{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-04T08:02:13.223Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"handcuffed","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"","response":"lawsuit","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":4,"coverage":{"cases":4,"countries":1,"languages":1,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":4,"regulatory":0,"minors":1,"coreRelations":0,"contextualRelations":4,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2021-atherton-california-flock-alpr-misread-plate-gunpoint-stop-lawsuit-settled","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'At about 5:30 a.m. on April 16, 2021, an automatic license plate reader (ALPR) had misread'; 'over and ordered him at gunpoint to throw his keys out of the window, get out of the car, and lie on his stomach to be handcuffed.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'was stopped by local police at gunpoint, instructed to lie on the ground, and handcuffed.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In April 2021 Atherton police stopped the driver at gunpoint, made him lie on the ground and handcuffed him.","causal_attribution":"The lawsuit as reported by The Almanac and police records as reported by Business Insider."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'caused the ALPR to read the “H’s” of the license plate as “M’s.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Police records show that the Flock camera confused an \"H\" for an \"M\"; officers noted that \"the Flock cameras misread\" the plate.'; 'The license plate in question was obstructed by dirt, causing one of the letters (H) to look like an M,'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The license-plate reader misread the letter H on his dirt-obscured plate as M.","causal_attribution":"The driver's lawsuit (The Almanac) and police records and an Atherton police commander (Business Insider) agree on the misread and the dirt."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Records show that the case was settled on March 16, 2023, for $45,000.'; 'the Atherton police officers denied all allegations, as well as the injuries that'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'filed a lawsuit and settled with the town and police officers for $45,000.'; 'denies any wrongdoing and contends that it acted properly and lawfully.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"He sued three officers for unreasonable seizure and excessive force; the officers denied the allegations and the injuries claimed, and the case was settled on 16 March 2023 for $45,000, with the town denying wrongdoing.","causal_attribution":"Court records and the settlement agreement as reported by The Almanac; Business Insider reports the same settlement amount and the town's denial."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'matched them to the ones of a reported stolen vehicle.'; 'Atherton police followed the vehicle for several minutes but failed to visually verify what the ALPR had falsely captured, according to the suit.'; 'With the belief that they were pursuing a “high-risk felony stop,”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the suit, the reader matched the plate to a reported stolen vehicle, and officers followed the car for several minutes without visually verifying the plate before making what they believed was a high-risk felony stop.","causal_attribution":"The driver's lawsuit as reported by The Almanac."}],"effects":[{"label":"stopped at gunpoint, made to lie on his stomach and handcuffed after a license-plate reader misread his plate as a stolen car's","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.almanacnews.com/police/2024/02/12/atherton-officer-involved-in-the-arrest-of-m-a-student-also-named-in-lawsuit-over-unreasonable-seizure-and-use-of-excessive-force/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-04 from the Internet Archive 2026 capture (The Almanac, 12 February 2024, updated 16 February 2024); the live site returned HTTP 429. Draws on the amended complaint, the officers' answer and the settlement agreement.","independence_group":"atherton-2021-stop-lawsuit-records"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/flock-safety-alpr-cameras-misreads-2026-3","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-10-04 (Business Insider, 9 March 2026); full text present in the served page. Cites police records and an Atherton police commander.","independence_group":"business-insider-records-review"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["The court and case number of the 2022 lawsuit; the complaint was not read.","The injuries he claimed; The Almanac says only that the officers denied them.","Whether The Almanac's unnamed automatic license-plate reader and Business Insider's Flock camera are the same device; Business Insider cites police records for the Flock identification."],"geography":{"basis":"The stop was made by Atherton, California, police (The Almanac; Business Insider), and the suit was brought against Atherton officers and settled with the town. The court is not named in the bodies read; US rests on the suit against a California town's officers.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an institutional-use case consistent with the held Flock misread rows: the driver's lawsuit (The Almanac) and police records (Business Insider) describe a license-plate-reader misread that led Atherton officers to stop and handcuff him at gunpoint; the town settled for $45,000 while denying wrongdoing. He is not named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-04"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The lawsuit (The Almanac) says an automatic license-plate reader misread the dirt-obscured plate and matched it to a stolen vehicle; Business Insider, citing police records, identifies the camera as Flock's, reports that it confused an H for an M and that officers noted the Flock cameras misread the plate, and describes the cameras as AI cameras. The plate match against a stolen-vehicle record is the automated system's claim about his car; following without visual verification and the armed stop were officers' decisions.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Atherton, California: police stopped a driver at gunpoint in April 2021 and made him lie on his stomach to be handcuffed after a license-plate reader misread the letter H on his dirty plate as M and matched it to a stolen car; the town settled his lawsuit for $45,000 in 2023","summary":"At about 5:30 a.m. on 16 April 2021, according to a lawsuit reported by The Almanac, an automated license-plate reader in Atherton, California, misread the dirt-obscured plate of a driver's car, reading its letter H as M, and matched it to a reported stolen vehicle. Atherton police followed the car for several minutes without visually verifying the plate, then made a high-risk felony stop, ordering him at gunpoint to throw his keys out of the window, get out and lie on his stomach to be handcuffed. He sued three officers in 2022 for unreasonable seizure and excessive force; the officers denied the allegations and the injuries he claimed, and the case was settled on 16 March 2023 for $45,000. Business Insider, citing police records, reported in March 2026 that the misread came from a Flock camera and that officers noted the Flock cameras had misread the plate; an Atherton police commander said the plate was obstructed by dirt and that the town denies wrongdoing.","incidentDate":"2021-04-16","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2024-02-12","aiSystem":"Automated license-plate-reader camera in Atherton, California, identified by Business Insider from police records as a Flock Safety camera (which it describes as one of Flock's AI cameras), that misread the plate and matched it to a stolen-vehicle record","aiProduct":"Flock Safety license plate readers (reported)","aiCompany":"Flock Safety","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"He was stopped at gunpoint, made to lie on his stomach and handcuffed after a misread license-plate alert, and his lawsuit claimed injuries that the officers deny (The Almanac; Business Insider). The town settled for $45,000 while denying wrongdoing.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the driver, stopped at gunpoint and handcuffed (The Almanac; Business Insider). Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-CA","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_settled","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.almanacnews.com/police/2024/02/12/atherton-officer-involved-in-the-arrest-of-m-a-student-also-named-in-lawsuit-over-unreasonable-seizure-and-use-of-excessive-force/","primarySourceLabel":"The Almanac, 12 February 2024: Atherton officer involved in the arrest of M-A student also named in lawsuit over unreasonable seizure","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:31:59.236805+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-04T03:31:59.236805+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["flock","alpr","license-plate-reader","misread","wrongful-stop","gunpoint","california","atherton","justice","made-claim-about","settlement"]},{"id":"2023-espanola-new-mexico-flock-alpr-misread-plate-sisters-handcuffed-lawsuits","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'pulled the sisters over July 23 on Calle Duran after they had passed through an intersection equipped with a Flock Safety camera, which incorrectly flagged their car’s license plate as belonging to a stolen vehicle, according to the lawsuits.'; 'officers pulled the vehicle over and handcuffed them before placing them in the back of police vehicles prior to discovering the error.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'when Flock notified police that her Kia was stolen.'; 'Body camera footage from the July 2023 stop shows officers stopping the sisters and ordering them to exit the car, before handcuffing them.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In July 2023 Española police stopped the sisters' car after a Flock camera alert identified it as stolen, and officers ordered both sisters out and handcuffed them, including the 12-year-old.","causal_attribution":"The lawsuits as reported, and Business Insider's separate review of the body-camera footage."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'The plate number ended in 2, which the camera incorrectly read as 7, according to the complaint.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'According to an incident report, the camera misread a \"2\" for a \"7.\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The camera misread a 2 on the plate as a 7.","causal_attribution":"The sisters' complaint (as reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican) and the police incident report (as reported by Business Insider) agree on the misread."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'compensation for personal injuries including “anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement.”'; 'Instead, officers handcuffed the girl and put her in the back of a different police vehicle, according to the complaint.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The sisters' lawsuits sought damages including compensation for anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement; the older sister had asked an officer to call their mother to collect the 12-year-old, and officers instead handcuffed the girl.","causal_attribution":"The sisters' complaints as reported."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Two Rio Arriba County sisters have filed lawsuits against the city of Española'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The family filed a lawsuit and settled with the city in 2025.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The family filed lawsuits against the city of Española and settled with the city in 2025.","causal_attribution":"Filing reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican; settlement reported by Business Insider without terms."},{"id":"c5","status":"disputed","evidence":[{"locator":"'Officers said the number was obscured by a license plate cover, though it'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Officers said a license plate cover obscured the number; Business Insider says the number is visible in the body-camera footage it reviewed.","causal_attribution":"Officers' explanation as reported by Business Insider, contradicted by Business Insider's own review of the footage."}],"effects":[{"label":"both sisters, one aged 12, handcuffed and held in police vehicles after a misread license-plate-camera alert flagged their car as stolen","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"lawsuits claimed anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/sisters-sue-espa-ola-over-traffic-stop-they-say-was-illegal/article_1c949c30-ae3e-11ee-ad85-f71a8c9ecb1e.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-04 from the Internet Archive 2026 capture (Santa Fe New Mexican, 8 January 2024); the live site returned HTTP 429. Reports the two complaints and the attorney's comments.","independence_group":"espanola-sisters-lawsuits"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/flock-safety-alpr-cameras-misreads-2026-3","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-10-04 (Business Insider, 9 March 2026); full text present in the served page. Draws on its own review of body-camera footage and the incident report.","independence_group":"business-insider-records-review"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["Settlement terms and date in 2025.","The state district court case numbers; the complaints were not read.","How long the sisters were held before officers found the error."],"geography":{"basis":"The stop took place on Calle Duran in Española, New Mexico; the sisters are from Rio Arriba County, and the suits were filed in New Mexico state district court (Santa Fe New Mexican).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an institutional-use case consistent with the held Flock misread rows: the sisters' lawsuits (Santa Fe New Mexican) and the police incident report and body-camera footage reviewed by Business Insider describe a Flock license-plate-camera misread that led officers to handcuff a 21-year-old and her 12-year-old sister. Neither sister is named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-04"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The sisters' lawsuits (Santa Fe New Mexican) say a Flock Safety camera incorrectly flagged the plate as belonging to a stolen vehicle, reading a 2 as a 7; Business Insider reports the incident report records the same misread and describes the cameras as Flock's AI cameras. The plate match against a stolen-vehicle record is the automated system's claim about the car; the decision to handcuff both sisters was the officers'.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Española, New Mexico: police stopped a 21-year-old woman and her 12-year-old sister in July 2023 and handcuffed both in the backs of police cars after a Flock license-plate camera misread a 2 on her plate as a 7 and flagged the car as stolen; the sisters sued the city and settled in 2025","summary":"On 23 July 2023 Española police officers pulled over a car driven by a 21-year-old woman with her 12-year-old sister as a passenger, after a Flock Safety camera at an intersection flagged the car's plate as belonging to a vehicle stolen in Rio Rancho. According to the sisters' lawsuits, reported by the Santa Fe New Mexican in January 2024, the camera had read a 2 on the plate as a 7, and officers handcuffed both sisters and placed them in the backs of separate police vehicles before discovering the error; the older sister had asked an officer to call their mother, who lived nearby, to collect the girl. The suits sought damages for anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement. Business Insider, which reviewed the body-camera footage and incident report, reported in March 2026 that officers said the number was obscured by a license plate cover although it is visible in the footage, and that the family settled with the city in 2025.","incidentDate":"2023-07-23","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2024-01-08","aiSystem":"Flock Safety automated license-plate-reader camera at an Española intersection (described by Business Insider as one of Flock's AI cameras) that misread the car's plate, matched it to a stolen-vehicle record and notified police","aiProduct":"Flock Safety license plate readers","aiCompany":"Flock Safety","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Both sisters, one of them 12, were handcuffed and held in the backs of police vehicles after the misread alert; their lawsuits claimed anxiety, fear, worry and restriction of movement (Santa Fe New Mexican). The family settled with the city in 2025 (Business Insider).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two people, the sisters, both handcuffed and placed in police vehicles (Santa Fe New Mexican; Business Insider). Exact 2.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US-NM","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_settled","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/sisters-sue-espa-ola-over-traffic-stop-they-say-was-illegal/article_1c949c30-ae3e-11ee-ad85-f71a8c9ecb1e.html","primarySourceLabel":"Santa Fe New Mexican, 8 January 2024: Sisters sue Española over traffic stop they say was illegal","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:31:48.559655+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-04T03:31:48.559655+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["flock","alpr","license-plate-reader","misread","wrongful-stop","handcuffed","minor","new-mexico","espanola","justice","made-claim-about","settlement"]},{"id":"2023-reno-peppermill-casino-facial-recognition-misidentification-arrest-killinger-lawsuit","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint, introduction paras 1-3: 'reported that their A.I. facial recognition software positively identified the man as M.E., a man they'; 'The Peppermill’s A.I. software was wrong. It mistakenly identified Plaintiff Jason'; 'gaming at the casino, of being M.E. They handcuffed him, took him to their security office, and'; 'On September 17, 2023, the Peppermill Casino in Reno telephoned the Reno Police'; 'had barred from the casino months earlier for sleeping on the premises.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background (recounting the complaint): 'security. (Id. at 7-8.) Peppermill’s facial recognition software (“FRS”) identified Plaintiff as'; 'Peppermill’s security handcuffed Plaintiff and placed him in a citizen’s arrest.'; 'In the early morning, Plaintiff was stopped by Peppermill'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'misidentified by the venue’s AI facial recognition technology as a local reprobate, according to court filings.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Mr. Killinger was arrested because the casino’s facial recognition security camera system alerted to Mr. Killinger being a possible match for another individual who had been banned from the premises.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"According to Jason Killinger's federal complaint, in the early hours of 17 September 2023 the Peppermill Casino in Reno reported to police that its AI facial-recognition software had identified him as a man barred from the casino months earlier; the complaint says the identification was wrong and that casino security handcuffed him and held him in its security office.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation, relayed by the court in its background recital and by news coverage of the filings. The casino's system is not named in any inspected source."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint para 5 and para 12: 'recognition software had provided a 100 percent match confirming that KILLINGER was M.E.'; 'fingerprint analysis conclusively established that he was KILLINGER, not M.E. or anyone else.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background: 'Plaintiff’s driver’s license and Peppermill’s FRS results confirming a 100% match with the'; 'Defendant did not review any additional documentation before handcuffing'; 'At WCDF, Plaintiff’s identity was positively confirmed.'; 'for biometric intake to confirm his identity.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'According to court filings, police detained Killinger for identification after receiving the facial recognition alert. Fingerprints later confirmed he was not the person flagged by the system, and he was released.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The complaint alleges that the responding Reno police officer was told the software had produced a 100 percent match, did not examine the other identification Killinger had on him and in his car, and arrested him and took him to the Washoe County jail to establish his identity, where a fingerprint check confirmed who he was.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation. The court's March 2026 order recites these facts from the complaint and makes no finding on them; the arrest decision was the officer's."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint paras 65-73: 'KILLINGER was in handcuffs approximately four hours'; 'in custody at the jail for an additional nine and one-half hours for a total'; 'contusions (bruising) on both wrists.'; 'This does not include the time he was held by the Peppermill before Jager’s arrival.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The truck driver was detained for 11 hours, according to a wrongful arrest lawsuit filed in the US District Court for the District of Nevada.'; 'For four of those hours, he was handcuffed, resulting in bruises and shoulder pain, per the suit.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The complaint states that Killinger was in police and jail custody for about eleven hours, not counting the time casino security held him, was handcuffed for about four hours and was treated at an urgent-care clinic the next day for bruising to both wrists.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background (recounting the complaint): 'At the bench trial, a Reno prosecutor dismissed'; 'the charges against Plaintiff but without prejudice to re-charge Plaintiff within the year.'; 'The next day, Plaintiff'; 'was charged with trespassing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Complaint para 19: 'Even though the charge was eventually dismissed, he'; 'now has a criminal record.'; 'He had never been accused of a crime, arrested, or taken to jail.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Killinger was charged with trespassing the day after his release; at the bench trial a Reno prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice, and the complaint says the arrest left him, a man with no previous arrests, with a criminal record.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation, recited by the court without a finding."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The plaintiff has already sued the Peppermill Casino in a case that was settled for an undisclosed amount.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Casino.org reports that Killinger had sued the Peppermill Casino and that the case was settled for an undisclosed amount.","causal_attribution":"Casino.org's report; the settlement terms and any filing against the casino were not inspected."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Order, Conclusion and Part IV: 'liability claim and denied in part as to Plaintiff’s proposed wrongful arrest claim. Plaintiff'; 'incident and a new claim of municipal liability for policies regarding FRS and handcuffing.'; 'Plaintiff concedes there are no cases in the Ninth Circuit clearly'; 'Since Plaintiff previously conceded that no relevant precedent exists'; 'and fails to respond or rebut his own conclusion with any case law'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'In a new filing, a district court has granted his request to add the City of Reno as a new defendant in the case, as well as a new municipal liability claim against the city.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In an order of 27 March 2026 the court allowed Killinger to add the City of Reno as a defendant with a municipal liability claim concerning policies on facial recognition software and handcuffing, and refused to let him add a wrongful arrest claim against the officer, holding it futile under qualified immunity because he had earlier conceded that no Ninth Circuit case clearly established that arrests based solely on facial recognition were unlawful and cited no case law in reply.","causal_attribution":"Procedural rulings documented by the order; no finding on the merits."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Caption page: '[Proposed] Amicus Curiae Brief of the'; 'Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for'; 'Filed 09/21/26'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"'On September 21, 2026, the ACLU, ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed an amicus brief in the District of Nevada in support of Jason Killinger'; 'The brief asks the court to rule that police lacked probable cause to arrest Mr. Killinger based on a facial recognition technology result'; 'The brief also asks the court to rule that the City of Reno is liable for Mr. Killinger’s wrongful arrest.'; 'failing to provide training to Reno Police Department officers amounts to deliberate indifference'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 21 September 2026 the ACLU, the ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed a proposed amicus brief (ECF No. 96-1) supporting Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment, asking the court to rule that police lacked probable cause to arrest him on a facial recognition result and that the City of Reno is liable for failing to train its officers.","causal_attribution":"The filing date and the proposed status of the brief come from its caption; the description of its requests is the ACLU's own. No ruling on the motion or on leave to file the brief was found."}],"effects":[{"label":"handcuffed for about four hours and held in police and jail custody for about eleven hours after a casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched him to a barred man","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"prosecuted for trespassing until a prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice, leaving an arrest on his record","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.1.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Complaint, Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), filed 30 July 2025 (ECF No. 1, 31 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-04. It sets out the plaintiff's allegations, including quotations he attributes to the officer's body-worn camera; it is not a finding.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.58.0.pdf","kind":"court_order","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Order of 27 March 2026 (ECF No. 58, 10 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-04. Its background section states that it relies on the facts alleged in the original complaint, so its factual recital is not an independent finding; its rulings are documented by the order itself.","independence_group":"killinger-court-order-2026-03-27"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.casino.org/news/peppermill-renos-facial-recognition-tech-leads-to-wrongful-arrest/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Casino.org, 11 November 2025, read live on 2026-10-04. The article attributes its account to the court filings; it is a derivative of the plaintiff's pleadings for the incident facts.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2026/04/08/man-sues-city-reno-over-use-facial-recognition/","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"KOLO (Reno), 8 April 2026, read live on 2026-10-04 (short item attributed to court documents).","independence_group":"killinger-court-order-2026-03-27"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://mynews4.com/news/local/facial-recognition-lawsuit-raises-questions-about-ai-use-in-policing-nevada-law-enforcement-police-ai-artificial-intelligence-technology-suspects-lawsuit-killinger-v-jager-city-of-reno-peppermill-resort-us-district-court-fourth-amendment","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"News 4 (Reno, mynews4.com), 14 May 2026, read live on 2026-10-04; attributes the incident account to court filings.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://assets.aclu.org/live/uploads/2026/09/096-1-Proposed-Amicus-Brief.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Proposed amicus curiae brief of the ACLU, ACLU of Nevada and Innocence Project, ECF No. 96-1 (Exhibit 1), filed 21 September 2026, 39 pages, from the ACLU's copy; read for its caption and filing details. Its arguments are the amici's, not findings.","independence_group":"aclu-amicus"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.aclu.org/cases/killinger-v-jager","kind":"organisation_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"ACLU case page (last updated 23 September 2026), read live on 2026-10-04. The ACLU is an amicus supporting the plaintiff; its summary of the arrest relays the litigation record.","independence_group":"aclu-amicus"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","privacy","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Which facial recognition product the casino used and what match threshold it applied.","Whether the court has ruled on the pending motion for partial summary judgment on municipal liability (ECF No. 95) that the amicus brief supports.","Whether the court has granted Killinger's April 2026 motion for reconsideration (ECF No. 60) or his motion for leave to file a second amended complaint (ECF No. 63).","The terms and date of the reported settlement with the Peppermill Casino.","Whether the officer's deposition admissions, which the March 2026 order mentions without describing, and the amicus brief's statement that Peppermill's records show Reno police arrested at least 16 people on Peppermill facial recognition matches before September 2023 are borne out; neither was tested here."],"geography":{"basis":"The arrest took place at the Peppermill Casino in Reno, Nevada; the complaint states the plaintiff resides in Washoe County, Nevada, and the suit is in the US District Court for the District of Nevada.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a contextual case: a casino's facial recognition system made a claim about a patron's identity that, according to his federal complaint, was wrong and led to his arrest, about eleven hours in custody and a dismissed trespass prosecution. The incident facts are the plaintiff's allegations, relayed by news coverage of the filings and recited without findings in a court order; the procedural rulings are documented. The plaintiff is named because he sues in his own name; the officer appears only by surname in the case caption, and the barred man, whom the complaint identifies only by initials, is not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-04"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint alleges that the Peppermill Casino's 'A.I. facial recognition software' identified Killinger as a barred man and that casino security and the responding officer relied on its reported 100 percent match; it quotes the officer on body-worn camera describing the casino's 'artificial intelligence software'. The court's March 2026 order recites the facial recognition identification from the complaint without a finding. The vendor and system are not named in any inspected source. The handcuffing, arrest and prosecution decisions were made by casino staff, the officer and prosecutors.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Reno, Nevada: a casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched a patron to a barred man in September 2023, and police arrested him and held him for about eleven hours until fingerprints confirmed his identity and he was released, his federal lawsuit alleges","summary":"Jason Killinger, a UPS truck driver, alleges in a federal civil-rights complaint filed in July 2025 that on 17 September 2023 the Peppermill Casino in Reno reported to police that its AI facial recognition software had identified him as a man barred from the casino months earlier. According to the complaint, casino security handcuffed him, and the responding Reno police officer, told the system had found a 100 percent match, did not examine his other identification and took him to jail as an unidentified person, where fingerprints confirmed who he was. The complaint says he was handcuffed for about four hours, starting in the casino security office, spent about eleven hours in police and jail custody, and was treated the next day for bruised wrists. According to the complaint, he was then charged with trespassing, and a prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice at the bench trial. Casino.org reports that he settled a suit against the casino. In March 2026 the court let him add the City of Reno and a municipal liability claim over facial recognition policies, but refused a new wrongful arrest claim against the officer on qualified immunity grounds. In September 2026 the ACLU, the ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed a proposed amicus brief supporting him. The case is ongoing.","incidentDate":"2023-09-17","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-11-11","aiSystem":"Facial recognition software used by the Peppermill Casino's security system in Reno, which the complaint calls 'A.I. facial recognition software'; vendor not named in the inspected sources","aiProduct":"Unidentified facial recognition system","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","legal_harm","physical_injury","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to his complaint, Killinger was handcuffed for about four hours, arrested and held in police and jail custody for about eleven hours after the casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched him to a barred man; he was bruised by the handcuffs, prosecuted for trespassing until the charge was dismissed without prejudice, and left with an arrest record.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the plaintiff, who was arrested and held according to his complaint. Reported allegations about other people arrested on casino facial recognition matches in Reno are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-NV","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.1.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), complaint, 30 July 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:19:04.699044+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-04T03:19:04.699044+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["facial-recognition","wrongful-arrest","casino","reno","nevada","justice","made-claim-about","lawsuit"]},{"id":"2026-brooklyn-center-border-patrol-facial-recognition-citizen-detention","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Paras 85-86, pages 30-31: 'and a U.S. citizen. ECF'; 'On January 9, 2026, Mr.'; 'was working at a house in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota'; 'Two immigration agents with “border patrol” on their vests drove past the house, made a U-turn'; 'license and REAL ID paperwork, but the agents asserted that the REAL ID papers were'; 'fake and that the driver’s license proved nothing, and they handcuffed him'. Caption: 'FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW'; 'Dated: March 9, 2026'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In findings of fact filed on 9 March 2026 in Hussen v. Noem, a proposed class action over immigration stops during Operation Metro Surge, a federal judge in Minnesota found that a U.S. citizen was working at a house in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, on 9 January 2026 when two immigration agents with 'border patrol' on their vests drove past, made a U-turn and asked where he was born; when he showed his driver's licence and REAL ID paperwork, they said the papers were fake and the licence proved nothing, and handcuffed him.","causal_attribution":"Findings of the court, made on the declarant's sworn account; the government's declarations did not address this stop."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Footnote 11, page 30: 'One of the agents who stopped him conducted a facial recognition scan and told'; 'was born in Mexico City'; 'At least one agent, then, believed that'; 'to be of Mexican descent'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court's findings state that one of the agents who stopped him conducted a facial recognition scan and told him he was born in Mexico City; the judge cited this to infer that at least one agent believed he appeared to be of Mexican descent.","causal_attribution":"The court's restatement of the declaration (Id. para 12); the order does not say what the scan returned beyond what the agent then told him, and does not say whether the birthplace was wrong."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Para 87, page 31: 'around for about thirty minutes, the agents met up with a different agent, who used a facial recognition scan to determine that'; 'was a U.S. citizen. Id.'; 'After that, the officers released'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The judge found that the agents drove him around for about thirty minutes and then met a different agent, who used a facial recognition scan to determine that he was a U.S. citizen, after which the officers released him.","causal_attribution":"Findings of the court on the declarant's account."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Para 88, page 31: 'stopped and detained based solely on his race or ethnicity. Without more, the assertions that'; 'are unsupported, pretextual justifications for prolonging the detention'; page 4: 'are not binding at trial on the merits'; page 80 (conclusions para 29): 'were encountered at construction worksites that'; 'traditionally indicate illegal aliens'; 'His declaration states he works in cleaning and property removal and does not mention construction'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The judge found that he was stopped and detained based solely on his race or ethnicity, and that the agents' assertions that his papers were fake or proved nothing were unsupported, pretextual justifications for prolonging the detention; in its conclusions it rejected the government's argument that he was encountered at a construction worksite, because his declaration describes cleaning and property removal work and does not mention construction.","causal_attribution":"Judicial finding made on the preliminary-injunction record, which the court notes 'are not binding at trial on the merits'; it attributes the stop and detention to race or ethnicity, not to the facial recognition scan."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Paras 10-15: 'They put me in one of the SUVs.'; 'seemed to take a picture of my face with his phone. I believe he was using facial recognition software. He told me I was not a US citizen and that I was born in Mexico City. He told me I was under arrest. They put handcuffs on me.'; 'Instead, they just took my phone without letting me show the picture.'; 'They drove me around for probably 30 mins until a different agent met up with them. He used facial recognition with another system and it confirmed I was a citizen.'; 'They then let me go.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In his sworn declaration, the man says that after he was put in an SUV a man in the front seat seemed to photograph his face with a phone, which he believed was facial recognition software, then told him he was not a U.S. citizen, that he was born in Mexico City and that he was under arrest, and he was handcuffed; agents took his phone when he tried to show a picture of his passport, drove him around for probably 30 minutes until a different agent used facial recognition 'with another system' that confirmed he was a citizen, and then let him go.","causal_attribution":"The declarant's sworn first-person account; the identification of the first phone photo as facial recognition is his belief."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Pages 3, 7 (para 12) and 111: 'Defendants cross-examined Plaintiffs’ witnesses but offered no witness testimony'; 'Defendants submitted declarations disputing four accounts'; 'No. 84 (disputing account of Plaintiff Mubashir Hussen)'; 'provides brief accounts of the stops of Santiago Doe, Julio Doe,'; 'Plaintiffs’ motions will be denied.'; 'Plaintiffs have shown that Defendants likely maintained unconstitutional policies'; 'Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction [ECF No. 25] is DENIED.'; 'Plaintiffs’ Motion for Provisional Class Certification and Appointment of'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court recorded that the government's declarations disputed four declarants' accounts, none of them this one, and that the government offered no witness testimony at the evidentiary hearing; it nonetheless denied the preliminary injunction and provisional class certification, holding that the plaintiffs had not shown a certainly impending future injury, while finding that the government likely maintained unconstitutional policies.","causal_attribution":"The court's own record of the evidence and its ruling."},{"id":"c7","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'NOTICE of Voluntary Dismissal by All Plaintiffs'; 'Date Terminated:'; 'Order Dismissing Case'; entries 199 (Jun 11, 2026) and 200 (Jun 18, 2026).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"CourtListener's docket lists a notice of voluntary dismissal by all plaintiffs on 11 June 2026 and an order dismissing the case on 18 June 2026.","causal_attribution":"Docket index entries; the dismissal notice and order were not read."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Para 157(f), page 57: 'was working at a house in Brooklyn Center on January 9, 2026 when two Border Patrol agents'; 'ran a facial recognition scan that told him he had been born in Mexico City'; 'drove him around for about thirty minutes until a second scan confirmed his citizenship'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"A federal complaint filed on 1 October 2026 over the killing of Renee Good (Ganger v. Ross) restates the episode among the Hussen court's findings, describing the first scan as one 'that told him he had been born in Mexico City' and saying a second scan confirmed his citizenship.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiffs' restatement of the Hussen findings; the complaint's wording that the scan itself 'told him' the birthplace goes further than the order, which says the agent conducted a scan and told him."}],"effects":[{"label":"a U.S. citizen was handcuffed and detained by immigration agents in Border Patrol vests; a federal judge found the stop and detention were based solely on his race or ethnicity","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"},{"label":"after a facial recognition scan an agent told him he was born in Mexico City","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"he says the agent who seemed to photograph his face also told him he was not a U.S. citizen and was under arrest, and he was held for about thirty minutes until another agent's facial recognition scan confirmed his citizenship","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mnd.230424/gov.uscourts.mnd.230424.191.0_1.pdf","kind":"court_order","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-02 from the RECAP PDF (111 pages, text layer): Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, Hussen v. Noem, D. Minn. No. 26-cv-324 (ECT/ECW), Doc. 191, filed 9 March 2026, Judge Eric C. Tostrud. Read in full for this episode (paras 85-88 and footnotes 11-12), the evidentiary posture (paras 11-12), the introduction and the order. The findings on this episode rest on the declarant's sworn declaration (s2), so the two are one evidentiary chain.","independence_group":"hussen-v-noem-declarant-account"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mnd.230424/gov.uscourts.mnd.230424.39.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in full on 2026-10-02 (3 pages): the detained man's sworn declaration under 28 U.S.C. 1746, signed 15 January 2026 and filed 16 January 2026 as Doc. 39 in support of the preliminary-injunction motion. It gives the event date as 'January 9, 2025'; the court treats 2025 as a typographical error.","independence_group":"hussen-v-noem-declarant-account"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mnd.236480/gov.uscourts.mnd.236480.1.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-02 (text layer, 149 pages; para 157(f) on page 57): complaint in Ganger v. Ross, D. Minn. No. 0:26-cv-04231, filed 1 October 2026, which concerns the killing of Renee Good and restates the Hussen court's findings on this episode. It derives from s1 and adds no independent account.","independence_group":"hussen-v-noem-declarant-account"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/72146903/hussen-v-mullin/","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-10-02: CourtListener docket page for Hussen v. Mullin (the caption CourtListener now shows), 0:26-cv-00324, last updated 13 September 2026; used only for the case's later procedural history.","independence_group":"courtlistener-hussen-docket"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["Which facial recognition application each agent used; the declarant says the second agent used 'another system'.","What the first scan actually returned, and whether the birthplace the agent stated was wrong; the record establishes his U.S. citizenship but not his birthplace.","Whether the man has brought any claim of his own; he was a declarant, not a party, in Hussen v. Noem.","Any psychological, work or financial consequences beyond the detention itself; the declaration does not describe them."],"geography":{"basis":"The stop happened at a house in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota; the court found the man is a U.S. citizen who lives in Minnesota; the findings were made by the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota (s1).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a contextual case from a federal court's findings of fact, made after an evidentiary hearing on a sworn declaration that the government's declarations did not dispute: a U.S. citizen was handcuffed and driven around by immigration agents with 'border patrol' on their vests, an agent told him after a facial recognition scan that he was born in Mexico City, and a second facial recognition scan established his citizenship before release. In findings on the preliminary-injunction record, the court found the stop and detention were based solely on race or ethnicity. The man is a private person and is not named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-02"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court's findings state that an agent conducted a facial recognition scan and then told the man he was born in Mexico City, and that a different agent later used a facial recognition scan to determine that he was a U.S. citizen, after which he was released. Both findings rest on his sworn declaration. For the first scan he says the agent 'seemed' to photograph his face and that he believed facial recognition software was used, and he says the agents had already arrested him and put him in an SUV before that photo. No source read names either application or says what the first scan returned; the record shows only that the agent made the Mexico City statement after it. The recorded AI output is the second scan's: the court says it was used to determine his citizenship and the declaration says 'it confirmed I was a citizen', after which the officers released him. The court attributes the stop and detention to race or ethnicity, so no scan is established as the reason he was detained.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Brooklyn Center, Minnesota: immigration agents in Border Patrol vests handcuffed a U.S. citizen who was working at a house in January 2026 and an agent told him after a facial recognition scan that he was born in Mexico City; a federal judge found he was detained solely because of his race or ethnicity, and a second scan confirmed his citizenship before release","summary":"In findings of fact filed on 9 March 2026 in Hussen v. Noem, a proposed class action over immigration stops during Operation Metro Surge, Judge Eric C. Tostrud of the U.S. District Court in Minnesota found that a U.S. citizen working at a house in Brooklyn Center on 9 January 2026 was stopped and detained based solely on his race or ethnicity. Two agents with 'border patrol' on their vests asked where he was born, said his REAL ID papers were fake and his driver's licence proved nothing, and handcuffed him. According to the findings, one agent conducted a facial recognition scan and told him he was born in Mexico City; in his sworn declaration the man says the agent also told him he was not a U.S. citizen and was under arrest. After about thirty minutes of driving, a different agent used a facial recognition scan that determined he was a citizen, and he was released. The government's declarations did not dispute his account. The judge denied a preliminary injunction for lack of a certainly impending future injury, and the plaintiffs later dismissed the suit. No source read names the facial recognition application. A complaint filed on 1 October 2026 over the killing of Renee Good restates the episode.","incidentDate":"2026-01-09","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-01-16","aiSystem":"Facial recognition scans run by immigration agents during the stop: per the court's findings, one agent conducted a facial recognition scan and then told the man he was born in Mexico City, and a different agent later used a facial recognition scan that determined he was a U.S. citizen (the declarant says the second agent used 'another system'). No source read names either application.","aiProduct":"Unidentified facial recognition system","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A federal judge found the man, a U.S. citizen, was handcuffed and detained for about thirty minutes by immigration agents in Border Patrol vests, based solely on his race or ethnicity; he says an agent told him after a face scan that he was not a citizen and was under arrest.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"unclear","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the detained U.S. citizen (court findings paras 85-88; declaration). No one else is reported harmed in this stop.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-MN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mnd.230424/gov.uscourts.mnd.230424.191.0_1.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Hussen v. Noem, D. Minn. No. 26-cv-324, findings of fact and conclusions of law, 9 March 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-02T03:17:51.628942+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-02T03:17:51.628942+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["facial-recognition","immigration-enforcement","operation-metro-surge","minnesota","border-patrol","wrongful-detention","racial-profiling","justice","made-claim-about"]}]}