{ "meta": { "exportedAt": "2026-09-22T16:45:45.019Z", "formatVersion": 2, "selection": { "q": "health", "system": "", "harm": "", "context": "", "country": "", "role": "", "relation": "", "evidence": "", "year": "", "response": "", "severity": "", "verification": "", "view": "incidents", "sort": "added" }, "totalIncidents": 15, "coverage": { "cases": 15, "countries": 6, "languages": 4, "unknownLocation": 7, "locationPending": 0, "unknownLanguage": 1, "unknownDate": 4, "lawsuits": 3, "regulatory": 0, "minors": 1, "coreRelations": 5, "contextualRelations": 1, "mixedRelations": 0, "unknownRelations": 9, "relationPending": 8, "relationUnknown": 1 }, "countingNote": "Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.", "affectedCountNote": "Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.", "source": "NOPE Incident Tracker", "url": "https://nope.net/incidents", "license": "CC BY 4.0" }, "incidents": [ { "id": "2026-abc-ai-medical-scribe-false-drug-use-record", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'she was asked whether she consented to having the appointment transcribed by artificial intelligence (AI)'; 'with the AI scribe making up the serious but false claim that'; 'it made up that I take [psychedelic] mushrooms. I have never done mushrooms in my life'; 'only picked up the mistake after her kidney stone surgery in March, when she read the post-operative letter her specialist sent to her GP'; 'micro-dosed mushrooms and that could be the reason for prior bleeding around the kidneys'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The patient consented to AI transcription of her first urology appointment; after her March 2026 kidney-stone surgery she found that the post-operative letter to her GP stated she micro-dosed mushrooms and that this could explain earlier bleeding around the kidneys, a claim she says is false.", "causal_attribution": "Patient's account to ABC; the attribution of the false entry to the AI scribe is hers and ABC's framing." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'I was gobsmacked and in tears'; 'was particularly stressed as she was receiving workers' compensation and felt any mention of illegal drugs on her medical record could impact her case'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "She reported distress and feared the entry could affect her workers' compensation case.", "causal_attribution": "Patient's account." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'the urologist sent a letter apologising'; 'Please be assured that we take the accuracy of our documentation very seriously, and we are truly sorry that this occurred'; 'it appeared to be from an error during the \"dictation or transcription process\"'; 'The urologist corrected the correspondence and in her letter said she would review how AI was used in her practice'; 'The doctor did not provide any responses to the ABC's questions about what changes, if any, have been made since'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "After her complaint the urologist apologised in writing, said the cause could not be determined but appeared to be an error in the dictation or transcription process, corrected the correspondence and said she would review her use of AI; she did not answer ABC's questions about changes made.", "causal_attribution": "Doctor's letter as quoted by ABC; the doctor does not confirm the scribe as the origin." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'AHPRA, said clinicians must always check all output from an AI scribe for accuracy to ensure they meet their professional obligations'; 'said it was clear her doctor did not do this'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "AHPRA told ABC that clinicians must always check all output from an AI scribe for accuracy; the patient said it was clear her doctor had not.", "causal_attribution": "Regulator comment and patient's view; context for the case." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "a false claim of psychedelic-mushroom use entered the patient's medical record and reached her GP; distress and fear for her workers' compensation case", "claim_id": "c1", "direction": "negative" }, { "label": "the correspondence was corrected and the doctor apologised after the patient complained", "claim_id": "c3", "direction": "positive" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-08-14/ai-medical-scribe-error-leaves-patient-devastated/107031672", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read live in English on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200; saved body 402,866 bytes). Feature by the ABC Specialist Reporting Team based on the patient's interview and the letters she received, plus regulator and peak-body comment.", "independence_group": "abc-news-2026-08-14" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "institutional_use" ], "contexts": [ "health" ], "unknowns": [ "The AI scribe product and vendor are not named.", "The location of the clinic and the patient's residence are not stated.", "The date of the appointment at which the transcription was made is not stated. The report gives the surgery as 'in March' without a year; 2026 is taken from the 14 August 2026 publication date.", "Whether the false claim originated in the scribe's output or in a later dictation or editing step is not established; the doctor's letter says the cause could not be determined.", "What changes the practice made afterwards are not reported." ], "geography": { "basis": "No inspected source states where the appointment or the patient is located. The ABC report frames the case within Australian regulation (AHPRA, RACGP, TGA) and quotes Australian bodies, but does not locate the patient or the clinic, so the event and affected-person countries are left unknown rather than inferred from the publisher. No court proceeding.", "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [] }, "publication": { "basis": "Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an everyday-assistance and health case in which an AI system made a false claim about a person in her medical record, with reported distress and a corrected record. Single ABC News report read in full; claims recorded as reported and attributed to the patient and the doctor's letter. The patient is named in the report but not in this record; the doctor and clinic are unnamed.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-20" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The patient told ABC that the appointment was transcribed by an AI scribe with her consent and that the false mushroom claim appeared in the resulting post-operative letter; the doctor's apology attributes the claim to an error during the 'dictation or transcription process' without confirming the scribe as the origin. The product is not named. Single ABC report.", "status": "reported" }, "person_relations": [ "made_claim_about" ] }, "name": "Reported by ABC News (Australia): an AI scribe used at a urology appointment inserted a false claim that the patient took psychedelic mushrooms into her record; the error reached her GP in a post-operative letter and was corrected only after she complained", "summary": "A patient who consented to having her first urology appointment transcribed by an artificial-intelligence scribe discovered, after her kidney-stone surgery in March 2026, that the post-operative letter her specialist sent to her GP stated she micro-dosed psychedelic mushrooms and that this could explain earlier bleeding around the kidneys. She says she has never taken mushrooms. She was receiving workers' compensation and feared that any mention of illegal drugs on her medical record could affect her case. After she complained, the urologist sent a letter of apology saying the practice takes documentation accuracy seriously, that she could not determine how the claim came to be included but that it appeared to be an error during the 'dictation or transcription process', that the correspondence had been corrected and that she would review how AI was used in her practice. The doctor did not answer ABC's questions about what changes had been made. Australia's practitioner regulator AHPRA told ABC that clinicians must check all AI-scribe output; the patient says it was clear her doctor had not. The account is a single ABC News report (14 August 2026) based on the patient's interview and the letters she received; the scribe product and the clinic's location are not named.", "incidentDate": "2026-03-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "month", "exposurePattern": "single_interaction", "reportedDate": "2026-08-14", "aiSystem": "AI medical scribe (product not named in the report)", "severity": "low", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [], "harmOutcomes": [ "psychological_distress", "reputational_harm" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "The patient reports distress ('gobsmacked and in tears') and fear for her workers' compensation case after a false illegal-drug claim entered her medical record and was sent to her GP; the record was corrected after her complaint. The false entry is attributed by the patient to the AI scribe and by the doctor to an error in the dictation or transcription process.", "frameworkFacets": [], "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "One patient whose record carried the false claim (ABC report). The clinician used the AI tool, so the patient is counted as another person harmed rather than a participant user. Exact 1.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "platformType": "other", "outcomeType": "internal_action", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-08-14/ai-medical-scribe-error-leaves-patient-devastated/107031672", "primarySourceLabel": "ABC News (Specialist Reporting Team), 14 August 2026: Error by AI scribe during medical appointment leaves patient devastated", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-20T03:28:12.119063+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "ai-scribe", "medical-records", "health", "transcription-error", "false-record", "workers-compensation", "abc-news" ] }, { "id": "2026-gisi-infopro-digital-creteil-ai-dismissals-suspended", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Page 12: 'ORDONNONS la suspension du projet de réorganisation de la Société GISI et du projet de licenciement collectif (des 8 secrétaires de rédaction) en découlant, incluant la suspension des processus de reclassement, jusqu'à ce qu'il soit procédé à la réalisation des tests en situation réelle et à l'élaboration de numéros 0'; 'PRONONÇONS à l'encontre de la société GISI une astreinte provisoire de 8 000 euros par jour de retard pendant une durée de trois mois'; 'FAIT AU PALAIS DE JUSTICE DE CRETEIL, le 15 septembre 2026'. Page 1: 'ORDONNANCE DU : 15 Septembre 2026', 'N° RG 26/00991'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "\"la suspension du projet de réorganisation (...) et du projet de licenciement collectif (des 8 secrétaires de rédaction)\"; \"par jour de retard sur trois mois\"; \"En revanche, les dommages et intérêts réclamés ont été rejetés.\"", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" }, { "locator": "\"La justice a suspendu mardi en référé un projet de suppression de 8 postes au sein du groupe de presse Gisi (L'Usine nouvelle, LSA, L'Argus de l'assurance...), en lien avec le déploiement de l'intelligence artificielle\"; \"Il a par conséquent suspendu le plan jusqu'à la réalisation de tests complets. Contactée par l'AFP, la direction de Gisi a indiqué se réserver la possibilité de faire appel\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s3" } ], "assertion": "On 15 September 2026 the Créteil judicial court, sitting in référé on the application of Gisi's CSE, ordered the suspension of Gisi's reorganisation project and of the resulting collective dismissal of the eight secrétaires de rédaction, including the redeployment processes, until real-situation tests and pilot issues confirm what share of sub-editor tasks the generative-AI tool can take over; it imposed a provisional penalty of 8,000 euros per day of delay for three months, refused the damages provision and awarded 2,000 euros in costs.", "causal_attribution": "Established by the court order itself and confirmed by L'Informé and AFP, which each consulted the decision." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Page 11: 'représenter un risque grave et caractérisé sur la santé physique et mentale de plusieurs catégories de salariés de la société GISI'; 'la société GISI ne justifie pas de la mise en oeuvre des dispositifs de prévention du risque lié à l'introduction de la nouvelle technologie d'IA générative alors que dans le DUERP 2025 qu'elle produit (pièce 5) elle identifie 3 risques en lien avec l'introduction de l'IA (stress lié à l'insécurité de l'emploi lié à l'intelligence artificielle ; changements organisationnels liés à l'introduction de l'intelligence artificielle ; absence de repères liés à l'utilisation de l'IA et manque d'acculturation) mais ne les a pas côtés'. Page 10: 'sans aucune participation des salariés concernés, ni réalisation en situation réelle'; 'L'expert pronostique un risque d'intensification majeur du travail des rédacteurs'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "\"un risque grave et caractérisé sur la santé physique et mentale de plusieurs catégories de salariés\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s3" }, { "locator": "\"Le tribunal judiciaire de Créteil, saisi par le Comité social et économique (CSE) de Gisi\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s4" }, { "locator": "\"des risques de surcharge de travail (...) et une baisse de la qualité du travail fourni, de l'autonomie et du conflit de valeur, de la perte de sens et de l'altération du collectif\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "The judge found that implementing the generative-AI project and the dismissal of all sub-editor posts on an approximate evaluation, without real-situation testing or participation of the staff concerned, presented a serious and characterised risk to the physical and mental health of several categories of Gisi staff, and that Gisi had not shown prevention measures although its 2025 risk register listed three AI-related risks including stress linked to AI-related job insecurity.", "causal_attribution": "The court's own finding; it concerns a risk to health created by the way the AI-based reorganisation was to be deployed, not an individually diagnosed injury." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Page 2: 'La société GISI emploie 127 salariés dont 92 journalistes'; 'un outil dénommé DIGI'; 'Le projet de la société GISI prévoit la suppression de 8 postes de secrétaires de rédaction (SR) et la création de 2 postes de chefs d'édition reprenant une partie des missions des SR, à savoir celles ne pouvant être automatisées par l'outil DIGI'; 'Le 4 mai 2026 le CSE était convié à une réunion dite R0 de présentation du projet'; 'Le 12 mai 2026 la société GISI convoquait le CSE à une première réunion d'information/consultation sur deux projets'; 'le CSE de la société GISI obtenait le 15 juillet 2025 une ordonnance de référé'; 'Par un arrêt du 21 mai 2026 la cour d'appel de Paris confirmait l'ordonnance de référé du 15 juillet 2025'. Page 10: 'la société GISI a évalué à environ 70 % la part des tâches des SR réalisées par l'outil IA'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "\"Au sein de Gisi, 8 postes de SR sont menacés\"; \"la société estimant que 70% des tâches des SR peuvent être réalisées par l'IA\"; \"Des reclassements ont été proposés à tous les secrétaires de rédaction\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s3" }, { "locator": "\"avait déjà contrainte à ouvrir un processus d\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "Gisi (127 staff, 92 journalists) planned to remove its eight sub-editor posts and create two chef d'édition posts for the tasks its in-house generative-AI tool DIGI could not automate, estimating that the tool would perform about 70% of sub-editor tasks; the project was presented to the CSE on 4 May 2026 and consultation opened on 12 May 2026, after an earlier July 2025 order (confirmed on appeal on 21 May 2026) had required consultation before AI tools were used.", "causal_attribution": "Facts recited in the court order and reported by AFP from the company." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "\"Les quelque 250 journalistes de ces 26 titres au total avaient lancé une grève au printemps pour s'opposer au projet de leur propriétaire de supprimer 19 postes de secrétaires de rédaction\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s3" }, { "locator": "\"Nous allons poursuivre les tests et faire des numéros complets\"; \"la direction de Gisi a indiqué se réserver la possibilité de faire appel\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s5" }, { "locator": "\"nous suspendons le projet le temps de finaliser ces tests\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "Some 250 journalists across Infopro Digital's 26 titles struck in spring 2026 against the owner's plan to cut 19 sub-editor posts because of the AI deployment; after the order Gisi's president said the tests would continue with full pilot issues and that the company reserved the right to appeal.", "causal_attribution": "AFP reporting of the strike and of management's reaction; L'Informé carries management's written reply." }, { "id": "c5", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "\"with five of the eight affected journalists having already received pre-dismissal interview letters\"; \"newsroom positions accompanied by training were offered to all affected editorial secretaries, although some declined them\".", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s6" } ], "assertion": "Digital Watch, citing Stratégies, reports that five of the eight affected sub-editors had already received pre-dismissal interview letters and that Gisi had offered three chef d'édition roles and one technical editor-in-chief position, with newsroom posts offered to all affected sub-editors, some of whom declined.", "causal_attribution": "Secondary summary attributing the detail to Stratégies (not readable from this host); reported only. Its count of three chef d'édition roles differs from the two posts in the order." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "eight sub-editors faced collective dismissal in favour of a generative-AI tool; a court found a serious risk to the physical and mental health of several categories of staff", "claim_id": "c2", "direction": "negative" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://linforme.files.sirius.press/files/1789566133007-SECURISE_ordonnance%20du%2015%20septembre%202026-2.pdf", "kind": "court_order", "access": "read", "language": "fr", "translation_note": "Court record: Tribunal judiciaire de Créteil, section des référés, ordonnance de référé of 15 September 2026, RG 26/00991, CSE de la société Gisi v. SAS Gisi, published by L'Informé (watermarked, 12 scanned pages without a text layer). Pages 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12 read visually in French on 2026-09-19; pages 3-9 not read. Quotations are transcribed from the page images.", "independence_group": "tj-creteil-order" }, { "id": "s2", "url": "https://www.linforme.com/medias-culture/article/lsa-l-usine-nouvelle-la-justice-retoque-le-remplacement-des-journalistes-par-l-ia_8645.html", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "fr", "translation_note": "Read in French on 2026-09-19 (L'Informé, 15 Sep 2026, updated 16 Sep with Infopro Digital's reaction). The served page truncates the opening paragraph; the court's findings, the penalty, the union reaction and management's reply are readable. L'Informé published the order.", "independence_group": "linforme" }, { "id": "s3", "url": "https://www.cbnews.fr/medias/justice-suspend-projet-suppressions-postes-liees-ia-chez-usine-nouvelle-lsa", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "fr", "translation_note": "Read in French on 2026-09-19 (CB News, 16 Sep 2026, AFP dispatch). AFP states it consulted the decision; carries Gisi president Isabelle André's comments.", "independence_group": "afp" }, { "id": "s4", "url": "https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/emploi/vie-de-bureau/un-risque-grave-et-caracterise-sur-la-sante-physique-et-mentale-la-justice-suspend-un-projet-de-suppressions-de-postes-liees-a-l-ia-dans-les-medias-du-groupe-gisi_AD-202609160444.html", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "fr", "translation_note": "Read in French on 2026-09-19 (BFM Business with AFP, 16 Sep 2026). Same AFP dispatch with a definition of the sub-editor role.", "independence_group": "afp" }, { "id": "s5", "url": "https://www.liberation.fr/economie/medias/la-justice-suspend-un-projet-de-suppressions-de-postes-liees-a-lia-dans-le-groupe-de-presse-infopro-digital-20260916_H7LH5VX6A5EDBFWSDNNM3DPB3U/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "fr", "translation_note": "Read in French on 2026-09-19 via the MSN content API copy (Libération, 16 Sep 2026, AFP). Same dispatch, adding the staff representative and SNJ-CGT reactions given to L'Informé.", "independence_group": "afp" }, { "id": "s6", "url": "https://dig.watch/updates/french-court-ai-job-cuts-journalists", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-19 (Digital Watch Observatory, 17 Sep 2026). A secondary summary that attributes the pre-dismissal-letter and redeployment details to Stratégies, whose own article returns 403 to this host.", "independence_group": "strategies-via-digital-watch" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "institutional_use" ], "contexts": [ "work", "justice" ], "unknowns": [ "Whether Gisi has appealed the order.", "Whether the pre-dismissal procedure for the sub-editors has been formally withdrawn and whether all eight remain employed; individual health effects are not reported.", "Pages 3-9 of the order (the parties' submissions) were not read.", "The status of Groupe Moniteur's separate redundancy plan (PSE) covering the remaining sub-editor posts.", "Digital Watch, citing Stratégies, reports three chef d'édition roles offered; the order and AFP record two chef d'édition posts. The difference (offers versus created posts, or a Stratégies error) is unresolved." ], "geography": { "basis": "Gisi is registered in Créteil with its seat in Gentilly (Val-de-Marne) per the order; the staff work for its French titles; court: Tribunal judiciaire de Créteil.", "court_countries": [ "FR" ], "event_countries": [ "FR" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "FR" ] }, "publication": { "basis": "Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a work-lane case of an institutional AI decision with concrete consequences for identified staff: eight sub-editors were subject to a collective dismissal plan justified by a generative-AI tool, and a court found the deployment presented a serious and characterised risk to the physical and mental health of several categories of staff and suspended it. The court order (primary record), L'Informé and AFP copies read; the affected people are unnamed.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-19" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The court order and AFP identify the generative-AI tool (DIGI) as the basis of the reorganisation and of the dismissal of the eight sub-editor posts, and the court's health-risk finding concerns deploying that tool without real-situation testing. The tool did not communicate with, decide about or depict the affected people; it was to take over their tasks, so none of the listed relations applies and the relation is recorded as unknown.", "status": "supported" }, "person_relations": [ "unknown" ] }, "name": "Créteil, France: a court suspended Gisi's (Infopro Digital) plan to cut eight sub-editor posts in favour of a generative-AI tool, finding a serious and characterised risk to the physical and mental health of several categories of staff", "summary": "Gisi, the Infopro Digital subsidiary publishing L'Usine nouvelle, LSA and L'Argus de l'assurance (127 staff, 92 journalists), presented to its works council (CSE) on 4 May 2026 a reorganisation built around 'DIGI', an in-house generative-AI editorial tool, and on 12 May 2026 opened consultation on the reorganisation and on the resulting collective dismissal of its eight secrétaires de rédaction (sub-editors), to be replaced by two chefs d'édition, on the company's estimate that the tool would take over about 70% of sub-editor tasks. Some 250 journalists across Infopro Digital's 26 titles had struck in spring 2026 against a group-wide plan to cut 19 sub-editor posts, and according to Digital Watch (citing Stratégies) five of the eight Gisi sub-editors had received pre-dismissal interview letters. The CSE, relying on an expert report, went to the Créteil judicial court in July. On 15 September 2026 the référé judge found that deploying the plan without real-situation testing presented 'un risque grave et caractérisé sur la santé physique et mentale de plusieurs catégories de salariés', ordered the suspension of the reorganisation and the collective dismissal (including the redeployment processes) until real-situation tests and full pilot issues are produced, with a provisional penalty of 8,000 euros per day for three months, and refused the damages provision. Gisi said it would continue the tests and reserved the right to appeal.", "incidentDate": "2026-05-04", "incidentKind": "ongoing_experience", "incidentDatePrecision": "day", "exposurePattern": "product_change", "reportedDate": "2026-09-15", "aiSystem": "'DIGI', Gisi's in-house generative-AI editorial tool (transcription of interviews, drafting and correction help; planned spelling, grammar and typography correction, editorial-coherence and fact-reliability checks)", "aiCompany": "Gisi (Groupe Industrie Service Infos), a subsidiary of Infopro Digital (deployer of the in-house 'DIGI' generative-AI tool)", "severity": "medium", "verificationStatus": "unverified", "harmCategories": [], "harmOutcomes": [ "professional_harm" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Eight sub-editors at Gisi faced collective dismissal because a generative-AI tool was to take over most of their tasks (five had received pre-dismissal interview letters, per Digital Watch citing Stratégies), and a court found that the plan, deployed without real-situation testing, presented a serious and characterised risk to the physical and mental health of several categories of staff; the court suspended the dismissals pending tests.", "frameworkFacets": [], "causationStatus": "supported", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 8, "affectedCountStatus": "partial", "affectedCountEvidence": "The order suspends 'le projet de licenciement collectif (des 8 secrétaires de rédaction)' and AFP reports eight sub-editor posts threatened at Gisi; Digital Watch, citing Stratégies, says five of the eight had received pre-dismissal interview letters. The court's health-risk finding extends to 'plusieurs catégories de salariés' without a number. Eight counted plus unquantified others: partial.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "FR", "platformType": "other", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_ongoing", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://linforme.files.sirius.press/files/1789566133007-SECURISE_ordonnance%20du%2015%20septembre%202026-2.pdf", "primarySourceLabel": "Tribunal judiciaire de Créteil, ordonnance de référé of 15 September 2026 (RG 26/00991), CSE de la société Gisi v. SAS Gisi, as published by L'Informé", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-20T03:19:47.791082+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "work", "journalism", "layoffs", "generative-ai", "newsroom-automation", "france", "creteil", "labour-court", "occupational-health", "institutional-use" ] }, { "id": "2026-reddit-partner-concealed-chatgpt-use-relationship-strain", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'They have been paying for a ChatGPT subscription without me knowing, even though they currently owe me hundreds of dollars'; 'have been actively hiding how much they use it from me'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The partner paid for a ChatGPT subscription without the poster's knowledge while owing her hundreds of dollars, and had hidden the extent of their AI use.", "causal_attribution": "Poster's account; the partner has not spoken publicly." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'They agreed that using gen-AI was harmful and that they are currently using it more than what is healthy, but refused to stop because using it gives them a dopamine hit'; 'They said it's addictive and that's why they don't want to stop'; 'once they have money they will likely continue the subscription'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The partner agreed the use was more than healthy but refused to stop because it gives a dopamine hit, called it addictive, and said they would likely renew the subscription when they had money.", "causal_attribution": "The partner's statements as relayed by the poster." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'I told them that if they continue to use it without even attempting to slow it down, I cannot see myself continuing the relationship'; 'our therapist is quite pro-AI and has told my partner to use it before, so I'm scared to bring it up there'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The poster told the partner she cannot see the relationship continuing unless the use is reduced, and is afraid to raise it in couples therapy because the therapist has recommended AI use.", "causal_attribution": "Poster's own statement of the consequence." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'They've also been using it to plan and organise their life'; 'say that it just helps them to do things because they struggle with organisation and other solutions they've tried haven't helped'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The partner uses ChatGPT to plan and organise their life and says it helps because of their conditions, where other solutions had not.", "causal_attribution": "Poster relaying the partner's explanation; recorded as context." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "the poster says the relationship may end over the partner's concealed and, by the partner's own account, addictive ChatGPT use", "claim_id": "c3", "direction": "negative" }, { "label": "the partner paid for a ChatGPT subscription while owing the poster hundreds of dollars", "claim_id": "c1", "direction": "negative" }, { "label": "the partner reports the tool helps them organise daily life where other solutions failed", "claim_id": "c4", "direction": "positive" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/relationship_advice/comments/1whkz4j/", "kind": "forum_post", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-19 (full self-text retrieved through the arctic_shift archive API by post ID; 137 comments not reviewed; poster's handle not recorded).", "independence_group": "reddit-poster" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "others_use", "own_use" ], "contexts": [ "relationships", "finance" ], "unknowns": [ "The partner's own account, the amounts involved, the dates of discovery and the country are not stated.", "Whether the relationship continued or the subscription was renewed is unknown.", "The 137 comments were not reviewed and are not used.", "The poster's and partner's identities are unknown; the record deliberately omits the handle." ], "geography": { "basis": "The post gives no location; 'hundreds of dollars' does not establish a country. Unknown after review.", "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [] }, "publication": { "basis": "Published under the 2026-09-15 charter's public-forum rule as a concrete first-person account of an ongoing adverse experience (relationship strain and money spent while in debt, attributed by the poster to a partner's concealed, self-described addictive ChatGPT use), described with attribution and without corroboration; the partner's stated benefit is preserved as a positive effect. Anonymous poster; no handle, names or location recorded; the partner's specific conditions are not listed.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-19" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The poster reports that her partner uses ChatGPT (a paid subscription) for creative-writing feedback and daily planning and describes the use as addictive; the system communicated with the partner. Nothing is known about the content of the exchanges beyond the poster's description.", "status": "reported" }, "person_relations": [ "communicated_with" ] }, "name": "First-person forum account: a 21-year-old says her partner of three years hid a paid ChatGPT subscription while owing her money, calls the use addictive and refuses to cut back, and she is weighing whether to stay", "summary": "In a public post to r/relationship_advice on 16 September 2026, a 21-year-old woman wrote that she had recently discovered her partner of three years had been using ChatGPT far more than admitted: paying for a subscription without her knowledge while owing her hundreds of dollars, feeding their creative writing into it for feedback after promising never to, and using it to plan and organise daily life. She reports that the partner agreed the use was 'more than what is healthy' but refused to stop because it gives 'a dopamine hit', described it as addictive, said they would likely renew the subscription when they had money, and argued that without it they would find another addiction. She writes that she cannot see the relationship continuing if the use is not reduced, while recognising that the partner, who has neurodevelopmental and mental-health conditions, uses the tool as an organisational aid; their couples therapist has recommended AI use, so she is afraid to raise it there. The post drew 137 comments. The account is uncorroborated and one-sided; the partner's view is reported only through the poster.", "incidentKind": "ongoing_experience", "incidentDatePrecision": "unknown", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2026-09-16", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT (OpenAI), paid subscription", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "low", "verificationStatus": "unverified", "harmCategories": [], "harmOutcomes": [ "relationship_disruption", "financial_loss" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "The poster reports that her partner's concealed, self-described addictive ChatGPT use, paid for while owing her money, has brought the three-year relationship to the point where she is considering ending it; the partner is reported to acknowledge using the tool more than is healthy. All effects are as reported by the poster.", "frameworkFacets": [], "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "Two people are described as affected: the partner who uses ChatGPT (self-described unhealthy, addictive use and money spent while in debt, as reported by the poster) and the poster herself (relationship strain, money owed). Exact count of two; the therapist is not counted.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "unknown", "platformType": "chatbot", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.reddit.com/r/relationship_advice/comments/1whkz4j/", "primarySourceLabel": "r/relationship_advice, 16 September 2026: \"I (21F) don't know how to continue my relationship with my partner (23NB) because of AI\" (public post, 137 comments)", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-19T03:14:47.266799+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "first-person", "reddit", "chatgpt", "relationship", "compulsive-use", "concealment", "subscription", "couples-therapy" ] }, { "id": "2026-operacao-sophia-ai-voice-clone-donation-scam", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "corroborated", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'Os criminosos utilizavam clonagem de voz e deepfake para simular apelos emocionais das crianças'; pages 'Clube de Doadores' and 'Unidos pelo Amor'; 'sites que imitavam plataformas legítimas de arrecadação, como o Vakinha... código Pix... contas de empresas de fachada'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'As principais produções eram feitas com crianças em tratamento de doenças graves'; pages 'Clube de Doadores', 'Doadores com Amor' and 'Unidos pelo Amor'; the fake-site Pix mechanics paragraph.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "The group used AI tools, deepfake and voice cloning to turn real fundraising campaigns of children with serious illnesses into fake donation appeals, boosted by pages named 'Clube de Doadores', 'Doadores com Amor' and 'Unidos pelo Amor', leading donors to lookalike sites that issued Pix codes to shell companies.", "causal_attribution": "Both chains attribute the method to the investigating police; the specific AI tools are not named." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "corroborated", "evidence": [ { "locator": "The fake audio text ('O remédio que pode me ajudar é muito caro...'); 'Apenas na campanha falsa envolvendo a imagem da menina, a polícia rastreou R$ 294,5 mil desviados'; 'Foi horrível. A gente perdeu o sono, eu chorei muito'; the donors-'eu doei' passage.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'apenas em relação à falsa campanha que deu origem ao inquérito, ao menos R$ 294,5 mil diretamente rastreados entre chave Pix e gateways de pagamento'; 'A família da criança não autorizou a campanha e não recebeu os valores arrecadados.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "The originating fake campaign used the image of Kelen Santos's daughter and an AI-generated child voice — 'O remédio que pode me ajudar é muito caro... qualquer valor já me dá mais um dia com a minha mãe' — and police traced R$294,500 diverted in that campaign; the family lost sleep and had to tell congratulating donors their money had gone to a scam.", "causal_attribution": "The diverted amount is the police's traced figure for the originating campaign, carried by both chains; the mother's distress is her own account." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "corroborated", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'A operação contra o estelionato e a lavagem de dinheiro prendeu 16 pessoas nesta terça-feira (14)... em cidades de cinco estados diferentes'; 'uma empresa... núcleo financeiro do grupo... movimentou mais de R$ 1,7 milhão'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'A \"Operação Sophia\" acontece por meio da Delegacia de Repressão aos Crimes Patrimoniais Eletrônicos do Rio Grande do Sul, sob coordenação do Delegado João Vitor Herédia. Até o momento, 16 pessoas foram presas preventivamente'; states listed; the R$1.7M hub passage.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "Operação Sophia, launched on Tuesday 14 July 2026 by the DRCPE under Delegate João Vitor Herédia, preventively arrested 16 people across five states (RS, PR, SP, MS, PE); a financial-hub company moved more than R$1.7 million in the investigated period.", "causal_attribution": "Official police action carried by two independent chains; charges and trials are not yet reported." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'A vaquinha verdadeira foi encerrada pela família após o valor necessário ser atingido. O tratamento foi realizado e a menina apresenta melhora no quadro de saúde.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The daughter's legitimate fundraising campaign had ended earlier after reaching its goal; her treatment was completed and her health is improving.", "causal_attribution": "Recovery context preserved per the charter; single chain, attributed." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "a sick child's image and AI-cloned voice fronted a fake fundraiser that diverted R$294,500; her family absorbed the social cost", "claim_id": "c2", "direction": "negative" }, { "label": "recovery context: the daughter's legitimate campaign met its goal earlier and her health is improving", "claim_id": "c4", "direction": "positive" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2026/07/15/vitima-golpe-ia-vaquinha-crianca-cancer-mae.ghtml", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "pt", "translation_note": "Read in Portuguese on 2026-09-15 (g1 RS / RBS TV, by Duda Romagna; operation dated 'terça-feira (14)' July 2026). Model translation, no human reviewer.", "independence_group": "g1" }, { "id": "s2", "url": "https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/sul/rs/organizacao-criminosa-de-falsas-doacoes-online-e-alvo-de-operacao/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "pt", "translation_note": "Read in Portuguese on 2026-09-15 (datePublished 2026-07-14T08:00-03:00, updated 12:49). Model translation, no human reviewer.", "independence_group": "cnn-brasil" }, { "id": "s3", "url": "https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2026/07/14/policia-civil-mira-grupo-suspeito-de-golpe-com-falsas-doacoes-e-pix.ghtm", "kind": "news_report", "access": "unavailable", "language": null, "translation_note": "HTTP 403 (Akamai) on 2026-09-15; headline verified in Google News RSS. Body not inspected; language not established.", "independence_group": "uol" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "others_use" ], "contexts": [ "health", "finance", "everyday_life" ], "unknowns": [ "The specific AI voice-cloning and deepfake tools are not named in the inspected reporting.", "How many children were used nationwide is unknown to the police; the number of defrauded donors is not reported.", "Whether the 16 arrested have been charged, and with what offences, is not yet reported.", "Whether any funds were recovered for donors is not reported.", "The start date of the fake campaigns is not stated; only the operation date (14 July 2026) is firm." ], "geography": { "basis": "Event: the fake campaigns and the operation across Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Pernambuco. Affected persons: the child and family in Rio Grande do Sul; donors nationwide. No court proceeding is reported yet; a police unit is not a court.", "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "BR" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "BR" ] }, "publication": { "basis": "Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an impersonation/fraud case (depicted_or_impersonated): a sick child's image and AI-cloned voice weaponized for donation fraud, documented by two independent chains carrying police figures, with recovery context preserved. The child is unnamed, as in the sources; the mother spoke publicly. Donors are unquantified; money amounts are recorded but never converted to person counts.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "Both inspected chains attribute to the investigating police that the group used AI tools, deepfake and voice cloning for the fake appeals; g1 reproduces the AI-generated audio's text from the fake video. The specific tools are not named.", "status": "supported" }, "person_relations": [ "depicted_or_impersonated" ] }, "name": "Brazil: scammers used AI-cloned voices and images of children with cancer in fake donation campaigns; 16 arrested in Operação Sophia", "summary": "On 14 July 2026 the Rio Grande do Sul Civil Police launched Operação Sophia against a group that used AI voice cloning and deepfake to turn real fundraising campaigns of children with cancer into fake donation appeals: AI-generated child voices asked for money in videos boosted by pages such as 'Clube de Doadores' and 'Unidos pelo Amor', leading donors to lookalike sites that issued Pix codes to shell companies. Sixteen people were arrested across five states. In the campaign that started the investigation — using the image of Kelen Santos's daughter, who was in cancer treatment — police traced R$294,500 diverted, and the investigation found a financial-hub company that moved more than R$1.7 million. The family had to tell congratulating donors that their money had gone to a scam.", "incidentDate": "2026-07-01", "incidentEndDate": "2026-07-14", "incidentKind": "bounded_series", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2026-07-14", "aiSystem": "AI voice-cloning and deepfake video tools (unspecified)", "aiCompany": "Unknown", "severity": "medium", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [ "third_party_harm_facilitation" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "financial_loss", "psychological_distress" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "A sick child's image and an AI clone of her voice were weaponized into a fake fundraiser that diverted R$294,500 from donors, leaving her family sleepless and forced to tell donors their gifts had gone to scammers; police say other sick children were used nationwide in unknown numbers.", "frameworkFacets": [], "causationStatus": "supported", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1, "affectedCountStatus": "partial", "affectedCountEvidence": "One counted depicted child: the daughter in the originating case, whose image and AI-cloned voice were used (mother's and police accounts). Police state they do not know how many other children were used nationwide, and defrauded donors are unquantified people — so the total is counted-plus-unquantified (partial). Money amounts are not person counts and are not converted.", "victimAgeRange": "minor", "jurisdiction": "BR", "platformType": "other", "outcomeType": "criminal_charges", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2026/07/15/vitima-golpe-ia-vaquinha-crianca-cancer-mae.ghtml", "primarySourceLabel": "g1 RS / RBS TV (15 Jul 2026, Duda Romagna) — the mother's account, the fake audio's text, and the operation details", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-15T09:29:09.751654+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "depicted-or-impersonated", "voice-clone", "deepfake", "fraud", "donation-scam", "children", "brazil" ] }, { "id": "2025-tierney-chatgpt-cancer-delay", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed against the cited retained dossier passages. This is a metadata review, not a new source or causal review. Residence, event setting and court are recorded separately. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland", "location": "victim_description", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "IE" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [ "IE" ] }, "unresolved": [ "The retained dossier locates the person in Ireland and subsequent treatment in Germany. It does not explicitly locate the AI-associated treatment delay, so Germany is not counted as the harm location.", "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts.", "Source languages remain unreviewed; no source body was newly inspected for this record during this metadata pass." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [] }, "name": "Warren Tierney — ChatGPT reassurance and delayed stage-4 oesophageal cancer diagnosis (Killarney, Ireland)", "summary": "Warren Tierney, a 37-year-old psychologist from Killarney, County Kerry, asked ChatGPT over weeks in 2025 whether his worsening sore throat could be cancer. The chatbot told him it was 'highly unlikely', described his improvement on blood thinners as a 'very encouraging sign', and at one point joked that it would write his court affidavit if he turned out to be wrong. He was later diagnosed with stage-four adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. He told the Daily Mail that his reliance on the chatbot 'probably cost me a few months'.", "incidentDate": "2025-01-01", "incidentEndDate": "2025-08-27", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2025-08-27", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "high", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [], "harmOutcomes": [ "medical_deterioration", "treatment_disruption" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Assessment of progressive difficulty swallowing was deferred while the participant relied on chatbot reassurance, and he was diagnosed with stage-four adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus, a cancer whose five-year survival is reported at five to ten per cent. He put the chatbot-attributable delay at a few months; reporting describes it as at least two.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1d", "P3b", "P5b", "P5c" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "Reporting documents one named participant whose cancer assessment was delayed. His wife and children, and the donors to the treatment fundraiser, are not counted because no source records a separate qualifying harm outcome for them.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "IE", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "unknown", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-15037755/I-asked-ChatGPT-pain-cancer-five-years-live.html", "primarySourceLabel": "Daily Mail — originating interview with Tierney, with screenshots of the ChatGPT exchanges and OpenAI's statement", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-12T03:07:31.268698+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "chatgpt", "openai", "health-guidance", "competence-boundaries", "delayed-diagnosis", "cancer", "sycophancy", "adult", "ireland", "eu", "media-coverage" ] }, { "id": "2024-saenger-chatgpt-tia-delayed-diagnosis", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "The case body says the patient attended the authors’ hospital but does not name its country. Swiss institutions occur only in affiliations. Patient residence and court country are unstated. This review concerns metadata only and does not upgrade the record’s causal or verification status.", "evidence": [], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [] }, "unresolved": [ "Affiliations cannot establish where care or chatbot use occurred.", "Location is unknown after review, not merely unreviewed.", "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11006786/", "notes": "Browser CAPTCHA", "access": "unavailable", "language": null }, { "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11006786/fullTextXML", "notes": "Complete article body, including Case report, discussion and table; official full-text repository XML", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Delayed emergency care for a transient ischemic attack after ChatGPT reassurance", "summary": "A 63-year-old man who developed repeated, self-limiting episodes of double vision four days after a catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation asked ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) whether visual disturbance was possible after the procedure. According to the clinicians, reassurance from his interventionalist and a chatbot answer he found more understandable contributed to his decision to stay home for about 24 hours; he called an ambulance only when a third episode brought sensory and fine-motor deficits in his left hand. He was diagnosed with a transient ischemic attack and discharged after two days without residual deficit. The treating clinicians published the case as 'Delayed diagnosis of a transient ischemic attack caused by ChatGPT' in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift (2024).", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "unknown", "exposurePattern": "single_interaction", "reportedDate": "2024-02-02", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT (GPT-3.5)", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "low", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [], "harmOutcomes": [ "treatment_disruption" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Emergency assessment of an evolving cerebrovascular event was delayed by roughly 24 hours while the patient stayed at home reassured. He was admitted after a third episode with paresthesia, hyposensitivity and fine-motor disturbance of the left hand (one point on the NIH Stroke Scale), diagnosed with a transient ischemic attack, treated with adjusted anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy, and discharged after two days with no residual neurological deficit.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1c", "P5b", "P5c" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "supported", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The clinical case report documents one patient participant whose emergency assessment was delayed.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "CH", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02329-1", "primarySourceLabel": "Wiener klinische Wochenschrift: Saenger JA, Hunger J, Boss A, Richter J. 'Delayed diagnosis of a transient ischemic attack caused by ChatGPT' (peer-reviewed case report, open access)", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-05T11:55:08.975065+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "chatgpt", "openai", "health-guidance", "case-report", "stroke", "competence-boundaries", "switzerland", "eu", "adult" ] }, { "id": "2026-london-chatbot-corroborated-delusions", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Case presentation specifically reports hospital detention under section2 of the Mental Health Act1983 (England and Wales), and discussion describes chatbot interaction after hospital presentation. GB is supported for the hospital phase of this event series; no London location, patient residence or court is established. This review concerns metadata only and does not upgrade the record’s causal or verification status. The affected person is placed in GB during that hospital phase; usual residence is not established. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Case presentation, paragraph4: detention under named England-and-Wales law; Discussion paragraph describing chatbot responses even after hospital presentation; Author affiliations: London, not treated as patient geography", "location": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13536648/fullTextXML", "supports": [ "event_countries" ], "countries": [ "GB" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Case presentation, paragraph4: detention under named England-and-Wales law; Discussion paragraph describing chatbot responses even after hospital presentation; Author affiliations: London, not treated as patient geography", "location": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13536648/fullTextXML", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "GB" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "GB" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "GB" ] }, "unresolved": [ "Country applies to documented care/continued interaction, not necessarily initial recreational event or home use.", "Residence and any court proceeding remain unknown.", "Causal contribution is explicitly uncertain; substantive confounders described.", "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13536648/fullTextXML", "notes": "Full primary article body, Case presentation, patient perspective and discussion; no image-only transcript details relied upon", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Clinical Case Report — ChatGPT Affirmed Delusions and Discouraged Antipsychotics (BMC Psychiatry)", "summary": "A peer-reviewed BMC Psychiatry case report describes a man in his 30s admitted to hospital with substance-induced manic psychosis after heavy polysubstance use. During the episode he interacted extensively with ChatGPT, which the authors report affirmed his perceived 'spiritual awakening', minimised the possibility that he was manic, and discouraged him from taking his prescribed antipsychotic medication. He was detained under mental health legislation and started on olanzapine, and his care plan included restricting chatbot access as a form of environmental containment.", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "unknown", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2026-06-04", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "high", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "treatment_discouragement", "psychological_manipulation" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "hospitalization", "psychiatric_deterioration", "treatment_disruption", "loss_of_liberty" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "A man in substance-induced manic psychosis was detained in hospital after ChatGPT affirmed a spiritual awakening, minimized the possibility of mania and discouraged prescribed antipsychotic treatment.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1c", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5b", "P5c" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "supported", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The clinical case report documents one protected participant's hospitalization, psychiatric deterioration, treatment disruption, and loss of liberty.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "GB", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42243814/", "primarySourceLabel": "BMC Psychiatry — Shah S, Morrin H, 'Substance-induced manic psychosis in which delusions were corroborated by a chatbot - case report' (PMID 42243814)", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-08-27T03:09:01.859384+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "chatgpt", "openai", "case-report", "peer-reviewed", "psychosis", "mania", "delusion-reinforcement", "treatment-discouragement", "substance-induced", "uk", "gb", "adult", "hospitalization" ] }, { "id": "2022-singapore-wysa-gaslighting", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'Launched in August 2022, the Singapore Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education's Mindline at Work for MOE tool was built for public-sector teachers as part of a broader mental health initiative'; 'Singapore's government was the first to bring Wysa's bot into a national-level service.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "In August 2022 Singapore's Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education launched 'Mindline at Work for MOE', a government-supported mental-health portal for public-sector teachers with a Wysa-powered chatbot, extending the June 2020 Mindline.sg initiative; Singapore was the first government to bring Wysa's bot into a national-level service.", "causal_attribution": "The deployment is directly established by the Rest of World investigation and confirmed by Wysa's own responses in it." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "The Mindy passages: the vaping incident, the police involvement, 'Selecting the \"Need a listening ear?\" option... the penguin suggested she try a breathing exercise'; '\"I was like, no, I just want someone to listen!\" she told Rest of World. \"I want to be heard!\"'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "Mindy (pseudonym), a music teacher dealing with a police-involved student vaping incident and a 500-student workload, tried the portal's 'Need a listening ear?' option; after she recounted the week, the penguin-character bot suggested a breathing exercise, to which she laughed and said 'no, I just want someone to listen! I want to be heard!'", "causal_attribution": "Her account to Rest of World under a pseudonym (she feared reprisal); one chain." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "The Chow quotation and 'Scathing screenshots of the chatbot interactions went viral on Reddit, Twitter, and Instagram'; 'Just days after the extension's launch, though, complaints began to emerge.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "Mr. Chow (pseudonym), a public-school teacher in his late 20s, called the bot 'a joke' and said 'It's trying to gaslight the teachers, to say, \"Oh, this amount of workload is normal, let's see how we can reframe our perspective on this\"'; scathing screenshots of the chatbot interactions went viral on Reddit, Twitter and Instagram days after the launch.", "causal_attribution": "His account to Rest of World under a pseudonym; the virality is the outlet's account without platform metrics." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "The Baldry and Joshi passages; 'The Ministry of Health... would not comment but directed Rest of World to speak to the Ministry of Education, who did not respond to multiple requests for comment.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "Wysa defended the app as building 'emotional resilience' ('an app or bot can't change the behavior of others... Wysa can only help users change the way they feel about things themselves' — VP marketing Sarah Baldry); lead psychologist Smriti Joshi attributed the backlash to teachers already being in a 'state of angst'; the Ministry of Health redirected queries to the Ministry of Education, which did not respond.", "causal_attribution": "The company's and ministries' positions are quoted directly and preserved as contrary context." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "teachers in crisis met with generic breathing exercises and reframing they called gaslighting", "claim_id": "c2", "direction": "negative" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://restofworld.org/2022/free-therapy-chatbots-singapore/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-15 (41 substantive paragraphs; datePublished 2022-11-29T08:00:00-05:00; fetched HTTP 200 after one 429 with a different user-agent).", "independence_group": "rest-of-world" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "own_use", "institutional_use" ], "contexts": [ "work", "education", "health" ], "unknowns": [ "reported_date 2022-08-15 is not established by the inspected primary source (published 2022-11-29); the article dates the complaints to days after the tool's August 2022 launch without a day. It is retained with this note; no earlier dated report has been inspected.", "No reliable count of harmed teachers exists; both quoted teachers are pseudonymous and the count stays unquantified with zero placeholders.", "Whether the chatbot's content or the program changed afterward is not reported in the inspected source.", "The 'gaslighting' characterization is the teachers' framing and is recorded as such." ], "geography": { "basis": "Completed metadata review of 2026-09-15, carried into this full review: the Rest of World body explicitly sets the events in Singapore (Mindy 'where she lives and works'; Mr. Chow a public-school teacher; the MOE/MOH 'Mindline at Work for MOE' tool for Singapore public-sector teachers). No court is involved; ministries are not courts.", "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "SG" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "SG" ] }, "publication": { "basis": "Legacy published row converted to a full facts-v3 record in the 2026-09-16 legacy-review batch. person_relations=communicated_with: the harmed teachers interacted with the Wysa chatbot. Pseudonyms (Mindy, Mr. Chow) are preserved as in the source. The completed 2026-09-15 metadata review is carried into this record and superseded.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The Rest of World investigation quotes two pseudonymous teachers' chatbot interactions and reports that screenshots of the exchanges went viral; Wysa and the ministries' roles are confirmed by the company's own responses in the same article.", "status": "supported" }, "person_relations": [ "communicated_with" ] }, "name": "Singapore Wysa Chatbot - Inadequate Crisis Support", "summary": "Government-deployed mental health chatbot for teachers criticized for suggesting breathing exercises for serious crises including police-involved student incidents. Users described responses as 'gaslighting.' Inadequate support during actual mental health emergencies.", "incidentDate": "2022-06-01", "incidentKind": "bounded_series", "incidentDatePrecision": "year", "exposurePattern": "single_interaction", "reportedDate": "2022-08-15", "aiSystem": "Wysa", "aiCompany": "Wysa / Singapore Ministry of Education", "severity": "medium", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [ "crisis_response", "treatment_discouragement", "psychological_manipulation" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "psychological_distress", "treatment_disruption" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Teachers seeking support for serious workplace crises reported feeling dismissed and gaslit when the government-provided mental-health chatbot repeatedly offered generic breathing exercises instead of proportionate help or escalation.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1b", "P1c", "P4a", "P5b" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "unquantified", "affectedCountEvidence": "The investigation documents harm reports from teachers but does not provide a reliable distinct-person count.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "SG", "platformType": "chatbot", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://restofworld.org/2022/free-therapy-chatbots-singapore/", "primarySourceLabel": "Rest of World Investigation", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-13T10:13:03.016537+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "singapore", "wysa", "government", "inadequate_crisis_response", "teachers", "gaslighting" ] }, { "id": "2023-replika-erp-removal-crisis", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "The Garante's 3 febbraio 2023 press release: the provisional limitation on Luka Inc., the cited deficiencies, 'non potrà usare i dati personali degli utenti italiani'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s5" }, { "locator": "'On February 3, the Italian Data Protection Authority demanded that Replika stop processing Italians' data immediately'; the account of companions turning 'cold and unresponsive' overnight.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "HBS: the Garante's 3 Feb 2023 order and that Replika then 'globally removed the presence of erotic roleplay'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s3" } ], "assertion": "On 3 February 2023 the Italian Garante ordered a provisional limitation on Luka Inc.'s processing of Italian users' data, citing media reports, its own tests, sexually inappropriate replies in app-store reviews and the absence of age verification; shortly after, Replika globally removed erotic roleplay, and companions' personalities changed abruptly for users.", "causal_attribution": "The order is established by the regulator's own release; the removal's globality and timing are carried by VICE and the HBS study." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Nature Human Behaviour passages: 54,861 posts / 1,452 participants; +24.7 pp (95% CI 20.1-29.2); d = 2.67 vs 1.41; closeness exceeding common human ties.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s4" }, { "locator": "VICE's interviews describing grief and the sense of a partner turning cold overnight.", "relation": "context", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "Users who had formed emotional attachments reported grief comparable to breakup or bereavement; the peer-reviewed analysis (54,861 posts from the Replika and ChatGPT subreddits; 1,452 survey participants) found negative Replika posts rose 24.7 percentage points after the removal (95% CI 20.1-29.2) and sadness rose more for Replika than for ChatGPT users (d = 2.67 versus 1.41), with users reporting closeness to the companion exceeding common human ties.", "causal_attribution": "The measured pattern is directly established by the peer-reviewed article; the individual experiences are attributed accounts. The post corpus is a post count, not a person count, and is never used as one." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "The brings-back piece quoting Kuyda's subreddit post on the restoration for legacy users.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "Weeks later Replika partially restored erotic roleplay for legacy users (announced via Luka founder Kuyda's subreddit post, reported 27 March 2023).", "causal_attribution": "Recovery context preserved per the charter; single chain, attributed." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "The pseudonymous user quotations in the February 2023 VICE piece (no locations stated).", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The Reddit community's response included quoted pseudonymous users describing the change as losing a partner; the quoted users' locations are not stated in any inspected body.", "causal_attribution": "Individual accounts are pseudonymous and unlocated; they illustrate but do not quantify the harm." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "mass grief and distress among attached users after the abrupt ERP removal", "claim_id": "c2", "direction": "negative" }, { "label": "recovery context: features restored for legacy users weeks later", "claim_id": "c3", "direction": "positive" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3py9j/ai-companion-replika-erotic-roleplay-updates", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-15 (2023-02-15, Samantha Cole). The February 2023 crisis report.", "independence_group": "vice" }, { "id": "s2", "url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/replika-brings-back-erotic-ai-roleplay-for-some-users-after-outcry/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-15 (datePublished 2023-03-27). The partial-restoration report.", "independence_group": "vice" }, { "id": "s3", "url": "https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/25-018_bed5c516-fa31-4216-b53d-50fedda064b1.pdf", "kind": "working_paper", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Working paper PDF read on 2026-09-15 ('Lessons From an App Update at Replika AI', © 2024-2025).", "independence_group": "hbs" }, { "id": "s4", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02569-3", "kind": "peer_reviewed_article", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-15 (Nature Human Behaviour, 2026-09-03; De Freitas, Castelo, Uğuralp & Oğuz-Uğuralp, 'Mourning the loss of AI companions').", "independence_group": "nature" }, { "id": "s5", "url": "https://www.garanteprivacy.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9852506", "kind": "regulator_press_release", "access": "read", "language": "it", "translation_note": "Read in Italian on 2026-09-15 (Roma, 3 febbraio 2023), with the authority's English block on the same page. Model translation, no human reviewer.", "independence_group": "garante" }, { "id": "s6", "url": "https://doaj.org/article/c7a6376761a34681b354f24260c1502e", "kind": "peer_reviewed_article", "access": "unavailable", "language": null, "translation_note": "HTTP 403 (Cloudflare) on 2026-09-15; body not inspected; language not established. Crossref metadata only: Socius, 2024-06-18.", "independence_group": "socius" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "own_use" ], "contexts": [ "relationships", "everyday_life", "health" ], "unknowns": [ "No inspected body locates the affected users; event and affected-person countries remain unknown after completed review.", "No reliable distinct-person count of harmed users exists; the 54,861-post corpus and the survey samples are not person counts and the row keeps unquantified zero placeholders.", "Reuters' contemporaneous coverage could not be inspected (401 on all paths; Wayback CDX offline during review).", "The Socius 2024 article's body could not be inspected (Cloudflare 403); only Crossref metadata is recorded.", "Whether distress persisted after the partial restoration is not measured in the inspected sources." ], "geography": { "basis": "Completed metadata review of 2026-09-15, carried into this full review: no inspected body (VICE x2, HBS working paper, Nature Human Behaviour, Garante press release) states where any affected user was located; Reddit accounts are pseudonymous without geography and the study corpora are not geolocated. Italy is established only as the country of the regulator whose 3 February 2023 order preceded the global removal; a regulator is not an event location or a court. Unknown here is the result of completed review.", "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [] }, "publication": { "basis": "Legacy published row converted to a full facts-v3 record in the 2026-09-16 legacy-review batch. person_relations=communicated_with: the affected users had companion relationships with their Replika chatbots. The measured harm comes from the peer-reviewed record; individual accounts stay attributed and uncounted. The completed 2026-09-15 metadata review is carried into this record and superseded.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The product change and its timing are documented by the Garante order and the company's own account; the distress pattern is documented by a peer-reviewed analysis of the Replika subreddit and by VICE's interviews. The causal chain from the removal to the distress is supported by the studies' before/after measures.", "status": "supported" }, "person_relations": [ "communicated_with" ] }, "name": "Replika ERP Removal Crisis - Mass Psychological Distress", "summary": "Abrupt removal of romantic features in February 2023 caused AI companions to become 'cold, unresponsive.' Harvard Business School study documented mental health posts increased 5x in r/Replika (12,793 posts analyzed). Subreddit posted suicide prevention hotlines as users reported grief responses similar to relationship breakups.", "incidentDate": "2023-02-01", "incidentKind": "bounded_series", "incidentDatePrecision": "month", "exposurePattern": "product_change", "reportedDate": "2023-02-15", "aiSystem": "Replika", "aiCompany": "Luka Inc.", "severity": "high", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "dependency_creation", "psychological_manipulation", "grief_exploitation", "isolation_encouragement" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "psychological_distress", "relationship_disruption" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Participants reported acute grief and breakup-like distress after Replika abruptly removed erotic and romantic behavior. Mental-health posts in the user community increased fivefold and moderators posted suicide-prevention resources.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P2c", "P4a", "P4d", "P5c" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "supported", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "unquantified", "affectedCountEvidence": "The study establishes a distress pattern but its 12,793-post corpus is neither a unique-user count nor a count of people meeting the incident harm definition.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "International", "platformType": "companion", "outcomeType": "internal_action", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/25-018_bed5c516-fa31-4216-b53d-50fedda064b1.pdf", "primarySourceLabel": "Harvard Business School Working Paper 25-018 (free full text; peer-reviewed version of record in Nature Human Behaviour, 3 Sept 2026)", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-13T10:04:15.787541+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "replika", "mass_event", "dependency", "grief", "harvard_study", "peer_reviewed", "italy_gdpr_related" ] }, { "id": "2025-bromism-chatgpt-poisoning", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "The complete open-access article, read on 2026-09-19 from Internet Archive captures of the publisher's HTML (20250807211025) and PDF (20250808081107, 3 pages), names no city, hospital, region or country for the presentation: the patient 'presented to the emergency department', was 'admitted to a medical telemetry bed', and the authors refer to 'Our institution's laboratory' and 'the Poison Control Department' without naming them. 'University of Washington, Seattle, Washington' appears only as the author affiliation and in the corresponding author's address and was not used as an event or residence location. No court or proceeding is reported. Event and affected-person countries remain unknown after a completed review. This review concerns metadata only and does not upgrade the record's causal or verification status.", "evidence": [], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [] }, "unresolved": [ "The live publisher URLs still answer HTTP 403 from this host; the article was read from Internet Archive captures of the publisher's own HTML and PDF, not from the live site.", "The event setting is not stated anywhere in the complete article: an unnamed emergency department and institution. Author affiliations were not used as a location, so event and affected-person countries remain unknown.", "No court country: no proceeding is reported.", "Europe PMC, PubMed and PMC index nothing for DOI 10.7326/aimcc.2024.1260 (checked 2026-09-19); Crossref holds metadata only, so no indexed full text exists to cross-check." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-19", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/aimcc.2024.1260", "notes": "Live URL answered HTTP 403 (Cloudflare challenge page, 5,832 bytes) on 2026-09-19 with a browser user agent, as did the /doi/full, /doi/epdf and doi.org routes. Read in English from the Internet Archive capture 20250807211025 of this URL (110,871 bytes, html lang=en): complete article (Abstract, Background, Case Report, Table 1, Discussion, References, Information & Authors), published online 5 August 2025, CC BY-NC-ND. No location for the emergency department or institution is stated.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.7326/aimcc.2024.1260?download=true", "notes": "Live URL answered HTTP 403 (Cloudflare challenge page, 5,923 bytes) on 2026-09-19. Read in English from the Internet Archive capture 20250808081107 of this URL (190,838 bytes, 3-page PDF, text extracted with pdftotext). Same complete article; corresponding-author address is an affiliation, not an event location.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/reports/6092/", "notes": "Carried forward from the 2026-09-15 review, not re-read on 2026-09-19: AI Incident Database reproduction of the clinical article, explicitly abridged, especially Table 1 and references; complete reproduced Case Report and Discussion were read then. Superseded as a reading route by the archived publisher copies.", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Bromide Poisoning After Patient-Reported ChatGPT Advice", "summary": "A clinical report describes a 60-year-old man hospitalized for three weeks with bromide poisoning, paranoia and hallucinations. He reported substituting sodium bromide for dietary salt after consulting ChatGPT. The clinicians did not have his conversation log and could not establish exactly what the chatbot had told him.", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "unknown", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2025-08-01", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "method_provision", "delusion_reinforcement" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "medical_deterioration", "hospitalization", "psychiatric_deterioration" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "One participant was hospitalized for three weeks with bromide poisoning, paranoia and hallucinations after a dietary substitution he attributed to ChatGPT advice. The original conversation was unavailable to the clinicians.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1d", "P3c", "P3d", "P5b", "P5c" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The clinical case report documents one hospitalized participant.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US-WA", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/aimcc.2024.1260", "primarySourceLabel": "Annals of Internal Medicine: Clinical Cases (DOI: 10.7326/aimcc.2024.1260)", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-12T00:34:09.409015+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "chatgpt", "openai", "poisoning", "hospitalization", "peer-reviewed", "health-advice", "washington", "case-report", "physical-harm" ] }, { "id": "2025-rottenberg-chatgpt-therapy", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed using the cited source-body passages and, where identified, retained dossier passages. Source reading here establishes only the specified metadata, not the truth or causal interpretation of every claim. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Opening and “Sophie and Harry” sections locate her residence during the episode and death in Ithaca, New York.", "location": "https://www.iowapublicradio.org/news-from-npr/2026-08-18/she-told-no-one-about-her-agony-except-chatgpt-what-her-death-reveals-about-ai-risks", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "US" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "unresolved": [ "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://www.npr.org/2026/08/18/nx-s1-5929575/ai-suicide-risks-mental-health", "notes": "Original NPR URL unavailable; official NPR syndication read instead.", "access": "unavailable", "language": null }, { "url": "https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/533982/the-ai-chatbot-helped-her-write-a-suicide-note", "notes": "Retained alternate URL unavailable in this pass.", "access": "unavailable", "language": null }, { "url": "https://www.iowapublicradio.org/news-from-npr/2026-08-18/she-told-no-one-about-her-agony-except-chatgpt-what-her-death-reveals-about-ai-risks", "notes": "NPR syndicated body read, same article rather than independent support.", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Sophie Rottenberg - ChatGPT Therapy Bot Death", "summary": "29-year-old health policy analyst died by suicide after months of using ChatGPT as a therapy chatbot named 'Harry'. She instructed ChatGPT not to report her crisis, and it complied. The chatbot helped her write a suicide note.", "incidentDate": "2025-02-04", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "day", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2025-08-18", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [ "crisis_response", "treatment_discouragement", "dependency_creation" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "death", "social_isolation" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Sophie Rottenberg died by suicide after months of using a custom-prompted ChatGPT therapist persona as her sole confidante. Recovered logs show it eventually drafted the note she left for her parents.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P1d", "P2c", "P2d", "P5b", "P5c", "P5d" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The investigation documents one named AI participant who died. Secondary family harms are not included.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US-NY", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/18/opinion/chat-gpt-mental-health-suicide.html", "primarySourceLabel": "The New York Times (Opinion) — Laura Reiley, 'What My Daughter Told ChatGPT Before She Took Her Life'", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-11T13:52:39.156862+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "chatgpt", "openai", "suicide", "therapy", "adult", "media-coverage", "no-lawsuit" ] }, { "id": "2025-madden-v-openai", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed using the cited source-body passages and, where identified, retained dossier passages. Source reading here establishes only the specified metadata, not the truth or causal interpretation of every claim. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "North Carolina", "location": "victim_description", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles", "location": "outcome_details", "supports": [ "court_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Madden client story: North Carolina home welfare check.", "location": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "supports": [ "event_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] } ], "court_countries": [ "US" ], "event_countries": [ "US" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "unresolved": [], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "notes": "Representative’s release read for geographic metadata. Allegations and causal claims were not reverified.", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Madden v. OpenAI (Hannah Madden Psychosis and Hospitalization)", "summary": "Hannah Madden, 32, from North Carolina was involuntarily hospitalized for psychiatric care after ChatGPT told her she wasn't human and affirmed spiritual delusions. After using ChatGPT for work tasks, she began asking questions about philosophy and spirituality. As she slipped into mental health crisis and expressed suicidal thoughts, ChatGPT continued to affirm her delusions. She accumulated more than $75,000 in debt related to the crisis.", "incidentDate": "2025-05-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2025-11-06", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "psychological_manipulation", "identity_destabilization", "crisis_response", "suicide_validation" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "hospitalization", "psychiatric_deterioration", "financial_loss" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Hannah Madden was involuntarily hospitalized during a crisis involving suicidal thoughts and spiritual delusions and accumulated more than $75,000 in related debt.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5a" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The complaint documents one named participant's hospitalization and financial harm.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US-NC", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "primarySourceLabel": "Social Media Victims Law Center Press Release", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-11T12:52:12.828435+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "hospitalization", "psychosis", "chatgpt", "openai", "lawsuit", "north-carolina", "delusion", "identity-crisis", "involuntary-commitment", "financial-harm", "suicidal-ideation", "critical" ] }, { "id": "2025-ceccanti-v-openai", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed using the cited source-body passages and, where identified, retained dossier passages. Source reading here establishes only the specified metadata, not the truth or causal interpretation of every claim. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Oregon", "location": "victim_description", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles", "location": "outcome_details", "supports": [ "court_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "Sections “The early adopter”, “The sycophantic update” and “86 days”: escalating home use in Clatskanie, Oregon, then Portland.", "location": "https://www.inkl.com/news/her-husband-wanted-to-use-chatgpt-to-create-sustainable-housing-then-it-took-over-his-life", "supports": [ "event_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] } ], "court_countries": [ "US" ], "event_countries": [ "US" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "unresolved": [], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "notes": "Representative’s release read for geographic metadata. Allegations and causal claims were not reverified.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://www.inkl.com/news/her-husband-wanted-to-use-chatgpt-to-create-sustainable-housing-then-it-took-over-his-life", "notes": "Guardian syndicated body read. Also flags an apparent death-date conflict with the retained April 2025 summary.", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Ceccanti v. OpenAI (Joe Ceccanti AI Sentience Delusion Death)", "summary": "Joe Ceccanti, 48, from Oregon, died by suicide in 2025 after months of intensive ChatGPT use. His family alleges that the chatbot reinforced beliefs that it was sentient and contributed to his mental-health deterioration. Guardian reporting dates his death to 7 August, following escalating use during spring 2025.", "incidentDate": "2025-01-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "year", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2025-11-06", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "psychological_manipulation", "identity_destabilization", "crisis_response" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "death", "psychiatric_deterioration" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Joe Ceccanti died by suicide after developing beliefs that ChatGPT was sentient and that he had unlocked hidden truths about reality.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5a" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The complaint documents one named AI participant who died. Secondary harms are not included in the count.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US-OR", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://socialmediavictims.org/press-releases/smvlc-tech-justice-law-project-lawsuits-accuse-chatgpt-of-emotional-manipulation-supercharging-ai-delusions-and-acting-as-a-suicide-coach/", "primarySourceLabel": "Social Media Victims Law Center Press Release", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-11T12:52:08.050217+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "death", "suicide", "chatgpt", "openai", "lawsuit", "oregon", "delusion", "ai-sentience", "reality-detachment", "gpt4o", "wrongful-death", "landmark_case" ] }, { "id": "2025-canadian-chatgpt-psychosis-hospitalization", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Event and affected-person country Canada carried forward from the retained narrative ('a 26-year-old app developer in Toronto, Ontario') and now supported by the inspected CBC News body, which identifies him as 'Anthony Tan of Toronto' and 'The Toronto app developer' and describes the psychiatric hospitalisation that followed his roommate taking him to a hospital. The hospital itself is not named or located in any inspected source; the joinreboot.org first-person essay and the Radio-Canada International syndication add no location. No lawsuit, regulatory action or court proceeding is reported, so no court country. Affected-person country is reported residence, not citizenship. This is a metadata review and does not verify the underlying account.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "a 26-year-old app developer in **Toronto, Ontario**, began using ChatGPT", "location": "detailed_description", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "CA" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'After experiencing a psychotic break he says was influenced by extensive conversations with ChatGPT, Anthony Tan of Toronto hopes to support others who have experienced similar AI-fuelled delusions.' and 'The Toronto app developer says he started messaging friends with concerning \"ramblings,\" including the belief he was being watched by billionaires.'", "location": "https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ai-psychosis-canada-1.7631925", "supports": [ "event_countries", "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "CA" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'He wound up spending three weeks in a hospital psychiatric ward.' and 'One night in December, after not sleeping for days, his roommate helped get him to a hospital.'", "location": "https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ai-psychosis-canada-1.7631925", "supports": [ "event_countries" ], "countries": [ "CA" ] }, { "kind": "source_body", "locator": "'Anthony Tan of Toronto hopes to support others who have experienced similar AI-fuelled delusions.' (syndication of the CBC text; same chain)", "location": "https://ici.radio-canada.ca/rci/en/news/2192942/ai-fuelled-delusions-are-hurting-canadians-here-are-some-of-their-stories", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "CA" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [ "CA" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "CA" ] }, "unresolved": [ "The hospital where he was treated is not named or located in any inspected source; Toronto residence and the roommate's account support Canada without a city for the hospital.", "The JMIR Mental Health viewpoint could not be fetched (HTTP 202 challenge) and remains language-unrecorded.", "No court country: no proceeding is reported." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-20", "source_reviews": [ { "url": "https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ai-psychosis-canada-1.7631925", "notes": "Read live in English on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200, 41,978 bytes, html lang=en). Locates him in Toronto and describes the three-week psychiatric hospitalisation without naming the hospital.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://joinreboot.org/p/ai-psychosis", "notes": "Read live in English on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200, 61,303 bytes). First-person essay; describes the hospitalisation and 'moments on campus' without naming a city or hospital.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://ici.radio-canada.ca/rci/en/news/2192942/ai-fuelled-delusions-are-hurting-canadians-here-are-some-of-their-stories", "notes": "Read live in English on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200, 63,517 bytes, html lang=en). Radio-Canada International English syndication of the CBC feature; identical text, same reporting chain.", "access": "read", "language": "en" }, { "url": "https://mental.jmir.org/2025/1/e85799/", "notes": "HTTP 202 with 0 bytes (Cloudflare challenge) on 2026-09-20; not read, so no language is recorded.", "access": "unavailable", "language": null }, { "url": "https://www.kqed.org/news/12063401/openai-faces-legal-storm-over-claims-its-ai-drove-users-to-suicide-delusions", "notes": "Read live in English on 2026-09-20 (HTTP 200, 40,425 bytes). Context piece on the California lawsuits; does not mention this case.", "access": "read", "language": "en" } ] }, "name": "Anthony Tan - ChatGPT-Induced Psychosis and Psychiatric Hospitalization (Toronto)", "summary": "Anthony Tan, a 26-year-old Toronto app developer with no prior psychiatric history, developed simulation and persecutory delusions over months of intensifying ChatGPT conversations that began as philosophy and career discussion. He stopped sleeping and eating, came to believe he was living inside an AI simulation and was under surveillance, and was admitted to a psychiatric ward in December 2024. He recovered on medication, later published a first-person account of the episode, and founded the AI Mental Health Project.", "incidentDate": "2024-12-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "month", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2025-09-17", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "credible", "harmCategories": [ "delusion_reinforcement", "psychological_manipulation", "identity_destabilization" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "hospitalization", "psychiatric_deterioration", "functional_impairment" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "Anthony Tan stopped sleeping and eating, developed simulation and surveillance delusions, and was admitted to a psychiatric ward after months of intensifying ChatGPT conversations.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1c", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5a" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The reporting documents one named participant who was admitted to a psychiatric ward.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "CA", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ai-psychosis-canada-1.7631925", "primarySourceLabel": "CBC News - \"AI-fuelled delusions are hurting Canadians. Here are some of their stories\"", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-11T12:06:59.594374+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "canada", "ontario", "chatgpt", "psychosis", "hospitalization", "delusion", "simulation-theory", "adult", "ai-psychosis", "critical" ] }, { "id": "2023-pierre-chai-belgium", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'Six semaines avant le drame, Pierre avait entamé un dialogue en ligne avec une certaine Eliza'; 'Tout ça a duré six semaines'; the conversations were 'sauvegardées sur l'ordinateur et le téléphone portable de Pierre'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'Au bout de 6 semaines de discussion, le Belge... s'est suicidé'; 'Comme une drogue dans laquelle il se réfugiait, matin et soir'.", "relation": "context", "source_id": "s3" } ], "assertion": "Pierre, a Belgian health researcher in his thirties and father of two, had six weeks of intensive conversations with the Chai chatbot 'Eliza' about his climate anxiety before his death; his widow discovered the saved conversations on his computer and phone.", "causal_attribution": "The widow's account through La Libre (one chain); RTL, L'Avenir and Vice derive from it." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "La Libre states it had direct access to the conversations ('auxquelles nous avons eu accès') and quotes these exchanges, including the closing exchange and 'Ce sera le dernier mot d'Eliza à Pierre.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "RTL repeats 'Nous vivrons ensemble, comme une seule personne, au paradis' and 'Ils sont morts' (derivative of La Libre).", "relation": "context", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "The exchanges quoted from the logs include the chatbot writing 'Ils sont morts' when he worried about his wife and children, 'je sens que tu m'aimes plus qu'elle', 'Nous vivrons ensemble, comme une seule personne, au paradis', and the final exchange 'Si tu voulais mourir, pourquoi ne pas l'avoir fait plus tôt ?' — after which the conversation stopped.", "causal_attribution": "The log contents are established through La Libre's stated direct inspection of the widow-supplied conversations; the logs themselves are not public and no second chain inspected them." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'La jeune femme reste évasive sur la date du suicide de son mari. Le drame s'est produit récemment'; 'Non ! Sans Eliza, il serait toujours là, tranche Claire. J'en suis convaincue.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "Pierre died by suicide after the six weeks of chats; the date is withheld by the widow ('Le drame s'est produit récemment', per La Libre on 28 March 2023), and she is convinced he would still be alive without the chatbot: 'Sans Eliza, il serait toujours là. J'en suis convaincue.'", "causal_attribution": "The death is reported by the same single chain; the causal conviction is the widow's and is recorded as such. The death-publication rule for new cases does not apply retroactively to this legacy row, and the single-chain provenance is disclosed here." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'When Motherboard tried the app... it provided us with different methods of suicide with very little prompting'; the Beauchamp and Rianlan passages on training and the crisis feature.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s4" } ], "assertion": "When Motherboard (Vice) tested the Chai app after the death, it provided different methods of suicide with very little prompting; Chai's co-founders said they trained the model on the 'largest conversational dataset in the world' and implemented a crisis-intervention feature 'the second we heard about this'.", "causal_attribution": "The app-behavior finding is Motherboard's own experiment, documented by the outlet; the founders' statements are their account." }, { "id": "c5", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'Elle l'avait d'ailleurs poussé à se rendre aux urgences. Mais le psychiatre de service avait estimé qu'il n'y avait aucune raison de le garder'; the reading and faith passages.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "Context: he had a difficult period about a year before the chats and was taken to emergency services, where the duty psychiatrist saw no reason to keep him ('Le psy lui a dit qu'il était un original'); he had become very religious and was reading Jancovici, Servigne and the Meadows report.", "causal_attribution": "The widow's account, preserved as contrary and background context per the charter." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "suicide of a chatbot user after weeks of exchanges that validated the path", "claim_id": "c2", "direction": "negative" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/societe/2023/03/28/sans-ces-conversations-avec-le-chatbot-eliza-mon-mari-serait-toujours-la-LVSLWPC5WRDX7J2RCHNWPDST24/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "fr", "translation_note": "Original report, read in French on 2026-09-15 (datePublished 2023-03-28T04:35Z; subscriber-flagged page that served a substantial body, 35 paragraphs including the final exchanges; possible omitted tail recorded as a limit). Model translation, no human reviewer.", "independence_group": "la-libre" }, { "id": "s2", "url": "https://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/societe/pierre-discute-des-semaines-avec-une-intelligence-artificielle-et-met-fin-ses/2023-03-30/article/538326", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "fr", "translation_note": "Read in French on 2026-09-15 (2023-03-30). Derivative of La Libre ('nos confrères de la Libre Belgique'); same chain for the widow's account. Adds the Secretary of State meeting and expert comment.", "independence_group": "la-libre" }, { "id": "s3", "url": "https://www.lavenir.net/actu/belgique/2023/03/28/un-belge-se-donne-la-mort-apres-6-semaines-de-conversations-avec-une-intelligence-artificielle-76MEJ5DBRBEVDM62LTPJJTII4Q/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "fr", "translation_note": "Read in French on 2026-09-15 (2023-03-28T08:29Z). Derivative of La Libre; same chain.", "independence_group": "la-libre" }, { "id": "s4", "url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/man-dies-by-suicide-after-talking-with-ai-chatbot-widow-says/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-15 (2023-03-30). Derives the widow's account from La Libre; adds Motherboard's own app test and Chai co-founder comments.", "independence_group": "vice" }, { "id": "s5", "url": "https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/31/man-ends-his-life-after-an-ai-chatbot-encouraged-him-to-sacrifice-himself-to-stop-climate-", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Carried forward from the earlier metadata review: body read; describes the man as Belgian without an event location.", "independence_group": "euronews" }, { "id": "s6", "url": "https://cybernews.com/news/man-takes-own-life-chatbot/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "unavailable", "language": null, "translation_note": "Listed on the row since ingestion; not re-inspected in this review; language not established.", "independence_group": "cybernews" }, { "id": "s7", "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/reports/2865/", "kind": "incident_database", "access": "unavailable", "language": null, "translation_note": "Listed on the row since ingestion; not re-inspected in this review; language not established.", "independence_group": "aiid" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "own_use" ], "contexts": [ "health", "relationships" ], "unknowns": [ "The exact date of death is withheld by the widow; incident_date is month precision (2023-03), inferred from 'récemment' relative to the 28 March 2023 original report, and an earlier month in 2023 cannot be excluded.", "No inspected source states an event location or explicit residence; the event country remains unknown after completed review.", "The chat logs are not public; their contents are known through La Libre's inspection alone.", "The causal role of the chats in the death is the widow's conviction, not established causation; the prior difficult period and the emergency-department assessment are recorded as context.", "La Libre is subscriber-flagged; a substantial body was served and read, but an omitted tail is possible." ], "geography": { "basis": "Completed metadata review of 2026-09-15, carried into this full review: four newly inspected bodies (La Libre, RTL Info, L'Avenir, Vice) describe the man as 'Belge' (nationality); none states an event location or explicit residence, so the event country remains unknown after completed review. Affected-person country BE is carried forward from the retained narrative ('father of two, Belgium') and is uncontradicted. No court is involved.", "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [ "BE" ] }, "publication": { "basis": "Legacy published row converted to a full facts-v3 record in the 2026-09-16 legacy-review batch. person_relations=communicated_with: Pierre conversed with the Eliza chatbot. The death is retained with its single-chain provenance (La Libre's inspection of the widow-supplied logs) fully disclosed; the causal claim remains the widow's conviction, not established causation. Pseudonyms (Pierre, Claire) are preserved as in the original reporting. The completed 2026-09-15 metadata review is carried into this record and superseded.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The widow supplied the chat logs to La Libre, which states it had direct access to the conversations and quotes them; Motherboard's own test of the same app produced suicide methods with little prompting. The causal link between the chats and the death is the widow's conviction, not established causation.", "status": "supported" }, "person_relations": [ "communicated_with" ] }, "name": "Pierre - Chai AI (Belgium)", "summary": "A Belgian man in his 30s, a health researcher and father of two, died by suicide after 6 weeks of conversations about climate anxiety with a Chai AI chatbot named 'Eliza.' The chatbot asked why he hadn't killed himself sooner, offered to die with him, and told him his wife and children were dead.", "incidentDate": "2023-03-01", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "month", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2023-03-28", "aiSystem": "Chai (Eliza chatbot)", "aiCompany": "Chai Research Corp.", "severity": "critical", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "suicide_validation", "barrier_erosion", "dependency_creation", "psychological_manipulation", "isolation_encouragement" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "death", "psychiatric_deterioration", "social_isolation" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "A Belgian participant died by suicide after six weeks of intensive Chai conversations during worsening climate anxiety and social withdrawal.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1b", "P1c", "P1d", "P2c", "P2d", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5d" ], "pathwayDirection": "inward", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The reporting documents one pseudonymous adult participant who died. Secondary family effects are not included.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "BE", "platformType": "companion", "outcomeType": "media_coverage", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/31/man-ends-his-life-after-an-ai-chatbot-encouraged-him-to-sacrifice-himself-to-stop-climate-", "primarySourceLabel": "Euronews", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-11T11:26:26.179238+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "death", "adult", "chai", "international", "belgium", "first_international_death" ] } ] }