first interview', with a strapline saying it sounded deceptively real, and the quotes attributed to Schumacher inside had been generated by AI.","causal_attribution":"Reuters and AP describe the magazine's own presentation; the AI tool is not named."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Ferrari great Schumacher, now 55, has not been seen in public since he suffered a serious brain injury in a skiing accident on a family holiday in the French Alps in December 2013. Schumacher’s family maintains strict privacy about the former driver’s condition, with access limited to those closest to him.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Schumacher has not been seen in public since a serious brain injury in December 2013, and his family keeps his condition private.","causal_attribution":"Context reported by Reuters."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Michael Schumacher's family is to take legal action against a German magazine that ran an 'interview' with the seven-time world champion that was generated by artificial intelligence. ... A spokesperson for the family confirmed to news agency Reuters that legal action would be taken.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"A spokesperson for Schumacher's family confirmed to Reuters in April 2023 that legal action would be taken against the magazine.","causal_attribution":"Family spokesperson via Reuters."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Funke apologised in a statement on its website www.funkemedien.de. \"This tasteless and misleading article should never have appeared. It in no way meets the standards of journalism that we and our readers expect from a publisher like Funke,\" said Funke magazines managing director Bianca Pohlmann. ... \"Die Aktuelle editor-in-chief Anne Hoffmann, who has held journalistic responsibility for the paper since 2009, will be relieved of her duties as of today.\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Funke apologised in a statement on its website, calling the article tasteless and misleading, and said the editor-in-chief of Die Aktuelle would be relieved of her duties.","causal_attribution":"Publisher's statement as quoted by Sky Sports."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Michael Schumacher’s family has secured 200,000 euros compensation from the publishers of a German magazine that printed an AI-generated ‘interview’ with the seven times Formula One world champion. A family spokeswoman on Wednesday confirmed a Munich Labour Court judgement and settlement by Funke media group, publishers of the magazine Die Aktuelle, without making any further comment.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Family spokesperson Sabine Kehm told The Associated Press that legal action was successful, without making any further comment. The compensation amount was reportedly 200,000 euros (£170,000).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In May 2024 a family spokeswoman confirmed a Munich Labour Court judgement and a settlement by Funke; Reuters reports compensation of 200,000 euros and the AP reports the amount as reportedly 200,000 euros.","causal_attribution":"Family spokesperson to two agencies (one witness); the judgement itself was not read."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"But Ubermedien, a publication focused on legal issues within the media, now claims that it was not enough for the Schumacher family. It emerges that Funke will also have to pay 200,000 euros to the Schumachers, aided by a ruling of the Landesarbeitsgericht - the Munich labour court. However, the publication also claims that fired editor-in-chief Hoffmann successfully argued that she was wrongfully dismissed, with the court describing the firing as not legally valid.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"GrandPrix.com, relaying Ubermedien, says the payment was linked to a ruling of the Munich labour court and that the dismissed editor argued successfully that her dismissal was not legally valid.","causal_attribution":"Second-hand claim from Ubermedien; not confirmed in another source read."}],"effects":[{"label":"AI-generated quotes published as an interview with Michael Schumacher","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"family took legal action and received compensation from the publisher","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/05/23/schumachers-family-win-compensation-for-ai-interview","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200): Cyprus Mail copy of a Reuters report dated 23 May 2024.","independence_group":"reuters-schumacher"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12861595/michael-schumacher-s-family-to-take-legal-action-over-german-magazine-s-ai-generated-interview","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200, published 20 Apr 2023). Its family confirmation came from Reuters, so it shares Reuters' group.","independence_group":"reuters-schumacher"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12863950/michael-schumacher-german-magazine-die-aktuelle-sacks-editor-and-apologises-to-schumacher-family","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200, published 22 Apr 2023). It quotes Funke's statement published on funkemedien.de, which was not read directly.","independence_group":"funke-statement-2023-04"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://lbc.co.uk/world-news/774b51afe40140d5b52a78e72243a672","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200): LBC copy of an Associated Press report dated 23 May 2024.","independence_group":"ap-schumacher"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.grandprix.com/news/michael-schumacher-awarded-eur-200000.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-31 (HTTP 200, published 22 May 2024). It relays the German media-law outlet Ubermedien, which was not read.","independence_group":"uebermedien-schumacher"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool the magazine used and how the quotes were produced.","The exact issue date and the text of the AI-generated interview.","Why the settlement was confirmed through a labour court, and the terms of the judgement.","Whether the dismissed editor's claim succeeded as Ubermedien reports."],"geography":{"basis":"Die Aktuelle is a German magazine published by the Essen-based Funke media group, and the settlement was confirmed with a Munich Labour Court judgement (Reuters, Sky Sports). Where Schumacher lives is not stated in the sources read.","court_countries":["DE"],"event_countries":["DE"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published because Reuters and the AP report that a magazine printed AI-generated quotes as an interview with Michael Schumacher, and that his family took legal action, received an apology and later secured compensation confirmed by his family's spokeswoman.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-31"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Reuters, Sky Sports and the AP report that the quotes the magazine attributed to Michael Schumacher and presented as his first interview had been generated by AI, which emerged inside the issue. The AI-generated statements were the published impersonation that led the family to take legal action and the publisher to apologise and pay compensation. The tool is not named in the sources read.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"German magazine printed an AI-generated 'interview' with Michael Schumacher; publisher apologised and his family later won 200,000 euros","summary":"In April 2023 the German weekly Die Aktuelle (Funke media group) ran a front cover with a picture of Michael Schumacher and the headline 'Michael Schumacher, the first interview', with a strapline saying it sounded deceptively real; inside, the quotes attributed to him had been produced by artificial intelligence. Schumacher has not been seen in public since a serious brain injury in December 2013, and his family keeps his condition private. The family announced legal action; Funke called the article tasteless and misleading, apologised and relieved the editor-in-chief of her duties. In May 2024 a family spokeswoman confirmed a Munich Labour Court judgement and a settlement by Funke, with compensation of 200,000 euros reported by Reuters and, as a reported figure, by the AP. The sources read do not name the AI tool the magazine used.","incidentDate":"2023-04-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2023-04-20","aiSystem":"AI text generation used by the magazine Die Aktuelle to produce the quotes attributed to Michael Schumacher (tool not named in the sources read)","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI writing tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Reuters and the AP report that the magazine published AI-generated quotes attributed to Michael Schumacher as his first interview; his family took legal action, Funke apologised for the tasteless and misleading article, and the family received compensation reported as 200,000 euros.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted: Michael Schumacher, to whom the AI-generated quotes were attributed and on whose behalf his family brought the legal action. Family members are not counted separately because no source describes an individual effect on them. The dismissed editor is not counted as a harmed person in this case.","victimAgeRange":"adult","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_settled","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/05/23/schumachers-family-win-compensation-for-ai-interview","primarySourceLabel":"Cyprus Mail (Reuters), 23 May 2024: Schumacher family wins compensation for AI interview","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-31T03:10:22.67466+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-31T03:10:22.67466+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-generated-interview","fabricated-quotes","celebrity-magazine","privacy","settlement","germany"]},{"id":"2023-rome-labour-court-upholds-graphic-designers-dismissal-in-reorganisation-where-remaining-design-work-moved-partly-to-ai-tools","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La lavoratrice era stata assunta nel marzo 2022'; 'Nel maggio 2023 la società le intimava licenziamento per giustificato motivo oggettivo, motivandolo con una riorganizzazione interna e con la soppressione della posizione lavorativa'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'una graphic designer, assunta nel 2022 da una società di cybersecurity, rimaneva vittima, un anno dopo, di una riorganizzazione interna dell’azienda'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"A cybersecurity company dismissed a graphic designer it had hired in March 2022 in May 2023, citing an internal reorganisation and the suppression of her post to contain costs.","causal_attribution":"The company's stated grounds as recorded in the judgment and relayed by legal press; one origin (the judgment)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Particolarmente rilevante, poi, è la circostanza relativa all’impiego di strumenti di intelligenza artificiale da parte del responsabile marketing, che consentivano di realizzare contenuti grafici con standard qualitativi adeguati, riducendo tempi e costi'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'l’azienda specificava come le mansioni di graphic design fossero state prima assorbite da altre figure e poi svolte, per le attività residue, anche tramite supporto di strumenti di intelligenza artificiale'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"According to the judgment as reported, the design tasks were first absorbed by other staff and the residual work was then done partly with AI tools, which the marketing manager used to produce graphics of adequate quality at lower cost and in less time.","causal_attribution":"The company's account and the evidence summarised from the judgment by legal press; one origin. The worker disputed that her tasks were eliminated."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La dipendente impugnava il recesso, sostenendo che la riorganizzazione fosse meramente pretestuosa e che le sue mansioni non fossero state realmente eliminate, ma semplicemente redistribuite ad altri lavoratori'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The worker challenged the dismissal, arguing that the reorganisation was a pretext and that her tasks had been redistributed to other workers rather than eliminated.","causal_attribution":"The worker's case as summarised from the judgment by one outlet; one origin."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'A tale quesito ha risposto il Tribunale di Roma – IV Sezione Lavoro, con la sentenza n. 9135 del 19 novembre 2025'; 'Il giudice capitolino ha ritenuto legittimo il licenziamento di una graphic designer'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Lo ha stabilito il Tribunale di Roma con la sentenza n. 9135 del 19 novembre 2025, che ha riconosciuto legittimo, per “giustificato motivo oggettivo”, il licenziamento di una graphic designer'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The labour section of the Tribunale di Roma, in judgment no. 9135 of 19 November 2025, held the dismissal lawful.","causal_attribution":"The court's ruling as relayed by two outlets; the judgment text was not read; one origin."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Nella motivazione della sentenza, l’Intelligenza artificiale non viene individuata come causa autonoma del licenziamento, ma come uno degli strumenti utilizzati dall’azienda per rendere più efficiente la propria struttura'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'L’intelligenza artificiale, sostiene il decidente, è utilizzata dall’azienda come “supporto”, non come causa autonoma'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The reports say the court treated AI as one of the tools the company used to make its structure more efficient and not as an autonomous cause of the dismissal.","causal_attribution":"The court's reasoning as relayed by a news outlet and a legal commentary; one origin (the judgment)."}],"effects":[{"label":"graphic designer dismissed in a reorganisation that included AI tools, challenge rejected","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://lentepubblica.it/personale-e-previdenza/lintelligenza-artificiale-puo-causare-un-licenziamento-per-giustificato-motivo/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-24 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. lentepubblica.it report on the judgment, 2 March 2026; HTTP 200, full text read. The judgment itself was not read.","independence_group":"tribunale-di-roma-judgment-9135-2025"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://tg24.sky.it/economia/2026/02/26/licenziamento-ai-tribunale-legittimo-perche","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-24 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Sky TG24 report, 26 February 2026, which says the decision was reported by the Corriere della Sera; HTTP 200, full text read.","independence_group":"tribunale-di-roma-judgment-9135-2025"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://giustiziainsieme.it/print/articolo_pdf?id=3953","kind":"other","access":"read","language":"it","translation_note":"Read in Italian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-24 and translated by the research agent (an AI) into English; no human translator or reviewer was involved. Giustizia Insieme commentary by a lawyer on the judgment, 27 April 2026; PDF print version read in full (HTTP 200, text extracted with pdftotext).","independence_group":"tribunale-di-roma-judgment-9135-2025"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The text of judgment no. 9135/2025 and whether it was appealed.","Which AI tools the marketing manager used.","The name of the company and its location within Italy.","How much of the designer's former work the AI tools took over, as against other staff."],"geography":{"basis":"The case was decided by the Tribunale di Roma under Italian dismissal law, and lentepubblica says the worker was employed under the Italian commerce and services collective agreement (CCNL Commercio Terziario), placing the employment and dismissal in Italy. The worker's residence is not stated.","court_countries":["IT"],"event_countries":["IT"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a consequential-response case: a cybersecurity company dismissed a graphic designer in May 2023 in a reorganisation in which, according to the reported judgment, residual design work was done partly with AI tools, and a Rome labour court upheld the dismissal in judgment 9135/2025 while describing AI as a support and not an autonomous cause. All facts come from legal press reports of the judgment, which was not read.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-24"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's dismissal of the designer in a reorganisation that, according to the judgment as reported, included moving residual graphic work partly to AI tools used by the marketing manager to produce graphics at lower cost and time; the court accepted that reorganisation and, according to the reports, described AI as a support and not an autonomous cause. No source says an AI system produced any output about the worker, so the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Rome labour court upholds a graphic designer's dismissal in a reorganisation in which her remaining design work was done partly with AI tools","summary":"A graphic designer hired in March 2022 by a cybersecurity company was dismissed in May 2023 for a justified objective reason, which the company gave as an internal reorganisation and the suppression of her post to contain costs during an economic crisis. She challenged the dismissal, arguing that the reorganisation was a pretext and that her tasks had been redistributed to other workers, not eliminated. According to legal press reports of the judgment, the company said the graphic-design tasks were first absorbed by other staff and the residual work was then done partly with the support of artificial-intelligence tools, which the marketing manager used to produce graphics of adequate quality at lower cost and in less time. The labour section of the Tribunale di Roma (judgment no. 9135 of 19 November 2025) found a real crisis and reorganisation, no possibility of redeploying her, and upheld the dismissal. The reports say the court treated AI as one of the tools the company used to make its structure more efficient, not as an autonomous cause of the dismissal; a commentary in Giustizia Insieme calls the publicity around a first dismissal caused by AI out of proportion to the ruling. The judgment itself was not read, and whether it was appealed is not reported.","incidentDate":"2023-05-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-02-26","aiSystem":"Unnamed artificial-intelligence tools that, according to the judgment as reported, the company's marketing manager used to produce graphic content after the design post was suppressed","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A graphic designer lost her job in a reorganisation in which, according to the reported judgment, remaining design work was done partly with AI tools, and a Rome labour court rejected her challenge.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"disputed","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The dismissed graphic designer, described in all three sources. No other dismissal is described.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"IT","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://lentepubblica.it/personale-e-previdenza/lintelligenza-artificiale-puo-causare-un-licenziamento-per-giustificato-motivo/","primarySourceLabel":"lentepubblica.it, 2 March 2026: Rome labour court judgment 9135/2025 on dismissal and artificial intelligence","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-24T03:16:41.726766+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T03:16:41.726766+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["dismissal","workplace-ai","labour-court","italy","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2023-massachusetts-high-school-pupil-penalised-for-submitting-ai-text-with-invented-citations-federal-court-refuses-to-undo-penalties","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"indiscriminately copied and pasted text that had been generated by Grammarly.com ... (“Grammarly”), a publicly available AI tool, into their draft script. ... in the submission consists of a citation to a nonexistent book ... citation to Grammarly, and no acknowledgement that AI of any kind had been used.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court found, on the preliminary record, that the pupil and a partner copied and pasted text generated by Grammarly, a publicly available AI tool, into the script for an AP U.S. History project, including citations to nonexistent books, without acknowledging any AI use.","causal_attribution":"The court's preliminary finding; the plaintiffs disputed whether the school's AI rules were clear."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"the website flagged parts of the ... submission as AI-generated. ... two additional AI detection tools, which also indicated ... admitted that he had used Grammarly to “generate ideas” and","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the order, Turnitin flagged parts of the submitted script as AI-generated, the teacher's follow-up with revision-history and two further AI detection tools indicated AI generation, and a school official's affidavit says the pupil admitted using Grammarly to generate ideas and create portions of the script.","causal_attribution":"School officials' account as recorded by the court."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"The students received failing grades on two parts of the multi-part project, but ... was required to attend a Saturday detention, and in the ... spring of 2024, he was rejected from the school’s National Honor Society, although he was ... ultimately permitted to reapply and has since been admitted. ... grade of 78.75 (equivalent to a C-plus).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The pupil received failing grades on two parts of the project, was required to attend a Saturday detention, and in spring 2024 was rejected from the school's National Honor Society, although he was later allowed to reapply and was admitted; his year grade in the course was a C-plus.","causal_attribution":"none"},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"about its standards for academic honesty as they apply to the use of AI, that ... from a C-plus to a B. ... For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary injunction is DENIED.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The parents sued teachers, school officials and the school committee, asking the court to expunge the detention and raise the grade, and contended that the school had not adequately told the pupil how its academic honesty rules applied to AI; the court denied a preliminary injunction on 20 November 2024.","causal_attribution":"none"},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"image of the filed stipulation: STIPULATION OF DISMISSAL WITH PREJUDICE ... with prejudice as to all claims and all parties, waiving the right to appeal","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The parties filed a stipulation of dismissal with prejudice as to all claims and all parties, waiving appeal, in February 2025.","causal_attribution":"none"}],"effects":[{"label":"failing project grades, a Saturday detention and an initial National Honor Society rejection after submitting AI-generated text with invented citations","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.275605/gov.uscourts.mad.275605.30.0.pdf","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-23 (CourtListener RECAP copy of ECF 30, HTTP 200, 47 pages); no translation. Memorandum and order of 20 November 2024 on the plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction, based on affidavits, exhibits and hearing testimony from both sides; its findings are preliminary.","independence_group":"d-mass-1-24-cv-12437-pi-order"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.275605/gov.uscourts.mad.275605.40.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Image-only scan (CourtListener RECAP copy of ECF 40, HTTP 200); the page was rendered and read visually by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23 because no text layer or OCR was available; no human reviewer read it. Stipulation of dismissal filed 6 February 2025.","independence_group":"d-mass-1-24-cv-12437-stipulation"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["education","justice"],"unknowns":["The pupil's own account of how he used the tool, beyond the plaintiffs' positions recorded in the order.","Whether the school changed its AI guidance afterwards."],"geography":{"basis":"The pupil attended Hingham High School in Massachusetts, where the project was submitted and the discipline imposed; the suit was in the District of Massachusetts.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (communicated_with): according to a federal court's preliminary findings, a pupil submitted text and invented citations generated for him by an AI writing tool and the school penalised him; the court refused to undo the penalties and the suit was dismissed with prejudice. The pupil is not identified.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court found, on the preliminary record, that the pupil copied text that Grammarly, an AI tool, had generated for him into his project script, including citations to books that do not exist, and the school penalised him for submitting it as his own; the invented citations were among the evidence. Turnitin and two further AI detection tools also flagged the script as AI-generated, and a school official says he admitted using Grammarly.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","made_claim_about"]},"name":"Massachusetts: federal court refuses to undo a high school's penalties on a pupil found to have submitted Grammarly AI text with invented citations","summary":"In late 2023 a junior at a public high school in Hingham, Massachusetts, and a classmate submitted a script for an AP U.S. History project that, a federal court later found on a preliminary record, contained text copied from Grammarly, a publicly available AI tool, including citations to nonexistent books, with no acknowledgement of AI use. Turnitin and other AI detection tools had flagged the script, and a school official says the pupil admitted using Grammarly. In December 2023 the school treated it as cheating: the pupil failed two parts of the project, served a Saturday detention and was rejected from the National Honor Society in spring 2024, though he was later admitted. His parents sued, arguing the school had not made its AI rules clear; on 20 November 2024 the US District Court for the District of Massachusetts refused a preliminary injunction to undo the penalties, and in February 2025 the parties dismissed the case with prejudice.","incidentDate":"2023-12-01","incidentEndDate":"2024-03-20","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2024-11-20","aiSystem":"Grammarly, described by the court as a publicly available AI tool, whose generated text and invented citations the pupil copied into a project script; Turnitin and two further AI detection tools flagged the script","aiProduct":"Grammarly (reported)","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["educational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A pupil found by the court, on a preliminary record, to have submitted Grammarly-generated text with invented citations failed two project parts, served a detention and was initially refused National Honor Society membership; his family's suit to undo the penalties failed.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the pupil whose discipline the suit concerned (ECF 30). The partner student is not counted because the order describes no suit or consequence detail for that student beyond the shared failing grades, and is not identified.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.275605/gov.uscourts.mad.275605.30.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"US District Court, District of Massachusetts, No. 1:24-cv-12437, memorandum and order denying a preliminary injunction, 20 Nov 2024 (ECF 30)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-23T03:24:44.992123+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-23T03:24:44.992123+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["school","ai-writing-tool","academic-integrity","discipline","lawsuit","hallucinated-citations"]},{"id":"2023-beijing-voice-actress-ai-text-to-speech-voice-from-her-recordings-sold-without-consent-court-awards-250000-yuan","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'发现他人利用其配音制作的作品在多个知名APP广泛流传。经声音筛选和溯源，发现上述作品中的声音来自于被告一北京某智能科技公司运营平台中的文本转语音产品'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In May 2023 the voice actress found that works using her voice were circulating widely on several well-known apps and traced the voice to a text-to-speech product on an app operator's platform.","causal_attribution":"Court account of the claimant's discovery."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'录制的一部录音制品作为素材，采用人工智能等技术进行处理，生成了案涉文本转语音产品，并在被告四上海某网络科技公司运营的云服务平台对外出售'; '《数据授权书》并非'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'进行AI化处理'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court found that a software company used only one of her sound recordings, supplied by a media company, as material, processed it with AI and other techniques into a text-to-speech product, and sold it on a cloud-service platform; the authorisation document had not been signed by her.","causal_attribution":"Court findings as relayed; the judgment was not inspected."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'采取应用程序接口形式，在未经技术处理的情况下，直接调取并生成文本转语音产品在其平台中使用。平台显示案涉声音播放量为3256728530次'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'相关配音作品的播放量高达32亿余次'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"An app operator called the product through an interface for use on its platform, which showed the voice as played 3,256,728,530 times.","causal_attribution":"Court findings as relayed."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'现场使用案涉文本转语音产品进行文本转语音的操作，获得的AI声音与'; '的音色、语调、发音风格等具有高度一致性'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'庭审现场，法官当庭勘验：AI产品生成的语音，与'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"At the hearing the court used the product and found the AI voice highly consistent with the voice actress's timbre, intonation and pronunciation style.","causal_attribution":"The court's own inspection as relayed by the court account."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'北京互联网法院于2024年4月23日作出（2023）京0491民初12142号民事判决'; '经济损失人民币250000元'; '宣判后，双方当事人未提出上诉，判决已发生法律效力'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'4月23日，北京互联网法院一审开庭宣判了全国首例AI生成声音人格权侵权案'; '赔偿损失25万元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'原告获赔经济损失25万元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"On 23 April 2024 the Beijing Internet Court ordered written apologies and 250,000 yuan for economic loss, rejected her other claims, and the judgment took effect without appeal.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as relayed by the court account and reports of it."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'并未举证证明被诉侵权行为给其精神利益造成严重损害，因此，对其精神损害赔偿请求不予支持'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court rejected the claim for mental-harm damages because she had not shown that the infringement seriously harmed her mental interests.","causal_attribution":"Court reasoning as relayed; recorded as a limit on the harm."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'一审审理过程中，被告一北京某智能科技公司、被告三某软件公司下架了案涉文本转语音产品'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The app operator and the software company took the text-to-speech product down during the first-instance proceedings.","causal_attribution":"Court account."}],"effects":[{"label":"court found a voice actress's voice rights infringed by an AI text-to-speech voice made from her recording and sold without her consent","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s6867e681d5ded84697eedca5.html","kind":"court_record","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Case digest published by the Beijing courts' \"Jing Fa Wang Shi\" account on Beijing Daily's platform; the judgment itself was not inspected.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-account"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do?id=741827","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Relays the Beijing Internet Court's announcement of the judgment.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-account"},{"id":"s3","url":"http://paper.people.com.cn/zgcsb/html/2024-04/29/content_26055200.htm","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Commentary in China City News (People's Daily group) relaying the same court account.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-account"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s6ad969cce4b0e42f8f01e464.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Feature on the Beijing Internet Court quoting its judges; it restates the case.","independence_group":"beijing-internet-court-account"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["work","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["When the software company first sold the product and when the app operator began using it.","Which apps and works used the voice; the sources give only a playback count shown on the operator's platform.","How the 250,000-yuan figure was calculated beyond the court's general factors.","Where the voice actress lives."],"geography":{"basis":"The case digest describes Beijing and Shanghai companies selling and using the product on a Chinese cloud platform and app, and the case was decided by the Beijing Internet Court, so the event is placed in China. The sources do not say where the voice actress lives, so no affected-person country is recorded.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): the Beijing Internet Court found that an AI text-to-speech voice made from a voice actress's recording imitated her identifiably and was sold and used without her consent, and awarded 250,000 yuan. One reporting chain, the court's own account, read in four Chinese sources.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-22"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"In the court's account a software company processed the voice actress's recording with AI and other techniques to generate a text-to-speech voice, and at the hearing the court used the product and found the generated voice highly consistent with hers. The AI-generated voice imitated her voice in works heard on apps (depicted_or_impersonated); the court held that this use without her consent infringed her voice rights and awarded damages.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Beijing Internet Court finds an AI text-to-speech voice made from a voice actress's recordings was sold without her consent and awards her 250,000 yuan","summary":"According to the Beijing courts' case digest and reports of the April 2024 judgment, a voice actress found in May 2023 that works using her voice were circulating widely on several well-known apps. The court found that a software company had used only one of her sound recordings, supplied by a media company that held the recording rights, to make a text-to-speech product with AI and other techniques, and sold it on a cloud-service platform; an app operator then called the product through an interface for use on its own platform, where the voice was shown as played 3,256,728,530 times. The authorisation document had not been signed by her. On 23 April 2024 the Beijing Internet Court held that her voice rights extend to an identifiable AI-synthesised voice, ordered the app operator and the software company to apologise in writing, and ordered the media company and the software company to pay her 250,000 yuan for economic loss. It rejected her claim for mental-harm damages. Neither side appealed.","incidentDate":"2023-05-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2024-04-24","aiSystem":"A text-to-speech voice product that a software company made by processing one of the voice actress's sound recordings with AI and other techniques, sold on a cloud-service platform and called by an app operator for use on its platform (product names not recorded here)","aiProduct":"Unidentified voice-cloning tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the Beijing courts' account, an AI text-to-speech voice made from a voice actress's recording without her consent was sold and widely used, and the court found her voice rights infringed and awarded 250,000 yuan for economic loss.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the voice actress who sued (Beijing courts' case digest and reports of the judgment). Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s6867e681d5ded84697eedca5.html","primarySourceLabel":"Beijing courts' case digest via Beijing Daily, 4 July 2025: AI-processed voice protected by voice rights","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-22T03:08:01.07425+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-22T03:08:01.07425+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["voice-cloning","voice-rights","text-to-speech","court-ruling","beijing","china","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2023-espanola-new-mexico-flock-alpr-misread-plate-sisters-handcuffed-lawsuits","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'pulled the sisters over July 23 on Calle Duran after they had passed through an intersection equipped with a Flock Safety camera, which incorrectly flagged their car’s license plate as belonging to a stolen vehicle, according to the lawsuits.'; 'officers pulled the vehicle over and handcuffed them before placing them in the back of police vehicles prior to discovering the error.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'when Flock notified police that her Kia was stolen.'; 'Body camera footage from the July 2023 stop shows officers stopping the sisters and ordering them to exit the car, before handcuffing them.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In July 2023 Española police stopped the sisters' car after a Flock camera alert identified it as stolen, and officers ordered both sisters out and handcuffed them, including the 12-year-old.","causal_attribution":"The lawsuits as reported, and Business Insider's separate review of the body-camera footage."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'The plate number ended in 2, which the camera incorrectly read as 7, according to the complaint.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'According to an incident report, the camera misread a \"2\" for a \"7.\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The camera misread a 2 on the plate as a 7.","causal_attribution":"The sisters' complaint (as reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican) and the police incident report (as reported by Business Insider) agree on the misread."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'compensation for personal injuries including “anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement.”'; 'Instead, officers handcuffed the girl and put her in the back of a different police vehicle, according to the complaint.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The sisters' lawsuits sought damages including compensation for anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement; the older sister had asked an officer to call their mother to collect the 12-year-old, and officers instead handcuffed the girl.","causal_attribution":"The sisters' complaints as reported."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Two Rio Arriba County sisters have filed lawsuits against the city of Española'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The family filed a lawsuit and settled with the city in 2025.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The family filed lawsuits against the city of Española and settled with the city in 2025.","causal_attribution":"Filing reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican; settlement reported by Business Insider without terms."},{"id":"c5","status":"disputed","evidence":[{"locator":"'Officers said the number was obscured by a license plate cover, though it'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Officers said a license plate cover obscured the number; Business Insider says the number is visible in the body-camera footage it reviewed.","causal_attribution":"Officers' explanation as reported by Business Insider, contradicted by Business Insider's own review of the footage."}],"effects":[{"label":"both sisters, one aged 12, handcuffed and held in police vehicles after a misread license-plate-camera alert flagged their car as stolen","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"lawsuits claimed anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/sisters-sue-espa-ola-over-traffic-stop-they-say-was-illegal/article_1c949c30-ae3e-11ee-ad85-f71a8c9ecb1e.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-04 from the Internet Archive 2026 capture (Santa Fe New Mexican, 8 January 2024); the live site returned HTTP 429. Reports the two complaints and the attorney's comments.","independence_group":"espanola-sisters-lawsuits"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/flock-safety-alpr-cameras-misreads-2026-3","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-10-04 (Business Insider, 9 March 2026); full text present in the served page. Draws on its own review of body-camera footage and the incident report.","independence_group":"business-insider-records-review"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["Settlement terms and date in 2025.","The state district court case numbers; the complaints were not read.","How long the sisters were held before officers found the error."],"geography":{"basis":"The stop took place on Calle Duran in Española, New Mexico; the sisters are from Rio Arriba County, and the suits were filed in New Mexico state district court (Santa Fe New Mexican).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an institutional-use case consistent with the held Flock misread rows: the sisters' lawsuits (Santa Fe New Mexican) and the police incident report and body-camera footage reviewed by Business Insider describe a Flock license-plate-camera misread that led officers to handcuff a 21-year-old and her 12-year-old sister. Neither sister is named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-04"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The sisters' lawsuits (Santa Fe New Mexican) say a Flock Safety camera incorrectly flagged the plate as belonging to a stolen vehicle, reading a 2 as a 7; Business Insider reports the incident report records the same misread and describes the cameras as Flock's AI cameras. The plate match against a stolen-vehicle record is the automated system's claim about the car; the decision to handcuff both sisters was the officers'.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Police in New Mexico handcuffed two sisters, one a child, after a Flock plate camera misread a digit and flagged their car as stolen, lawsuits say; settled 2025","summary":"On 23 July 2023 Española police officers pulled over a car driven by a 21-year-old woman with her 12-year-old sister as a passenger, after a Flock Safety camera at an intersection flagged the car's plate as belonging to a vehicle stolen in Rio Rancho. According to the sisters' lawsuits, reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican in January 2024, the camera had read a 2 on the plate as a 7, and officers handcuffed both sisters and placed them in the backs of separate police vehicles before discovering the error; the older sister had asked an officer to call their mother, who lived nearby, to collect the girl. The suits sought damages for anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement. Business Insider, which reviewed the body-camera footage and incident report, reported in March 2026 that officers said the number was obscured by a license plate cover although it is visible in the footage, and that the family settled with the city in 2025.","incidentDate":"2023-07-23","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2024-01-08","aiSystem":"Flock Safety automated license-plate-reader camera at an Española intersection (described by Business Insider as one of Flock's AI cameras) that misread the car's plate, matched it to a stolen-vehicle record and notified police","aiProduct":"Flock Safety license plate readers","aiCompany":"Flock Safety","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Both sisters, one of them 12, were handcuffed and held in the backs of police vehicles after the misread alert; their lawsuits claimed anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement (Santa Fe New Mexican). The family settled with the city in 2025 (Business Insider).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two people, the sisters, both handcuffed and placed in police vehicles (Santa Fe New Mexican; Business Insider). Exact 2.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US-NM","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_settled","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/sisters-sue-espa-ola-over-traffic-stop-they-say-was-illegal/article_1c949c30-ae3e-11ee-ad85-f71a8c9ecb1e.html","primarySourceLabel":"Santa Fe New Mexican, 8 January 2024: Sisters sue Española over traffic stop they say was illegal","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:31:48.559655+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-10T03:03:27.071855+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["flock","alpr","license-plate-reader","misread","wrongful-stop","handcuffed","minor","new-mexico","espanola","justice","made-claim-about","settlement"]},{"id":"2023-reno-peppermill-casino-facial-recognition-misidentification-arrest-killinger-lawsuit","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint, introduction paras 1-3: 'reported that their A.I. facial recognition software positively identified the man as M.E., a man they'; 'The Peppermill’s A.I. software was wrong. It mistakenly identified Plaintiff Jason'; 'gaming at the casino, of being M.E. They handcuffed him, took him to their security office, and'; 'On September 17, 2023, the Peppermill Casino in Reno telephoned the Reno Police'; 'had barred from the casino months earlier for sleeping on the premises.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background (recounting the complaint): 'security. (Id. at 7-8.) Peppermill’s facial recognition software (“FRS”) identified Plaintiff as'; 'Peppermill’s security handcuffed Plaintiff and placed him in a citizen’s arrest.'; 'In the early morning, Plaintiff was stopped by Peppermill'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'misidentified by the venue’s AI facial recognition technology as a local reprobate, according to court filings.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Mr. Killinger was arrested because the casino’s facial recognition security camera system alerted to Mr. Killinger being a possible match for another individual who had been banned from the premises.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"According to Jason Killinger's federal complaint, in the early hours of 17 September 2023 the Peppermill Casino in Reno reported to police that its AI facial-recognition software had identified him as a man barred from the casino months earlier; the complaint says the identification was wrong and that casino security handcuffed him and held him in its security office.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation, relayed by the court in its background recital and by news coverage of the filings. The casino's system is not named in any inspected source."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint para 5 and para 12: 'recognition software had provided a 100 percent match confirming that KILLINGER was M.E.'; 'fingerprint analysis conclusively established that he was KILLINGER, not M.E. or anyone else.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background: 'Plaintiff’s driver’s license and Peppermill’s FRS results confirming a 100% match with the'; 'Defendant did not review any additional documentation before handcuffing'; 'At WCDF, Plaintiff’s identity was positively confirmed.'; 'for biometric intake to confirm his identity.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'According to court filings, police detained Killinger for identification after receiving the facial recognition alert. Fingerprints later confirmed he was not the person flagged by the system, and he was released.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The complaint alleges that the responding Reno police officer was told the software had produced a 100 percent match, did not examine the other identification Killinger had on him and in his car, and arrested him and took him to the Washoe County jail to establish his identity, where a fingerprint check confirmed who he was.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation. The court's March 2026 order recites these facts from the complaint and makes no finding on them; the arrest decision was the officer's."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint paras 65-73: 'KILLINGER was in handcuffs approximately four hours'; 'in custody at the jail for an additional nine and one-half hours for a total'; 'contusions (bruising) on both wrists.'; 'This does not include the time he was held by the Peppermill before Jager’s arrival.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The truck driver was detained for 11 hours, according to a wrongful arrest lawsuit filed in the US District Court for the District of Nevada.'; 'For four of those hours, he was handcuffed, resulting in bruises and shoulder pain, per the suit.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The complaint states that Killinger was in police and jail custody for about eleven hours, not counting the time casino security held him, was handcuffed for about four hours and was treated at an urgent-care clinic the next day for bruising to both wrists.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background (recounting the complaint): 'At the bench trial, a Reno prosecutor dismissed'; 'the charges against Plaintiff but without prejudice to re-charge Plaintiff within the year.'; 'The next day, Plaintiff'; 'was charged with trespassing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Complaint para 19: 'Even though the charge was eventually dismissed, he'; 'now has a criminal record.'; 'He had never been accused of a crime, arrested, or taken to jail.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Killinger was charged with trespassing the day after his release; at the bench trial a Reno prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice, and the complaint says the arrest left him, a man with no previous arrests, with a criminal record.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation, recited by the court without a finding."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The plaintiff has already sued the Peppermill Casino in a case that was settled for an undisclosed amount.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Casino.org reports that Killinger had sued the Peppermill Casino and that the case was settled for an undisclosed amount.","causal_attribution":"Casino.org's report; the settlement terms and any filing against the casino were not inspected."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Order, Conclusion and Part IV: 'liability claim and denied in part as to Plaintiff’s proposed wrongful arrest claim. Plaintiff'; 'incident and a new claim of municipal liability for policies regarding FRS and handcuffing.'; 'Plaintiff concedes there are no cases in the Ninth Circuit clearly'; 'Since Plaintiff previously conceded that no relevant precedent exists'; 'and fails to respond or rebut his own conclusion with any case law'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'In a new filing, a district court has granted his request to add the City of Reno as a new defendant in the case, as well as a new municipal liability claim against the city.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In an order of 27 March 2026 the court allowed Killinger to add the City of Reno as a defendant with a municipal liability claim concerning policies on facial recognition software and handcuffing, and refused to let him add a wrongful arrest claim against the officer, holding it futile under qualified immunity because he had earlier conceded that no Ninth Circuit case clearly established that arrests based solely on facial recognition were unlawful and cited no case law in reply.","causal_attribution":"Procedural rulings documented by the order; no finding on the merits."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Caption page: '[Proposed] Amicus Curiae Brief of the'; 'Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for'; 'Filed 09/21/26'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"'On September 21, 2026, the ACLU, ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed an amicus brief in the District of Nevada in support of Jason Killinger'; 'The brief asks the court to rule that police lacked probable cause to arrest Mr. Killinger based on a facial recognition technology result'; 'The brief also asks the court to rule that the City of Reno is liable for Mr. Killinger’s wrongful arrest.'; 'failing to provide training to Reno Police Department officers amounts to deliberate indifference'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 21 September 2026 the ACLU, the ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed a proposed amicus brief (ECF No. 96-1) supporting Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment, asking the court to rule that police lacked probable cause to arrest him on a facial recognition result and that the City of Reno is liable for failing to train its officers.","causal_attribution":"The filing date and the proposed status of the brief come from its caption; the description of its requests is the ACLU's own. No ruling on the motion or on leave to file the brief was found."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 2 and page 18: 'The RPD detective investigated and concluded the Peppermill’s FRT was'; 'were two separate people'; 'had arrested an innocent man.'; 'committed identity theft.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"}],"assertion":"Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment of 12 September 2026 states that after the trespass charge was dismissed the city prosecutor referred the case to a Reno police detective to examine whether he had committed identity theft, and that the detective concluded the casino's facial recognition match was wrong, that he and the barred man were two separate people and that the officer had arrested an innocent man.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's motion summarising the detective's deposition (Exhibit 3), which was not itself read; no court has ruled on it."},{"id":"c9","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, pages 10-11: 'Peppermill from about October 2024 to July 2026.'; 'an alert of 100% on someone who was clearly not the person in the database.'; 'that happen sometimes 12 times on a single shift.'; 'he was told to rely on the alerts not on their identification.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"'generating as many as 12 false matches with “100% confidence” during a single shift.'; 'worked as a Peppermill security officer from October 2024 until July 2026'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"The motion cites a declaration by a former Peppermill security officer, employed there from about October 2024 to July 2026, that the system would alert at 100 percent on people who were clearly not the person in its database, sometimes 12 times in a single shift, and that guards were told to rely on the alerts rather than on a person's identification; Casino.org reported the same declaration on 13 October 2026.","causal_attribution":"A former employee's declaration as summarised in the plaintiff's motion and relayed by Casino.org; the security officer started work about a year after Killinger's arrest and describes later practice, not this arrest."},{"id":"c10","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 9: 'track FRT false positives. In those years the casino believed a FRT match of 100% was accurate'; 'Towards the end of 2025 the Peppermill discovered that FRT false positives occur'; '10% of the time.'; page 24: 'Peppermill security director'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"}],"assertion":"The motion also cites the Peppermill's security director as testifying that from 2023 to 2025 the casino had no way to track false positives and believed a 100 percent match was accurate, and that toward the end of 2025 it found that false positives occur 10 percent of the time.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's summary of a deposition (Exhibit 1) that was not itself read."},{"id":"c11","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 8, quoting the officer in an interrogatory answer: 'Killinger, I had no knowledge that FRT could be inaccurate.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"'In a separate declaration, he said he had never previously known the Peppermill’s facial recognition system to make an incorrect identification.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"The arresting officer has said that before the arrest he had no knowledge that facial recognition could be inaccurate; Casino.org reports that he denies wrongdoing and that in a separate declaration he said he had never known the Peppermill's system to make an incorrect identification.","causal_attribution":"The officer's own statements as quoted by the plaintiff and relayed by Casino.org; his denial of wrongdoing is recorded as counterevidence."}],"effects":[{"label":"handcuffed for about four hours and held in police and jail custody for about eleven hours after a casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched him to a barred man","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"prosecuted for trespassing until a prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice, leaving an arrest on his record","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.1.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Complaint, Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), filed 30 July 2025 (ECF No. 1, 31 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-04. It sets out the plaintiff's allegations, including quotations he attributes to the officer's body-worn camera; it is not a finding.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.58.0.pdf","kind":"court_order","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Order of 27 March 2026 (ECF No. 58, 10 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-04. Its background section states that it relies on the facts alleged in the original complaint, so its factual recital is not an independent finding; its rulings are documented by the order itself.","independence_group":"killinger-court-order-2026-03-27"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.casino.org/news/peppermill-renos-facial-recognition-tech-leads-to-wrongful-arrest/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Casino.org, 11 November 2025, read live on 2026-10-04. The article attributes its account to the court filings; it is a derivative of the plaintiff's pleadings for the incident facts.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2026/04/08/man-sues-city-reno-over-use-facial-recognition/","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"KOLO (Reno), 8 April 2026, read live on 2026-10-04 (short item attributed to court documents).","independence_group":"killinger-court-order-2026-03-27"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://mynews4.com/news/local/facial-recognition-lawsuit-raises-questions-about-ai-use-in-policing-nevada-law-enforcement-police-ai-artificial-intelligence-technology-suspects-lawsuit-killinger-v-jager-city-of-reno-peppermill-resort-us-district-court-fourth-amendment","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"News 4 (Reno, mynews4.com), 14 May 2026, read live on 2026-10-04; attributes the incident account to court filings.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://assets.aclu.org/live/uploads/2026/09/096-1-Proposed-Amicus-Brief.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Proposed amicus curiae brief of the ACLU, ACLU of Nevada and Innocence Project, ECF No. 96-1 (Exhibit 1), filed 21 September 2026, 39 pages, from the ACLU's copy; read for its caption and filing details. Its arguments are the amici's, not findings.","independence_group":"aclu-amicus"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.aclu.org/cases/killinger-v-jager","kind":"organisation_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"ACLU case page (last updated 23 September 2026), read live on 2026-10-04. The ACLU is an amicus supporting the plaintiff; its summary of the arrest relays the litigation record.","independence_group":"aclu-amicus"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.95.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment based on municipal liability, Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), ECF No. 95, filed 12 September 2026 (31 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-14. It is the plaintiff's argument and summarises deposition testimony and declarations filed as exhibits; the exhibits themselves were not available and were not read. It is not a finding.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.casino.org/news/peppermill-casino-facial-recognition-made-12-false-matches-in-one-shift-ex-guard-claims/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Casino.org report of 13 October 2026, read in full on 2026-10-14 (HTTP 200). It reports a former security officer's sworn declaration and the officer's separate declaration from the court filings; it does not say it read the declarations themselves. No translation was needed.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","privacy","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Which facial recognition product the casino used and what match threshold it applied.","Whether the court has ruled on Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment on municipal liability (ECF No. 95) that the amicus brief supports, and what the City of Reno said in response.","Whether the court has granted Killinger's April 2026 motion for reconsideration (ECF No. 60) or his motion for leave to file a second amended complaint (ECF No. 63).","The terms and date of the reported settlement with the Peppermill Casino.","Whether the officer's deposition admissions, which the March 2026 order mentions without describing, and the amicus brief's statement that Peppermill's records show Reno police arrested at least 16 people on Peppermill facial recognition matches before September 2023 are borne out; neither was tested here.","Whether the detective's conclusion, the security director's 10 percent false-positive figure and the former security officer's account hold up; the record has them only as the plaintiff's motion summarises the depositions and declarations, and the exhibits were not read.","What the October 2026 docket entries that follow the motion (ECF Nos. 112 to 114) say; none could be read."],"geography":{"basis":"The arrest took place at the Peppermill Casino in Reno, Nevada; the complaint states the plaintiff resides in Washoe County, Nevada, and the suit is in the US District Court for the District of Nevada.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a contextual case: a casino's facial recognition system made a claim about a patron's identity that, according to his federal complaint, was wrong and led to his arrest, about eleven hours in custody and a dismissed trespass prosecution. The incident facts are the plaintiff's allegations, relayed by news coverage of the filings and recited without findings in a court order; the procedural rulings are documented. The plaintiff is named because he sues in his own name; the officer appears only by surname in the case caption, and the barred man, whom the complaint identifies only by initials, is not named. The 2026-10-14 review added the plaintiff's September 2026 summary-judgment motion and an October 2026 Casino.org report; their accounts of a detective's conclusion and a former security officer's declaration are allegations in the plaintiff's filing, and the officer's contrary statement is recorded.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint alleges that the Peppermill Casino's 'A.I. facial recognition software' identified Killinger as a barred man and that casino security and the responding officer relied on its reported 100 percent match; it quotes the officer on body-worn camera describing the casino's 'artificial intelligence software'. The court's March 2026 order recites the facial recognition identification from the complaint without a finding. The vendor and system are not named in any inspected source. The handcuffing, arrest and prosecution decisions were made by casino staff, the officer and prosecutors. Killinger's September 2026 summary-judgment motion adds, from deposition testimony it summarises, that a Reno police detective later concluded the match was wrong, and cites a former casino security officer's declaration, covering his employment from about October 2024 to July 2026, that the system often alerted at 100 percent on the wrong people.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Reno casino's facial recognition wrongly matched a patron to a barred man and police jailed him for about eleven hours, his federal lawsuit alleges","summary":"Jason Killinger, a UPS truck driver, alleges in a federal civil-rights complaint filed in July 2025 that on 17 September 2023 the Peppermill Casino in Reno reported to police that its AI facial recognition software had identified him as a man barred from the casino months earlier. According to the complaint, casino security handcuffed him, and the responding Reno police officer, told the system had found a 100 percent match, did not examine his other identification and took him to jail as an unidentified person, where fingerprints confirmed who he was. The complaint says he was handcuffed for about four hours, starting in the casino security office, spent about eleven hours in police and jail custody, and was treated the next day for bruised wrists. According to the complaint, he was then charged with trespassing, and a prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice at the bench trial. Casino.org reports that he settled a suit against the casino. In March 2026 the court let him add the City of Reno and a municipal liability claim over facial recognition policies, but refused a new wrongful arrest claim against the officer on qualified immunity grounds. In September 2026 the ACLU, the ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed a proposed amicus brief supporting him. His September 2026 motion for partial summary judgment says a Reno police detective later concluded that the match was wrong and that he and the barred man were different people, and it cites a declaration by a former casino security officer, who worked there from about October 2024, that the system often alerted at 100 percent on the wrong people; in a declaration reported by Casino.org, the officer said he had never known the system to misidentify anyone. The case is ongoing.","incidentDate":"2023-09-17","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-11-11","aiSystem":"Facial recognition software used by the Peppermill Casino's security system in Reno, which the complaint calls 'A.I. facial recognition software'; vendor not named in the inspected sources","aiProduct":"Unidentified facial recognition system","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","legal_harm","physical_injury","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to his complaint, Killinger was handcuffed for about four hours, arrested and held in police and jail custody for about eleven hours after the casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched him to a barred man; he was bruised by the handcuffs, prosecuted for trespassing until the charge was dismissed without prejudice, and left with an arrest record.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the plaintiff, who was arrested and held according to his complaint. Reported allegations about other people arrested on casino facial recognition matches in Reno are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-NV","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.1.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), complaint, 30 July 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:19:04.699044+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-14T03:03:41.476658+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["facial-recognition","wrongful-arrest","casino","reno","nevada","justice","made-claim-about","lawsuit"]},{"id":"2025-doe-v-clothoff-nj","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint caption and preliminary statement; ¶¶260-274, 338-340 (Telegram as nominal defendant).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Docket D.E. 1 (filed 2025-10-16; assigned judges).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Jane Doe, a minor suing through her parents, filed the complaint on 16 October 2025 in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC, Judge Esther Salas, Magistrate Judge James B. Clark) against AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. d/b/a ClothOff (BVI), Alaiksandr Babichau and Dasha Babicheva (of Minsk), and Telegram entities as nominal defendants.","causal_attribution":"Established directly by the filing and the docket."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint ¶¶33-40 (the discovery date, the Snapchat-group circulation, the age-14 source photo, the classmate uploader).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"TechCrunch's complaint-based account, including that local authorities declined prosecution.","relation":"context","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 20 October 2023 Doe, then 15, learned that ClothOff-generated CSAM of her and 'several other girls in her class' was circulating in a Snapchat group; the source was an ordinary photo of her at age 14 from Instagram, uploaded by a minor classmate; local authorities declined to prosecute.","causal_attribution":"Established as the complaint's contents; they remain the plaintiff's allegations. The prosecution decline is TechCrunch's reading of the complaint, attributed."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint ¶¶1-6, 54-55 (visitors, image rate, watermark, three clicks), ¶¶220-255 (affiliated services), ¶¶695-697 (bots, API).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The complaint describes ClothOff as a purpose-built 'undress' service producing hyper-realistic output 'indistinguishable from real photographs' without a watermark in three clicks, with at least 27 million visitors and about 200,000 images per day, at least ten affiliated services, Telegram bots and an API.","causal_attribution":"Established as the complaint's contents. These are the plaintiff's allegations, not independently audited figures; the historical record's '3 million users' and '15+ affiliated services' were corrected to the complaint's figures."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Guardian passages naming the operators, the fake CEO, Texture Oasis and GGSel/GG Technology; the Almendralejo and Westfield links; '>4m monthly visits'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Bellingcat's network map and payment-laundering account (G2A/Skinsback/Steam/PayPal/Stripe/Patreon), 23 Feb 2024.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Reporting before the suit identified the operators: the Guardian's Black Box investigation named Babichau and Babicheva (Minsk), a fake AI 'CEO', the Texture Oasis payment front and GGSel/GG Technology links, and tied ClothOff to the Almendralejo (Spain) and Westfield NJ school incidents; Bellingcat's independent investigation mapped the same network and its payment laundering six days earlier.","causal_attribution":"Two independent investigations six days apart; they overlap on GG Technology/Bondarenko but were conducted separately. The complaint itself relies on the Guardian's reporting (per Yale)."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Docket entries D.E. 12-20 (24 Jun notice; 29 Jun vacatur; 8 Jul order; 9 Jul motion and exhibits; 3 Aug setting).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The 2026 docket shows continuing service efforts: a Rule 4(m) call for dismissal on 24 June 2026 (service not effected; the pseudonym motion administratively terminated), vacated by Judge Salas on 29 June after the plaintiff showed ongoing foreign-service efforts; an order allowing service by email on 8 July; and a motion for service by publication or email on 9 July, set for decision on 3 August 2026.","causal_attribution":"Established by the docket through the RECAP mirror's end (15 July 2026); nothing later is visible in this review."},{"id":"c6","status":"disputed","evidence":[{"locator":"Yale's account of the removal letters and platform responses (X, Discord, Google, YouTube).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"TechCrunch: the service was 'still available... through a Telegram bot' (12 Jan 2026).","relation":"contradicts","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"X, Discord, Google and YouTube removed ClothOff following the clinics' summer 2025 letters (Yale); the historical claim that Telegram removed the ClothOff bot in October 2025 is contradicted by TechCrunch, which found the service still available through a Telegram bot on 12 January 2026.","causal_attribution":"The platform removals are a party account (Yale); the Telegram-bot status is contradicted by later reporting and recorded as disputed rather than resolved either way."}],"effects":[{"label":"AI-generated CSAM of a minor circulated in her school community; federal suit against the platform","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.njd.585002/gov.uscourts.njd.585002.1.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Complaint PDF (45 pages) fetched and read via pdftotext on 2026-09-15. The filing establishes its own contents; its allegations remain allegations.","independence_group":"court-record"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71665449/doe-v-airobotics-venture-strategy-3-ltd/","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Docket reviewed on 2026-09-15 through D.E. 20 (mirror ends 15 July 2026).","independence_group":"court-record"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/clinics-file-suit-against-website-generates-nonconsensual-nude-images","kind":"party_announcement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-15. Party source (the clinics bringing the suit); used for the clinics' role and the X/Discord/Google/YouTube removal letters.","independence_group":"yale"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/29/clothoff-deepfake-ai-pornography-app-names-linked-revealed","kind":"news_investigation","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full on 2026-09-15 (29 Feb 2024, Black Box).","independence_group":"guardian"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://bellingcat.com/news/2024/02/23/behind-a-secretive-global-network-of-non-consensual-deepfake-pornography/","kind":"news_investigation","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full on 2026-09-15 (23 Feb 2024).","independence_group":"bellingcat"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/01/12/a-new-jersey-lawsuit-shows-how-hard-it-is-to-fight-deepfake-porn/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full on 2026-09-15 (12 Jan 2026); own interview with co-lead counsel.","independence_group":"techcrunch"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/10/teen-haunted-by-fake-nudes-sues-to-kill-nudify-app-block-telegram-bots/","kind":"news_relaying_wsj","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-15 (17 Oct 2025). Relays the WSJ report; adds Telegram's ToS statement and the separate suit against the boy.","independence_group":"wsj"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/teen-sues-maker-of-fake-nude-software-b88f316f","kind":"news_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"HTTP 401 paywall on 2026-09-15; not read; language not established.","independence_group":"wsj"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.nj.com/news/2026/01/this-nj-girl-was-a-victim-of-deepfake-porn-shes-suing-the-app-that-generated-it.html","kind":"news_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"HTTP 403 on 2026-09-15; not read; language not established.","independence_group":"nj-com"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","justice"],"unknowns":["The service-by-publication/email motion's outcome after 3 August 2026 is not visible in the RECAP mirror (ends 15 July 2026); whether default judgment or dismissal followed is unknown.","Whether Doe's school is the Westfield High School of the earlier New Jersey incident is unverified: the complaint names only 'a high school in Union County', and the historical record's 'separate victim from Francesca Mani' is not established by any inspected document. The school is deliberately not inferred or named.","The current availability of the generated images is unknown.","The platforms' and registries' responses to the requested injunctions are not yet reported.","The complaint's platform figures (visitors, image rate) are the plaintiff's allegations and are not independently audited."],"geography":{"basis":"Event: a high school in Union County, New Jersey (complaint; the school is not named and is not inferred). Affected person: the New Jersey minor. Court: U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The defendants' BVI/Belarus connections are recorded without becoming event or court countries.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case (depicted_or_impersonated) with the federal complaint as the primary record. The plaintiff is a minor protected by court-ordered pseudonymity; no school, classmate or image description beyond the minimum case facts is reproduced. The complaint's contents are recorded as allegations; operator identity rests on two independent investigations.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint alleges the images of Doe were generated by ClothOff from her photo; the platform's purpose-built undress function is documented by the complaint and the Guardian/Bellingcat investigations. The allegations remain allegations against the unserved defendants; the platform's existence, function and operator identity are independently investigated.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Doe v. ClothOff (D.N.J.): a New Jersey minor sues the AI 'undressing' platform over generated CSAM","summary":"On 16 October 2025, Jane Doe, a New Jersey minor suing through her parents, filed a federal complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC) against the operators of ClothOff, an AI 'undressing' service, after ClothOff-generated sexual images of her — created from an ordinary photo of her at 14 — circulated in a Snapchat group when she was 15. The complaint, brought by Yale Law School clinics, alleges the platform was purpose-built to produce hyper-realistic non-consensual intimate imagery and names AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. (British Virgin Islands), Alaiksandr Babichau and Dasha Babicheva (Minsk), and Telegram as nominal defendant. As of mid-July 2026 the docket shows a continuing effort to serve the foreign defendants by email or publication.","incidentDate":"2023-10-20","incidentEndDate":"2025-10-16","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-10-16","aiSystem":"ClothOff (AI undressing service)","aiProduct":"ClothOff","aiCompany":"AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. d/b/a ClothOff (BVI); operators identified in reporting as based in Minsk, Belarus","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":["minor_exploitation","third_party_harm_facilitation"],"harmOutcomes":["psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"ClothOff-generated CSAM of a 15-year-old circulated in her school's Snapchat group from an ordinary childhood photo — persistent image-based abuse of a minor that local authorities declined to prosecute, leaving the federal suit as the remedy path.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted depicted person: Jane Doe (complaint). The complaint's 'several other girls in her class' are depicted but unnamed and unquantified, so the total is counted-plus-unquantified (partial). Platform visitor and image-rate figures (27 million visitors, ~200,000 images/day) are not people and are never counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US-NJ","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.njd.585002/gov.uscourts.njd.585002.1.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Federal complaint, D.N.J. 2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC (45 pages, read via pdftotext)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-05-10T10:35:08.921808+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:01.196687+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["lawsuit","federal","minor","new-jersey","clothoff","deepfake","csam","ncii","yale-law","ongoing"]}]}