{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-23T09:20:43.982Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"fine","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"core","evidence":"","year":"unknown","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":7,"coverage":{"cases":7,"countries":5,"languages":4,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":7,"lawsuits":0,"regulatory":2,"minors":1,"coreRelations":7,"contextualRelations":1,"mixedRelations":1,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2026-udmurtia-entrepreneur-fined-by-russian-intellectual-property-court-over-ai-invented-case-law","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Суд установил, что часть из приведенных предпринимателем в тексте кассационной жалобы 12 ссылок на судебную практику, в том числе одна якобы на правовую позицию, изложенную в определении Верховного суда РФ, относилась к несуществующим судебным актам либо содержала приписанные им выводы; наложил на предпринимателя судебный штраф в размере 5 тысяч рублей","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Суд по интеллектуальным правам оштрафовал на пять тысяч рублей индивидуального предпринимателя из Удмуртии, который сослался в своей жалобе на несуществующую практику.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Court for Intellectual Property Rights found that part of the 12 case-law references in the entrepreneur's cassation appeal, including one said to be a position of the Supreme Court of Russia, referred to non-existent court acts or attributed conclusions to them, and imposed a court fine of 5,000 roubles.","causal_attribution":"The court's findings as relayed by its press service and by Rossiyskaya Gazeta; the ruling itself was not inspected."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Бизнесмен пояснил, что при подготовке кассационной жалобы использовал сервис, работающий на основе искусственного интеллекта.; Именно нейросеть подобрала судебную практику","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"несуществующую судебную практику, сгенерированную сервисами искусственного интеллекта","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The entrepreneur explained that he had prepared the cassation appeal with an AI-based service, which selected the case law he cited.","causal_attribution":"His own explanation to the court, reported by Rossiyskaya Gazeta; the press service describes the case law as generated by AI services."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Защита предпринимателя заявила, что у него нет юридического образования, поэтому он не мог самостоятельно оценить корректность ссылок.; Оправдаться не получилось.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"представитель заявителя жалобы уверял, что допущенные им неточности и технические ошибки вследствие использования сервисов искусственного интеллекта не свидетельствуют о неуважении к суду; СИП критически оценил аргументы заявителя","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"His side argued that he had no legal education and could not check the references, and that the inaccuracies were technical errors caused by using AI services rather than contempt of court; the court rejected these arguments.","causal_attribution":"The appellant's defence and the court's rejection, as reported."}],"effects":[{"label":"fined 5,000 roubles for contempt of court over AI-invented case law in his appeal","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://1prime.ru/20260827/biznesmen-872750520.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23 (HTTP 200) and translated by that agent; no human translator or reviewer read it. PRIME (RIA Novosti group) report of 27 Aug 2026 quoting the court's press service (bodies/ru-prime-sip.html/.txt).","independence_group":"sip-press-service-ria"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://rg.ru/2026/09/01/nejroset-podvela.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ru","translation_note":"Read in Russian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23 (HTTP 200) and translated by that agent; no human translator or reviewer read it. Rossiyskaya Gazeta report of 1 Sep 2026 that quotes the court's ruling and describes the parties' explanations (bodies/ru-rg-neiroset.html/.txt).","independence_group":"rg-sip-ruling"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["The date of the ruling; it was reported on 27 August 2026.","Which AI service was used and what it produced beyond the citations described.","Whether the fine was appealed."],"geography":{"basis":"The recorded events are court events in Russia: the appeal was filed with, and the fine imposed by, Russia's Court for Intellectual Property Rights (PRIME; Rossiyskaya Gazeta). Both reports describe the entrepreneur as being from Udmurtia, a Russian region.","court_countries":["RU"],"event_countries":["RU"],"affected_person_countries":["RU"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (communicated_with, with informed_decision_about): by his own account an AI-based service selected case law for an entrepreneur's cassation appeal, part of it did not exist, and the court fined him 5,000 roubles, as reported from the court's press service and the ruling.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"By the entrepreneur's own explanation to the court, an AI-based service selected the case law in his cassation appeal, and PRIME (RIA Novosti), reporting the court's press service, describes that case law as generated by AI services; the court's own findings as quoted do not mention AI. The court found that part of the references pointed to court acts that do not exist or misstated them, and fined him for it. The AI service is not named, and its output was read only as described in the reports.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Russian intellectual property court fined an Udmurtia entrepreneur 5,000 roubles over non-existent case law he said an AI service selected, reports say","summary":"Russia's Court for Intellectual Property Rights fined an individual entrepreneur from Udmurtia 5,000 roubles for contempt of court after finding that part of the 12 references to case law in his cassation appeal, including one said to be a Supreme Court position, pointed to court acts that do not exist or attributed conclusions to them, the court's press service told RIA Novosti on 27 August 2026. Rossiyskaya Gazeta reports that the entrepreneur explained he had prepared the appeal with an AI-based service that selected the case law, and that his side argued he had no legal education and could not check the references; the court rejected the argument that the errors were technical. The date of the ruling and the AI service are not reported.","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-08-27","aiSystem":"An AI-based service, not named in the reports, that the entrepreneur said selected the case law for his cassation appeal","aiProduct":"Unidentified legal research tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"An entrepreneur was fined 5,000 roubles for contempt of court after his cassation appeal cited non-existent case law that, by his account, an AI-based service had selected.","frameworkFacets":[],"pathwayDirection":"inward","causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the entrepreneur who used the AI service and was fined (court press service; Rossiyskaya Gazeta).","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"RU","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://1prime.ru/20260827/biznesmen-872750520.html","primarySourceLabel":"PRIME (RIA Novosti), 27 Aug 2026: court fines businessman over fake case law generated by AI","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-23T03:20:50.098873+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-23T03:20:50.098873+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["hallucinated-citations","court-filing","court-fine","russia","own-use","russian-language"]},{"id":"2026-kpmg-australia-partner-fined-for-uploading-course-manual-to-ai-tool-in-internal-ai-training-exam","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The partner, a registered company auditor, completed mandatory AI training in July. Training materials recommended downloading a reference manual as part of the course. The individual breached firm rules by uploading the document into an AI tool to generate an answer to an exam question.'; 'The firm said its knowledge checks are open-book following internal training courses, allowing personnel to download materials but prohibiting the uploading of those materials into AI tools during testing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'However, the partner breached KPMG’s rules by uploading that reference document into an AI tool to answer an exam question.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'The unnamed partner was forced to redo the test after uploading training materials into an AI platform to help answer questions on the use of the fast-evolving technology.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"A KPMG Australia partner who is a registered company auditor completed the firm's mandatory AI training and, against firm rules for its open-book knowledge checks, uploaded the course's reference manual into an AI tool to generate an answer to an exam question.","causal_attribution":"The AFR's account, relayed by HRD, the International Accounting Bulletin and the Financial Times; the firm is the apparent source of the facts. The AI tool is not named."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'KPMG’s internal systems detected the activity in August.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'KPMG’s internal AI detection tools picked up the instance in August.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'The consultancy used its own AI detection tools to discover the cheating, according to the Australian Finance Review, which first reported on it.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"KPMG's monitoring detected the AI use in August, and the firm said it had used its own AI detection tools to find staff using AI in internal exams.","causal_attribution":"The AFR's account as relayed; how the monitoring works is not described."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'including a partner who will be fined more than $10,000 for using the technology in a training course about AI.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The unnamed partner was asked to redo the test.'; 'Following an internal investigation, KPMG decided the partner should be fined more than $10,000 of future income.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'A partner at KPMG Australia will forfeit more than $10,000 in future income after using artificial intelligence to answer a question in an internal training exam about artificial intelligence (AI)'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"After an internal investigation, KPMG decided the partner should forfeit more than A$10,000 of future income, and the partner was asked to redo the test.","causal_attribution":"The fine is the firm's response to the partner's AI use, as reported by the AFR and its relays."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The partner also self-reported to Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand, which has launched its own investigation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'The partner who cheated self-reported to CA ANZ, which is currently investigating the case.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'The Australian Securities and Investments Commission, the corporate regulator, said it had confirmed the incident with KPMG but would not take further action until the accountants’ professional trade body started disciplinary proceedings against the partner.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"The partner self-reported to Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand, which opened its own investigation; ASIC said it had confirmed the incident with KPMG but would not take further action until the professional body started disciplinary proceedings.","causal_attribution":"The self-report and CA ANZ investigation come from the AFR's account; ASIC's position is the Financial Times's report. No CA ANZ outcome is reported."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'More than two dozen KPMG Australia staff have been caught using AI tools to cheat on internal exams since July, the company said'; '“Given the everyday use of these tools, some people breach our policy. We take it seriously when they do.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'The other 27 staff are at or below a manager level.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'More than two dozen staff have been caught over this financial year using AI tools for internal exams, according to KPMG.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"KPMG said more than two dozen staff had been caught using AI tools in internal exams since July, the others at or below manager level, and its chief executive said some people breach its policy given the everyday use of these tools.","causal_attribution":"Context from KPMG's statements; no individual consequence is reported for the other staff."}],"effects":[{"label":"fined more than A$10,000 of future income and asked to redo the test after using an AI tool in an internal exam against firm rules","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"under investigation by the professional accounting body after self-reporting the AI use","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.afr.com/companies/professional-services/kpmg-partner-fined-for-using-ai-to-cheat-on-an-ai-test-20260215-p5o2f2","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23; HTTP 200 but paywalled: only the headline and the first two paragraphs are readable. Original report; the other outlets relay it.","independence_group":"afr-kpmg-partner-ai-exam-feb-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.hcamag.com/au/specialisation/employment-law/kpmg-partner-fined-over-ai-exam-breach/565406","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23; HTTP 200, full text read. Relays the AFR report ('according to reporting by Australian Financial Review') with the training, detection and fine details.","independence_group":"afr-kpmg-partner-ai-exam-feb-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.internationalaccountingbulletin.com/news/kpmg-australia-penalises-partner/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23; HTTP 200, full text read. Relays the AFR report ('the Australian Financial Review (AFR) reported').","independence_group":"afr-kpmg-partner-ai-exam-feb-2026"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.accountingtimes.com.au/profession/kpmg-partner-uses-ai-to-cheat-on-ai-test-faces-fine","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23; HTTP 200, full text read. Relays the AFR report ('As first reported by The Australian Financial Review').","independence_group":"afr-kpmg-partner-ai-exam-feb-2026"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/feb/16/kpmg-partner-fined-artificial-intelligence-ai-training-test","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23; HTTP 200, full text read. Relays the AFR report and quotes KPMG's chief executive.","independence_group":"afr-kpmg-partner-ai-exam-feb-2026"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/02/16/kpmg-partner-in-australia-fined-over-using-ai-to-pass-ai-test/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-23; HTTP 200, full text read. Financial Times copy republished by the Irish Times; credits the AFR with first reporting the fine and adds ASIC's statement.","independence_group":"ft-kpmg-partner-ai-exam-feb-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["work","education"],"unknowns":["The year of the training and of the detection: the February 2026 reports say July and August without a year and place KPMG's cases in the current financial year.","Which AI tool the partner used and what it generated.","When the fine was decided or applied, and the outcome of the CA ANZ investigation."],"geography":{"basis":"The employer is KPMG Australia and the exam was its internal Australian training (AFR; HRD); the professional body is Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand and the regulator ASIC. No court is involved. Where the partner lives is not stated.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["AU"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a consequential-response case: an employer's fine of a partner for prohibited AI use in an internal exam, reported by the Australian Financial Review and relayed with the training, detection and penalty details. All facts rest on that one report chain plus KPMG's statements; the partner is not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's fine in response to the partner's own prohibited use of an AI tool, reviewed as a consequential response. According to the AFR as relayed by HRD and the International Accounting Bulletin, the partner uploaded the course's reference manual into an AI tool to generate an answer to an exam question; KPMG's monitoring detected that use and the firm fined the partner for it. The tool and its output are not described further.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"KPMG Australia fined a partner more than A$10,000 for uploading course material to an AI tool to answer an internal AI training exam, reports say","summary":"A partner at KPMG Australia, who is also a registered company auditor, was fined more than A$10,000 of future income after uploading a training course's reference manual into an AI tool to answer a question in the firm's internal exam on AI, the Australian Financial Review reported on 15 February 2026; other outlets relaying it say the partner was also made to redo the test. According to those reports, the partner completed the mandatory AI training in July, the firm's monitoring detected the AI use in August, and an internal investigation decided the fine; the reports do not state the year of the training or the detection. The partner self-reported to Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand (CA ANZ), which is investigating. KPMG said more than two dozen staff had been caught using AI in internal exams since July. The partner is not named.","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-02-15","aiSystem":"An AI tool, not named in the reports, into which a KPMG Australia partner uploaded a training course's reference manual to generate an answer to an internal exam question; KPMG's own AI-use monitoring detected the use (per the Australian Financial Review as relayed)","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A KPMG Australia partner was fined more than A$10,000 of future income, asked to redo the test and placed under a professional-body investigation after using an AI tool in an internal exam against firm rules, according to the Australian Financial Review as relayed by other outlets.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the partner who used the AI tool and was fined (AFR as relayed by HRD, the International Accounting Bulletin and Accounting Times). The other 27 staff KPMG caught are not counted because no individual consequence is reported for them.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"AU","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"internal_action","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.afr.com/companies/professional-services/kpmg-partner-fined-for-using-ai-to-cheat-on-an-ai-test-20260215-p5o2f2","primarySourceLabel":"Australian Financial Review: KPMG partner fined for using AI to cheat on an AI test (15 Feb 2026)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-23T03:04:39.268108+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-23T03:04:39.268108+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["workplace","internal-exam","ai-policy-breach","fine","accounting","australia"]},{"id":"2022-hangzhou-man-sold-ai-face-swap-obscene-videos-of-public-figures-and-private-people-jailed-and-ordered-to-pay-public-interest-damages","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'2022年8月，杭州市萧山警方在网上巡查中获取一条线索，辖区内有人利用AI技术制作淫秽视频在网上进行大量传播，警方依法对此立案侦查，并迅速抓获了犯罪嫌疑人'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Xiaoshan police opened a case in August 2022 after an online patrol found someone in the district making obscene videos with AI technology and spreading them widely online, and arrested the man.","causal_attribution":"Police and procuratorate account via CCTV."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'利用“AI换脸”软件生成大量淫秽视频进行传播'; '还将“AI换脸”软件分为初级、中级和高级三个等级进行销售并传授使用教程，同时还提供网上非法收集的他人人脸素材'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'根据顾客的需要，还可以使用不同的女明星的形象，进行“私人定制”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Prosecutors said he used AI face-swap software to make obscene videos, spread them in paid groups, took custom face-swap orders and sold the software with tutorials and face material.","causal_attribution":"Procuratorate account."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'被“AI换脸”侵害人脸敏感信息的受害者，不仅包括多位知名公众人物，还有很多不特定的普通人'; '其中就有人提出想要定制自己暗恋女生的换脸视频'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'“私人定制”换脸的对象，不仅包括明星，也有生活中的普通人'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Prosecutors said the victims whose faces were swapped included several well-known public figures and many unspecified private people, and that one customer asked for the face of a woman he had a crush on.","causal_attribution":"Procuratorate account; no individual victim is described."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'删除非法获取的个人信息，公开赔礼道歉、消除影响并赔偿损失共60000元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'删除非法获取的个人信息，公开赔礼道歉、消除影响并赔偿损失共60000元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Hangzhou Internet Court granted the prosecutors' public-interest claims, ordering deletion of the personal information, a public apology and 60,000 yuan for personal-information protection.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as relayed; the judgment was not inspected."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'2023年11月，杭州市萧山区人民法院判决被告人'; '犯制作、传播淫秽物品牟利罪，判处有期徒刑七年三个月，并处罚金6万元'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'有期徒刑七年三个月'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In November 2023 the Xiaoshan District People's Court sentenced him to seven years and three months in prison and a 60,000-yuan fine for making and spreading obscene material for profit.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as relayed; the judgment was not inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"faces of public figures and private people swapped into obscene videos with AI and spread and sold without consent, per prosecutors","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://app.xinhuanet.com/news/article.html?articleId=50a79df8-e37c-4837-86dd-2b0deef66ca0","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Xinhua app relay of CCTV's report quoting Xiaoshan prosecutors and Hangzhou Internet Court judges; no judgment inspected.","independence_group":"xiaoshan-procuratorate-and-courts-via-cctv"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.jinantimes.com.cn/news-216-4931256.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in the original Chinese on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. New Yellow River roundup (via Jinan Times) restating the same procuratorate and court account; it also covers a separate Beijing case not used here.","independence_group":"xiaoshan-procuratorate-and-courts-via-cctv"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["When the obscene face-swap videos were first made and spread; the reports give 2020 for his first use of the software and August 2022 for the police case.","How many people were depicted and who they were.","Which face-swap software was used.","The date of the Hangzhou Internet Court judgment.","Whether either judgment was appealed."],"geography":{"basis":"Xiaoshan police in Hangzhou found the videos being spread from their district and arrested the man there, and the Xiaoshan court and Hangzhou Internet Court decided the case, so the event is placed in China. Where the depicted people live is not reported.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): Hangzhou prosecutors said a man used AI face-swap software to put public figures' and private people's faces into obscene videos that he spread and sold, and he was jailed and ordered to pay public-interest damages. One reporting chain (procuratorate and courts via CCTV), read in two Chinese sources.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-22"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Prosecutors, an examining party, said the man used AI face-swap software to generate the obscene videos, and the courts convicted him and granted the public-interest claims on that account. The generated videos depicted the faces of public figures and private people (depicted_or_impersonated). The technical basis of the identification beyond the seized material is not described in the reports.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Hangzhou: man who sold AI face-swap obscene videos, including custom swaps of private people's faces, jailed 7 years 3 months; court orders 60,000 yuan","summary":"According to Hangzhou prosecutors and courts as reported by CCTV and relayed by Xinhua in March 2024, police in Xiaoshan district opened a case in August 2022 after finding that a local man was spreading large numbers of obscene videos made with AI technology. Prosecutors said he used AI face-swap software to put faces onto obscene videos, spread them in paid social-media groups to attract customers, sold the software and tutorials, and took custom orders, swapping in the faces of public figures and of private people; one customer asked for the face of a woman he had a crush on. Victims included several well-known public figures and many unspecified private people. In a civil public-interest suit brought by prosecutors, the Hangzhou Internet Court ordered him to delete the personal information he had obtained, apologise publicly and pay 60,000 yuan for personal-information protection. In November 2023 the Xiaoshan District People's Court sentenced him to seven years and three months in prison and a 60,000-yuan fine for making and spreading obscene material for profit.","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2024-03-21","aiSystem":"AI face-swap software, not named in the reports, that the man used to replace faces in obscene videos and sold to others with tutorials and face material","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to Hangzhou prosecutors, the man swapped the faces of public figures and of many private people into obscene videos without consent and spread and sold them; the courts imposed a prison term and ordered public-interest damages for the infringement of personal information.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"Prosecutors describe several well-known public figures and many unspecified private people as victims; no count is given. Group sizes (95 to 2,053 members), 1,200-plus videos and 1,600-plus images are audiences and material, not harmed people.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://app.xinhuanet.com/news/article.html?articleId=50a79df8-e37c-4837-86dd-2b0deef66ca0","primarySourceLabel":"Xinhua app (CCTV report), 21 March 2024: AI face-swap obscene videos of actresses, court rules","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-22T03:12:22.743729+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-22T03:12:22.743729+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["face-swap","sexual-deepfakes","criminal-conviction","public-interest-litigation","hangzhou","china","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2026-tallinn-administrative-court-fines-complainants-ai-drafted-document-invented-scientists","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Kaebajad pöördusid halduskohtusse raieloa vaidlustamiseks ja saatsid kohtule dokumendi, kus viidati lageraie mõjusid puudutavatele teadustöödele'; 'Kohus avastas, et viidetes nimetatud Eesti teadlasi ei ole päriselt olemas ja kirjeldatud teadustöid polnud võimalik leida'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Kohus avastas, et viidetes nimetatud Eesti teadlasi ei ole päriselt olemas ja kirjeldatud teadustöid polnud võimalik leida'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Complainants contesting a felling permit sent the Tallinn Administrative Court a document citing scientific work on the effects of clear-cutting; the court found that the Estonian scientists named in the references do not exist and that the studies described could not be found.","causal_attribution":"The court's finding as reported by two outlets carrying the same account (one chain); the ruling was not read."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Tallinna Halduskohus määras trahvi kaebajatele, kes esitasid kohtule tehisaru abil koostatud dokumendi, mis sisaldas viiteid välja mõeldud teadlaste töödele'; 'Kaebajad vastasid, et tehisaru kasutamine pole keelatud ja nad ei tahtnud kohut eksitada'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Tallinna halduskohus määras esimest korda kohtusse pöördujatele trahvi, sest kaebuses leidus tehisaru loodud valeväiteid'; 'Kohus nõudis kaebajatelt selgitust, kuidas see dokument on sündinud'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The reports describe the document as drafted with the help of AI (Delfi Ärileht) and the complaint as containing false statements created by AI (ERR); asked by the court how the document had been produced, the complainants replied that using AI is not forbidden and that they had not meant to mislead the court. Neither report says which complainant operated the tool or names it.","causal_attribution":"The outlets' description of the document and the complainants' reported reply (one chain). The reply defends AI use on the complainants' side without identifying who used the tool."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Seejärel määras halduskohus ühele kaebuse esitajale trahvi 150 eurot ja veel üheksale kaebajale 50 eurot'; 'Kohus nentis, et kaebajatel pole küll keelatud tehisaru kasutada, aga on üldteada, et tehisaru võib väljastada eksitavat või isegi valeinfot'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Seejärel määras halduskohus ühele kaebuse esitajale trahvi 150 ja veel üheksale kaebajale 50 eurot'; 'kaebajad vastutavad kohtule esitatud väidete õigsuse eest'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court fined one complainant 150 euros and nine other complainants 50 euros each, stating that complainants are not forbidden to use AI, that AI is generally known to produce misleading or false information, and that complainants are responsible for the accuracy of what they submit.","causal_attribution":"Court step as reported (one chain); the ruling was not read."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Samuti andis kohus kaebajatele võimaluse esitada viidatud teadustööd kirjalike tõenditena ja hoiatas, et võib neid muidu kohtu eksitamise katse eest trahvida'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Samuti andis kohus kaebajatele võimaluse esitada viidatud teadustööd kirjalike tõenditena ja hoiatas, et võib neid muidu kohtu eksitamise katse eest trahvida'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Before fining them, the court gave the complainants the chance to submit the cited works as written evidence and warned that it could otherwise fine them for attempting to mislead the court.","causal_attribution":"Court step as reported (one chain)."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Trahvimise peale esitatud määruskaebust arutanud Tallinna Ringkonnakohus nõustus halduskohtuga'; 'Riigikohus ei võtnud sel nädalal asja menetlusse, mistõttu on trahv nüüd jõustunud'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Tallinn Circuit Court, hearing the appeal against the fine, agreed with the administrative court, and Delfi Ärileht reports that the Supreme Court declined to take the case in the week of its 26 June 2026 report, so the fines are in force.","causal_attribution":"Appeal steps as reported by Delfi Ärileht only; the appeal rulings were not read and ERR does not report the appeals."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Ülalmainitud kaasuses määrati trahv halduskohtumenetluse seadustiku kohaselt, kus seisab, et menetlusosalist, kes esitab kohtule teadlikult või raskest hooletusest faktiväite, mis ei ole tõene, võib kohus teda trahvida eelneva hoiatuseta'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Seadus võimaldab kohtul määrata menetlusosalisele kuni 3200 eurot trahvi, kuid arvestada tuleb ka tema varalist seisundit, rikkumise olemust ja muid asjaolusid'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"ERR reports that the fine was imposed under the Code of Administrative Court Procedure, which allows the court to fine without prior warning a participant who knowingly or through gross negligence submits an untrue factual assertion; Delfi Ärileht reports that the law allows a fine of up to 3200 euros subject to the person's financial situation and the nature of the breach.","causal_attribution":"Legal basis as described by the outlets; the statute and the ruling were not read."}],"effects":[{"label":"a court fined one complainant 150 euros and nine others 50 euros each over a document, reported as drafted with AI, that cited scientists who do not exist","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the complainants' submission cited scientists who do not exist and studies that could not be found, and the court warned them of a fine for attempting to mislead it","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://arileht.delfi.ee/artikkel/120593306/valjamoedud-teadlased-ja-uuringud-kohus-maaras-tehisaru-luulude-eest-eesti-esimese-ai-trahvi","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"et","translation_note":"Read in Estonian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-08 (live, HTTP 200; Delfi Ärileht, published 26 June 2026 at 10:39); no human translator reviewed it and the translation of the cited passages is the research agent's own. Its four case paragraphs match the ERR report sentence for sentence, which indicates one court-information chain; same independence group as ERR. The court rulings were not read. 'tehisaru' is rendered as AI, 'kaebajad' as complainants, 'raieluba' as felling permit and 'määruskaebus' as an appeal against the ruling.","independence_group":"tallinn-administrative-court-ai-fine-announcement-2026-06"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.err.ee/1610063551/kohus-maaras-tehisaru-loodud-valevaidete-tottu-kaebajatele-trahvid","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"et","translation_note":"Read in Estonian by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-08 (live, HTTP 200; ERR, published 26 June 2026); no human translator reviewed it and the translation of the cited passages is the research agent's own. Its four case paragraphs match the Delfi Ärileht report sentence for sentence; same independence group. It adds an interview with the chair of the administrative court and a paragraph on the legal basis of the fine. The court rulings were not read.","independence_group":"tallinn-administrative-court-ai-fine-announcement-2026-06"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool was used, which of the ten complainants operated it, and whether anyone drafted the document on their behalf.","The dates on which the document was submitted, the fines were imposed and the circuit court ruled; only the report date (26 June 2026) and the Supreme Court's refusal in that week are reported.","The outcome of the felling-permit dispute itself.","The case numbers and full reasoning of the three courts; no ruling was read.","Whether the complainants were represented by counsel."],"geography":{"basis":"The events recorded are court events in Estonia: both reports say the complainants sent the document to the Tallinn Administrative Court, which fined them, and Delfi Ärileht says the Tallinn Circuit Court and the Supreme Court dealt with the appeals and calls it Estonia's first AI fine. The reports do not state where the complainants live or where the tool was used, so affected-person countries are left empty.","court_countries":["EE"],"event_countries":["EE"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Full review of a published case: complainants who submitted to the Tallinn Administrative Court a document reported as drafted with AI, citing scientists who do not exist, were fined 150 and 50 euros, and Delfi Ärileht reports the fines in force after the appeals. The account is one court-information chain carried by Delfi Ärileht and ERR, read in Estonian by the research agent; every claim is reported because no ruling was read. The complainants reportedly denied intent to mislead and the court did not forbid AI use; both are preserved. No complainant is named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-08"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Delfi Ärileht reports that the complainants submitted a document drafted with the help of AI, and ERR that the complaint contained false statements created by AI; both report that the complainants, asked how the document was produced, replied that using AI is not forbidden and that they had not meant to mislead the court (c2). The AI output is the document's references to Estonian scientists who do not exist and studies that could not be found (c1), and the court fined the complainants for submitting it (c3). The relation communicated_with records that the tool's output was delivered to the complainants' side, who submitted it and defended their use of AI; the reports do not say which of the ten complainants operated the tool, whether anyone drafted it for them, or what tool was used, so the relation is established for the complainant group and not for each person, and no complainant is counted as a direct user. The harm is the court's sanction for the submission, reviewed as a consequential response; no court ruling was read.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Estonia: Tallinn Administrative Court reported to have fined ten complainants over an AI-drafted filing that cites scientists who do not exist","summary":"According to Delfi Ärileht and ERR (both 26 June 2026), complainants who went to the Tallinn Administrative Court to contest a felling permit sent the court a document that cited scientific work on the effects of clear-cutting. The court found that the Estonian scientists named in the references do not exist and that the studies could not be found. It asked how the document had been produced, gave the complainants the chance to submit the cited works, and warned of a fine for attempting to mislead the court. The complainants replied that using AI is not forbidden and that they had not meant to mislead the court. The court fined one complainant 150 euros and nine others 50 euros each, saying complainants are responsible for the accuracy of what they submit. Delfi Ärileht reports that the Tallinn Circuit Court agreed and that the Supreme Court declined the case that week, so the fines are in force. No report names the tool or says which complainant used it.","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-06-26","aiSystem":"Unidentified AI tool with which, according to the reports of the court's ruling, the complainants' document was drafted; the document cited scientists who do not exist","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI writing tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A court fined one complainant 150 euros and nine others 50 euros each, ten people in all, for submitting a document, reported as drafted with AI, that cited scientists who do not exist; Delfi Ärileht reports that the Circuit Court agreed and that the fines are in force (Delfi Ärileht; ERR for the fines).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":10,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Ten people fined: one complainant 150 euros and nine other complainants 50 euros each (Delfi Ärileht; ERR). The reports treat the complainants together as the submitters of the AI-drafted document and do not say which of them operated the tool, so none is counted as a direct user; all ten are counted under other people harmed rather than inventing a split. The total is exact as reported; the allocation between direct users and others is unknown.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"EE","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://arileht.delfi.ee/artikkel/120593306/valjamoedud-teadlased-ja-uuringud-kohus-maaras-tehisaru-luulude-eest-eesti-esimese-ai-trahvi","primarySourceLabel":"Delfi Ärileht, 26 June 2026: Invented scientists and studies, court imposes Estonia's first AI fine","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-05T03:33:19.084955+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-08T03:13:55.986988+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["hallucinated-citations","court-filing","court-fine","estonia","tallinn","administrative-court","own-use","estonian-language"]},{"id":"2026-western-australia-man-jailed-ai-manipulated-images-of-real-children-exploitation-material","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'incorporating images of real victims and manipulating their images using AI tools'; 'was not mitigating because images of real children were used.'; 'used AI to manipulate images of children from social media.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The sentencing judge said the man was guilty of incorporating images of real victims and manipulating their images using AI tools, and that using AI to generate abusive material on the justification that it involved no actual abuse was not mitigating because images of real children were used; ABC reports he used AI to manipulate images of children from social media.","causal_attribution":"The judge's findings at sentencing after guilty pleas, as reported by one outlet; the sentencing remarks themselves were not inspected."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'who had pleaded guilty to 26 charges including indecent recording, producing, creating and possessing child exploitation material.'; 'He also pleaded guilty to five charges of possession of indecent or obscene articles.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"He pleaded guilty to 26 charges including indecent recording and producing, creating and possessing child exploitation material, and to five charges of possession of indecent or obscene articles.","causal_attribution":"Court report by ABC News."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'He used encrypted messaging apps to send sexual material to co-accused'; 'as well as a covert police operative who was communicating with him.'; 'A police raid on his Wanneroo home yielded a large amount of child exploitation material'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"He used encrypted messaging apps to send sexual material to two co-accused and to a covert police operative, and a police raid on his Wanneroo home yielded a large amount of child exploitation material.","causal_attribution":"As heard in court and reported by ABC News; the report does not say which material sent was AI-manipulated."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'was sentenced to four-and-a-half years in prison, and must serve two-and-a-half before being eligible for parole.'; 'He was fined $2,500 for the offensive material charges.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Judge Belinda Lonsdale of the WA District Court sentenced him to four and a half years in prison with eligibility for parole after two and a half years, and fined him $2,500 for the offensive material charges.","causal_attribution":"Court report by ABC News."}],"effects":[{"label":"images of real children were manipulated with AI tools into child exploitation material (sentencing judge as reported)","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-10-02/matthew-woodward-sentencing-ai-generated-child-exploitation/107216204","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-10-02 (ABC News, David Weber, posted 2 October 2026 at 7:16am AEST). Court reporting of the sentencing, quoting the judge and defence counsel. A photo caption in the article ('used AI to manipulate images of children from social media') is used alongside the body text.","independence_group":"abc-court-report"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["When the offending took place and when the man was charged.","Which AI tools were used.","How many real children were depicted, whether any were known to him, and whether any were informed.","Which of the material sent to the co-accused and the police operative was AI-manipulated.","The sentencing date; the report was posted on 2 October 2026 (AEST)."],"geography":{"basis":"The man lived in Wanneroo, Western Australia, where police raided his home, and was sentenced in the WA District Court (ABC News). Where the depicted children live is not stated.","court_countries":["AU"],"event_countries":["AU"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated) consistent with existing AI child-abuse-image rows (for example the Colchester and Carter County rows): a sentencing judge, as reported by ABC News, found that a man manipulated images of real children with AI tools into child exploitation material, and he pleaded guilty and was jailed. One outlet reports the case, so claims are marked reported. Neither the man, the co-accused nor any child is named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-02"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"ABC News reports the sentencing judge's finding that the man incorporated images of real victims and manipulated them using AI tools, and that images of real children were used; ABC also reports he used AI to manipulate images of children from social media. No tool is named.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Western Australia: a 41-year-old Wanneroo man was jailed for four and a half years after pleading guilty to 26 charges including producing and possessing child exploitation material; the District Court judge said he had manipulated images of real victims with AI tools, and ABC News reports he used AI on images of children from social media","summary":"ABC News (2 October 2026) reports that WA District Court Judge Belinda Lonsdale sentenced a 41-year-old man to four and a half years in prison, with eligibility for parole after two and a half years, for creating child exploitation material with AI. He had pleaded guilty to 26 charges including indecent recording and producing, creating and possessing child exploitation material, and to five charges of possessing indecent or obscene articles, and was fined $2,500 for the offensive material charges. The judge said he was guilty of incorporating images of real victims and manipulating their images using AI tools, and that the claim that AI-generated material involved no actual abuse was not mitigating because images of real children were used; ABC reports he used AI to manipulate images of children from social media. He sent sexual material through encrypted messaging apps to two co-accused and to a covert police operative, and a police raid on his Wanneroo home found a large amount of child exploitation material. The children are not identified and their number is not reported.","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-02","aiSystem":"Unnamed AI tools used to manipulate images of real children, including images from social media, into child exploitation material (sentencing remarks as reported by ABC News)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Images of real children were manipulated with AI tools into child exploitation material, according to the sentencing judge as reported by ABC News, which also reports that he used AI on images of children from social media; the man pleaded guilty and was jailed for four and a half years.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"The judge refers to images of real victims and real children manipulated with AI tools, and ABC reports images of children from social media, but no count of real children depicted is reported. Unquantified, numeric placeholders 0. Charge counts are not person counts.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"AU-WA","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-10-02/matthew-woodward-sentencing-ai-generated-child-exploitation/107216204","primarySourceLabel":"ABC News, 2 October 2026: WA man who used AI to make child exploitation material jailed","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-02T03:12:25.344122+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-02T03:12:25.344122+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-csam","children","australia","western-australia","perth","sentencing","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-southeast-idaho-waterfowl-hunter-caught-hunting-day-early-ai-search-answer-reported","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"a waterfowl hunter was caught hunting a day early","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"came in southeast Idaho","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"gotten the opening date from an online search","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"A waterfowl hunter in southeast Idaho was caught hunting a day early and told wardens the opening date came from an online search.","causal_attribution":"The account is the agency spokesperson's, relayed by the newspaper. The hunter's statement to wardens is relayed second-hand. No citation, fine or penalty for this hunter is stated."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"an AI answer that pulled information from a failed proposal","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Wardens found that the online search gave the hunter an AI answer that pulled information from a failed proposal instead of the agency's final decision or regulation book.","causal_attribution":"The agency spokesperson's account of the wardens' finding. The AI answer, the search product and the failed proposal are not shown in the inspected sources."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Fish and Game Conservation Officers are encountering people in the field who are using AI and search engines and getting incorrect information, which has led to citations.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"game wardens had encountered people in the field who had been fed the wrong information by AI","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Idaho Fish and Game stated that its conservation officers are encountering people who used AI and search engines and got incorrect information, which has led to citations.","causal_attribution":"An agency statement about unspecified individuals. The number of citations is not given. The Spokesman-Review text relays the same agency."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Some AI-generated search results reference the bills as if they are current law","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Individuals who rely on inaccurate AI-generated interpretations of Wyoming wildlife laws could face hunting or fishing violations","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Officials in places like Illinois and Maine have warned people against using AI","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Wyoming Game and Fish stated that AI-generated search results referenced failed legislative bills as current law and warned that people relying on them could face violations. The Spokesman-Review adds that officials in Illinois and Maine have warned against using AI for hunting rules.","causal_attribution":"Agency warnings. No individual harmed person is described in Wyoming, Illinois or Maine, so these are context and not additional cases."}],"effects":[{"label":"Waterfowl hunter found hunting a day before the season opened after an AI search answer gave the opening date (no citation of this hunter is reported)","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2025/oct/24/officials-want-hunters-to-use-regulation-booklets-/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"idfg-agency"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/dont-trust-ai-hunting-and-fishing-regulations-go-source","kind":"official_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"idfg-agency"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://wgfd.wyo.gov/news-events/ai-generated-information-can-be-inaccurate","kind":"official_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"wgfd-agency"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life","public_services"],"unknowns":["The date of the hunter's violation is not stated. The Idaho warning is dated 15 October 2025, and the Spokesman-Review text does not date the waterfowl case.","Whether this hunter was cited, and any penalty, is not stated. The Idaho statement that incorrect information has led to citations is general.","The AI product is not identified. The Spokesman-Review mentions Google's AI overviews as general context and does not say the hunter used them.","The hunter's identity and the specific failed proposal are not reported.","The hunter's statement that the date came from an online search is relayed by the spokesperson and not seen directly."],"geography":{"basis":"The reports place the event in southeast Idaho and the agencies are the Idaho Department of Fish and Game and the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. The country follows from the state names in the reports and is not inferred from the outlet.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"One newspaper article citing an agency spokesperson, an Idaho agency release and a Wyoming agency release, all read in full. The Idaho release and the newspaper are one agency chain. The hunter is unnamed in the sources. The event date is not stated, so the case is published undated.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"An Idaho Fish and Game spokesperson told the Spokesman-Review that wardens found the search gave the hunter an AI answer that pulled information from a failed proposal. The answer itself was not published. The spokesperson's finding is the only account of the AI output.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Southeast Idaho waterfowl hunter reportedly found hunting a day before the season opened after an AI search answer gave the opening date","summary":"The Spokesman-Review reported on 24 October 2025 that an Idaho Fish and Game spokesperson said a waterfowl hunter in southeast Idaho was caught hunting a day early. According to the spokesperson, the hunter told wardens the opening date came from an online search, and wardens found the search returned an AI answer built from a failed proposal instead of the agency's final decision. As context, Idaho Fish and Game had published a warning on 15 October 2025 stating that conservation officers encounter people using AI and search engines and getting incorrect information, which has led to citations. Wyoming Game and Fish published a notice on 22 October 2025 that AI-generated search results were citing failed bills as current law. The sources do not state whether this hunter was cited, the penalty, the date of the event, or which AI product produced the answer.","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-10-24","aiSystem":"AI-generated search answer (product not identified in the sources)","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI search answer","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A waterfowl hunter was reportedly found hunting a day before the season opened and confronted by wardens after relying on an online search that returned an AI answer built on a failed proposal. No citation, fine or penalty for this hunter is reported. The Idaho agency separately states that such incorrect information has led to citations of unspecified people.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One hunter is described as caught hunting early. Other hunters referred to generally by the Idaho and Wyoming agencies are not counted because no individual case is described.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","platformType":"other","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2025/oct/24/officials-want-hunters-to-use-regulation-booklets-/","primarySourceLabel":"The Spokesman-Review (Michael Wright), 'Ain't nothing like the real thing: Officials warn against using AI for hunting regs', 24 October 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T13:29:01.541684+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:16.512865+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":[]},{"id":"2026-kalgoorlie-chatgpt-eviction-belief-caravan-park-owner-threatened-fine","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'[the man] waited outside the store and, when the owner left, called him over for a fight in the carpark. The owner declined to fight, and [the man] threatened him by saying, “I really want to f… you up,” and “if I see you, I’ll f… you up”.'; 'The owner and his wife left the Spudshed carpark and drove to Kalgoorlie police station to report what had happened.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The owner declined to fight, and [the man] threatened him by saying, “I really want to f… you up,” and “if I see you, I’ll f… you up”.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The man called the caravan park owner over for a fight in the Spudshed car park and, when the owner declined, threatened him; the owner and his wife drove to Kalgoorlie police station to report it.","causal_attribution":"Prosecution facts as reported from the hearing; the man pleaded guilty."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Defence lawyer Will Reid said his client had some “tenancy issues” while staying at the caravan park owned by the victim and had been locked out without his belongings.'; 'He said [the man] had done research using AI chatbot ChatGPT and came to believe that he had been unfairly and illegally evicted from the park.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'A man who tried to fight the owner of a Kalgoorlie-Boulder caravan park because ChatGPT told him he had been unlawfully evicted has been fined $1000.'","relation":"context","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"His defence lawyer told the court that he had been locked out of the park without his belongings, had done research using ChatGPT, and came to believe that he had been unfairly and illegally evicted.","causal_attribution":"Defence submission in mitigation. The newsroom's opening sentence states the ChatGPT link as fact, but its only reported basis is the lawyer's statement; ChatGPT's replies are not published."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The 21-year-old appeared in Kalgoorlie Magistrates Court on Monday where he pleaded guilty to making a threat to unlawfully do an act.'; 'Magistrate Donna Webb said [the man]’s behaviour was “absolutely appalling” and fined him $1000.'; 'However, Ms Webb did grant him the spent conviction after prosecuting Sgt Kim Sullivan said he would not oppose it.'; 'could now have difficulty with his application for permanent residency in Australia'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"He pleaded guilty in Kalgoorlie Magistrates Court to making a threat to unlawfully do an act; the magistrate fined him A$1,000 and granted a spent conviction, and the court was told the matter could make his permanent-residency application difficult.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as reported; the fine is for the threat, not for the AI use."}],"effects":[{"label":"the caravan park owner was threatened in a supermarket car park and reported it to police","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the ChatGPT user was fined A$1,000 and told the case could affect his permanent-residency application","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.kalminer.com.au/news/regional/martin-paul-antoine-titou-xamena-made-threats-against-park-owner-after-chatgpt-said-he-was-unfairly-evicted-c-22801746","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Full body read by curl on 2026-09-29 (JSON-LD articleBody and visible text; datePublished 2026-08-31T18:00Z). Court report of the hearing.","independence_group":"west-australian-newspapers"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/court-justice/martin-paul-antoine-titou-xamena-made-threats-against-park-owner-after-chatgpt-said-he-was-unfairly-evicted-c-22807611","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Full body read by curl on 2026-09-29; identical text to s1 (same newsroom group), published 2026-09-01T07:01Z under the social headline 'ChatGPT legal advice backfires, costs miner $1000 in court'. Not independent of s1.","independence_group":"west-australian-newspapers"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["What the man asked ChatGPT and what it answered, and whether its view of the eviction was legally wrong.","The date of the threat (the report gives only the hearing, held on a Monday shortly before publication).","Whether the eviction was lawful; the tenancy dispute's outcome is not reported."],"geography":{"basis":"The threat took place in the Spudshed car park and the caravan park is in Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia; the hearing was in Kalgoorlie Magistrates Court. The man is a French national living in Kalgoorlie-Boulder on a working holiday visa; affected_person_countries records where both people were living.","court_countries":["AU"],"event_countries":["AU"],"affected_person_countries":["AU"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a court-reported case in which a person's belief, formed through ChatGPT research according to his lawyer, preceded a threat against another person and a criminal fine. The AI connection rests solely on the defence submission as reported by one newsroom group; the chat content is not public. Neither the man nor the park owner is named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The only account of AI involvement is the defence lawyer's submission in mitigation, as reported by the Kalgoorlie Miner and PerthNow: the man 'had done research using AI chatbot ChatGPT and came to believe that he had been unfairly and illegally evicted from the park.' No chat content is published and the prosecution's account does not mention AI.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia: a working-holiday miner who, his lawyer said, came to believe from ChatGPT research that he had been illegally evicted from a caravan park threatened the park's owner and was fined A$1,000","summary":"A 21-year-old French national working as an underground miner in Kalgoorlie-Boulder on a working holiday visa pleaded guilty in Kalgoorlie Magistrates Court to making a threat to unlawfully do an act. The prosecutor said he saw the owner of the caravan park where he had stayed in a supermarket, waited outside, called him over for a fight in the car park and, when the owner declined, told him 'I really want to f… you up' and 'if I see you, I'll f… you up'. The owner and his wife drove to Kalgoorlie police station to report it. His defence lawyer told the court that he had been locked out of the park without his belongings, had done research using ChatGPT and came to believe that he had been unfairly and illegally evicted. The magistrate called the behaviour 'absolutely appalling', fined him A$1,000 and granted a spent conviction. The court was told the matter could make his application for permanent residency in Australia difficult. ChatGPT's replies are not published, and the AI connection rests on the defence submission as reported by one newsroom.","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-08-31","aiSystem":"ChatGPT (OpenAI), used by the man for research about his eviction, per his defence lawyer; the model version and the replies are not reported","aiProduct":"ChatGPT (reported)","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"unverified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["harm_to_others","legal_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The caravan park owner was threatened in a supermarket car park and, with his wife, reported it to police; the man who made the threat, whose lawyer said ChatGPT research had convinced him he was illegally evicted, was fined A$1,000 and told the case could affect his permanent-residency application (court report of the prosecution facts and the defence submission; ChatGPT's replies are not published).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One participant user: the man who, per his lawyer, used ChatGPT and was fined A$1,000. One other person: the caravan park owner, who was threatened. The owner's wife was present when they reported it but no threat to her is reported, so she is not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"AU-WA","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.kalminer.com.au/news/regional/martin-paul-antoine-titou-xamena-made-threats-against-park-owner-after-chatgpt-said-he-was-unfairly-evicted-c-22801746","primarySourceLabel":"Kalgoorlie Miner, 1 September 2026 (AWST): Man made threats after ChatGPT said he was unfairly evicted","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T09:10:15.517877+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:42.208475+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["chatgpt","legal-advice","tenancy","threat","fine","own-use","kalgoorlie","western-australia","court-report"]}]}