{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-28T06:30:16.428Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"exam","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"contextual","evidence":"","year":"","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":9,"coverage":{"cases":9,"countries":4,"languages":6,"unknownLocation":1,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":3,"regulatory":3,"minors":1,"coreRelations":2,"contextualRelations":9,"mixedRelations":2,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2020-amsterdam-university-student-says-proctorio-face-check-repeatedly-failed-to-detect-her-rights-body-finds-no-discrimination","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Voor bepaalde tentamens was het verplicht dat studenten op hun computer de proctoringsoftware (‘antispieksoftware’) van Proctorio installeerden'; 'De software maakt, in ieder geval tijdens het verificatieproces, gebruik van gezichtsdetectiealgoritmes om te beoordelen of een student in beeld is.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In 2020/21 VU Amsterdam required students to run Proctorio proctoring software for some online exams; according to the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights the software used face-detection algorithms, at least during the verification process, to judge whether a student was in view.","causal_attribution":"The Institute's findings of fact about the software's use and function."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'de software had moeite om haar tijdens het verificatieproces te herkennen. Zij kreeg regelmatig de melding ‘face not found’ of ‘room too dark’.'; 'Deze gebeurtenissen leverden haar veel stress en een gevoel van onveiligheid op.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Het programma herkende haar gezicht niet en vroeg haar in \"een goed belichte ruimte\" te gaan zitten'; 'door met een lamp recht in haar gezicht te schijnen.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Ze kreeg dan meldingen zoals ‘face not found’ of ‘room too dark’.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The student says the software had trouble recognising her during the verification process, that she regularly received 'face not found' or 'room too dark' messages, lost a lot of time, shone a bright lamp into her face while taking exams, and that these events caused her much stress and a feeling of insecurity.","causal_attribution":"The student's own account, recited in the ruling as her position and given in interviews; the Institute did not accept that the problems exceeded other students' or were linked to her skin colour (c5)."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Enkel bij het tentamen op 31 maart 2021 ging de setup bij verzoekster langzamer dan gemiddeld; zij had 3 minuten en 27 seconden nodig, terwijl de studenten gemiddeld 2 minuten en 22 seconden nodig hadden.'; 'dat de helpdesk verzoekster heeft geadviseerd om haar bril af te zetten. Nadat verzoekster dit advies heeft opgevolgd, komt zij binnen 8 seconden door de webcamcheck.'; 'De mogelijkheid dat een bril problemen geeft bij de webcamcheck, is een bekend probleem bij Proctorio'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"At an exam on 31 March 2021 the student's Proctorio setup took 3 minutes 27 seconds against an average of 2 minutes 22 seconds; after three attempts at the webcam check she was offered helpdesk chat, was advised to remove her glasses, and then passed the webcam check within eight seconds. The Institute described glasses causing webcam-check problems as a known Proctorio problem unrelated to her skin colour.","causal_attribution":"Findings of the Institute from log data and a chat transcript submitted by the university."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Het College heeft in het tussenoordeel van 7 december 2022 (oordeel 2022-146) vastgesteld dat er voldoende aanwijzingen zijn voor het vermoeden dat de VU de student gediscrimineerd heeft op grond van haar huidskleur.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'De universiteit krijgt tien weken de tijd om aan te tonen dat de software niet discrimineert.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"In an interim ruling of 7 December 2022 the Institute found sufficient indications for a presumption that the university had discriminated against the student on grounds of her skin colour by using Proctorio, and gave the university the opportunity to rebut it.","causal_attribution":"The Institute's interim ruling as recited in its final ruling and reported by AT5."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'De VU heeft kunnen aantonen dat de student tijdens haar tentamens niet meer problemen heeft ondervonden dan andere studenten.'; 'niet veroorzaakt kan zijn door de proctoringsoftware, maar – zeer waarschijnlijk – wel door een instabiele internetverbinding.'; 'acht aannemelijk dat er geen noodzaak was voor verzoekster om langdurig een lamp op hinderlijke wijze in haar gezicht te laten schijnen'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In its final ruling of 17 October 2023 the Institute found that the university had proved it did not discriminate against the student by using Proctorio: she had no more login, verification or restart problems than other students, a restart during the 31 March 2021 exam was very likely caused by an unstable internet connection, and it was plausible that she had no need to keep a lamp shining in her face for long periods.","causal_attribution":"The Institute's final findings; they dispute the student's account of the cause and extent of her problems."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'verboden onderscheid op grond van ras gemaakt bij de klachtbehandeling.'; 'Uiteindelijk heeft het tot 11 mei 2022 geduurd voordat de klacht van de student door één van die instanties in behandeling genomen is.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Institute found that the university had discriminated in handling the student's complaint: she first linked the software's poor functioning to her skin colour in a complaint of 1 October 2021, and it was 11 May 2022 before one of the bodies she was referred to took it up.","causal_attribution":"The Institute's ruling on complaint handling."},{"id":"c7","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'rekenen we het onszelf zeer aan dat de student zich onvoldoende gehoord heeft gevoeld in haar ervaring. Hiervoor bieden we onze excuses aan.'; 'Met de kennis van vandaag zullen wij opnieuw evalueren of, en zo ja hoe, het toetsen op afstand verantwoord kan worden ingezet.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"After the ruling the university apologised that the student had not felt sufficiently heard and said it would review its complaint procedures and re-evaluate whether remote proctoring can be used responsibly.","causal_attribution":"The university's own published statement."}],"effects":[{"label":"student reports stress, lost time and a lamp in her face after Proctorio's face check repeatedly failed to detect her","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://oordelen.mensenrechten.nl/oordeel/2023-111","kind":"official_decision","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-10-28; the research agent (an AI) translated the passages for this record; quotations are kept in Dutch.","independence_group":"crm-ruling-2023-111"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2436872-studente-dient-klacht-in-over-discriminerende-antispieksoftware","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-10-28; the research agent (an AI) translated the passages for this record; quotations are kept in Dutch.","independence_group":"student-interview-volkskrant-2022"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.at5.nl/artikelen/218108/mensenrechtencollege-geeft-vu-student-gelijk-vermoeden-discriminatie-antispieksoftware-terecht","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-10-28; the research agent (an AI) translated the passages for this record; quotations are kept in Dutch.","independence_group":"at5-2022-12-09"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://vu.nl/nl/nieuws/2023/uitspraak-college-voor-de-rechten-van-de-mens","kind":"institution_statement","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-10-28; the research agent (an AI) translated the passages for this record; quotations are kept in Dutch.","independence_group":"vu-statement-2023-10-17"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["education","accessibility"],"unknowns":["How many of the student's eight Proctorio-monitored exams produced face-detection failures, and how long each took; the university's log data for four exams before February 2021 do not separate Proctorio's setup time.","Whether the face-detection model performed worse for the student because of her skin colour; Proctorio's audit was not submitted to the Institute.","Proctorio's own response to the student's account."],"geography":{"basis":"The exams were VU Amsterdam's online exams, and the complaint was decided by the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights in Utrecht. The ruling redacts where the student lived and does not say where she sat the exams, so her country is left unknown.","court_countries":["NL"],"event_countries":["NL"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as an institution's use of an automated face-detection check on a student: the Institute's ruling documents that the check failed her three times on one exam, and she reports repeated failures, lost time and stress. The ruling rejected her discrimination claim and found that the university mishandled her complaint; both are recorded.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-28"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Institute's ruling says Proctorio used face-detection algorithms in the pre-exam verification check to judge whether a student was in view, and documents that on 31 March 2021 the check failed the student three times and passed her within eight seconds once she removed her glasses. The student says the check repeatedly reported 'face not found' or 'room too dark', which cost her time and caused stress. The Institute found the failures were not linked to her skin colour and not more frequent than other students' failures, so the extent of the system's failures and their cause remain disputed.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_decision_about"]},"name":"Amsterdam student says Proctorio exam software repeatedly failed to detect her face; rights body found no discrimination but faulted complaint handling","summary":"During the 2020/21 academic year, when exams at VU Amsterdam were held online because of the pandemic, some exams required students to run Proctorio proctoring software, which according to the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights used face-detection algorithms during a pre-exam webcam check to judge whether the student was in view. A master's student says the software had trouble recognising her, that she regularly received 'face not found' or 'room too dark' messages, lost time, shone a bright lamp into her face while taking exams, and experienced stress and a feeling of insecurity; she suspected the failures were linked to her dark skin and complained to the Institute in July 2022. In an interim ruling of 7 December 2022 the Institute found sufficient indications for a presumption of discrimination. In its final ruling of 17 October 2023 it found that the university had proved it had not discriminated against her by using Proctorio: on the exam where her setup took longer than average (31 March 2021), the webcam check failed three times and she passed within eight seconds after the helpdesk advised her to remove her glasses, a known Proctorio problem the Institute treated as unrelated to skin colour; a restart during that exam was very likely caused by an unstable internet connection; and it considered it plausible that she had no need to keep a lamp shining in her face for long periods. It found that the university had discriminated in handling her complaint, which took from 1 October 2021 to 11 May 2022 to be taken up. The university apologised that she had not felt heard.","incidentDate":"2020-01-01","incidentEndDate":"2021-05-26","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2022-07-15","aiSystem":"Proctorio online proctoring software used for some VU Amsterdam exams in 2020/21; according to the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights it used face-detection algorithms, at least during the pre-exam verification process, to judge whether a student was in view","aiProduct":"Proctorio","aiCompany":"Proctorio","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The student says repeated face-detection failures at the exam webcam check cost her time, led her to shine a lamp into her face during exams and caused her stress and a feeling of insecurity. The Institute documented one exam where three failed checks delayed her start by about a minute against the average, but found she had no more problems than other students and that the problems were not linked to her skin colour.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"disputed","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One student, the complainant, who used the software herself. The Racism and Technology Center's fear, reported by NOS, that thousands of students with dark skin had problems is not a count.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"NL","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://oordelen.mensenrechten.nl/oordeel/2023-111","primarySourceLabel":"Netherlands Institute for Human Rights, ruling 2023-111 on VU Amsterdam's use of Proctorio, 17 October 2023","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-28T03:05:48.901494+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-28T03:05:48.901494+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["proctorio","online-proctoring","face-detection","exam","university","netherlands","equality-body","complaint-handling"]},{"id":"2025-czech-constitutional-court-fines-lawyer-for-complaint-citing-non-existent-rulings-drafted-with-ai-tool","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"I.ÚS 3004/25 ze dne 1. 12. 2025; jako povinnému se ukládá pořádková pokuta ve výši 25 000 Kč; Pokutu uložil pouze ve čtvrtině zákonného rozpětí, neboť se povinný hrubého ztížení postupu řízení před Ústavním soudem dopustil poprvé a vadu podání lze ještě odstranit.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On 1 December 2025 the presiding judge of a Constitutional Court chamber fined the lawyer 25,000 crowns for grossly obstructing proceedings, at a quarter of the statutory range because it was a first failing and the defect could still be remedied.","causal_attribution":"The fine responded to the filing; the order attributes the defects to the lawyer's failure to verify presumed AI output."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"V ústavní stížnosti argumentoval celkem 12 rozhodnutími Ústavního soudu a Evropského soudu pro lidská práva. Po pečlivém prostudování ústavní stížnosti Ústavní soud zjistil, že podstatná část z těchto rozhodnutí vůbec neexistuje a část je povinným hrubě dezinterpretována.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The complaint argued from 12 decisions of the Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights, a substantial part of which did not exist and part of which were grossly misinterpreted.","causal_attribution":"Established by the court's own verification."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"To vede Ústavní soud k domněnce, že povinný generoval podání pomocí některého z modelů umělé inteligence, poté však neověřil existenci citovaných rozhodnutí a správnost argumentace, resp. citace.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court found signs of AI use in the complaint and presumed that the lawyer had generated it with an AI model and then failed to verify the citations and argument.","causal_attribution":"The order records the court's presumption of AI generation; the lawyer's confirmation is a separate claim (c4)."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Že opravdu použil při sepisování stížnosti umělou inteligenci, potvrdil INFO.CZ samotný advokát, který nad celou situací vyjádřil lítost.; Přiznává, že jeho chybou bylo, že výstup nedostatečně kontroloval a spolehl se na to, že uvedená judikatura odpovídá.; placený profesionální model AI, který nabízí některá z velkých společností provozujících komplexní právní informační systémy","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The lawyer confirmed to INFO.CZ that AI was used to write the complaint, said the output was not checked enough, and described the tool as a paid professional AI model from a large legal information system provider.","causal_attribution":"The lawyer attributes the false citations to the AI tool's output that was not checked."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Stěžovateli, prostřednictvím jeho právního zástupce, souběžně Ústavní soud zasílá výzvu k odstranění vad ústavní stížnosti, aby stěžovatel v důsledku postupu svého právního zástupce neutrpěl procesní újmu.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"I.ÚS 3004/25 ze dne 30. 1. 2026; Ústavní stížnost se odmítá.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court invited the client to remedy the complaint so that the client would suffer no procedural harm, and later rejected the complaint as manifestly unfounded on 30 January 2026.","causal_attribution":"No source connects the rejection to the AI-generated citations."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Podle zdrojů INFO.CZ se kontrolní rada ČAK tímto konkrétním případem již zabývá. A to přestože se advokát soudu omluvil, pokutu zaplatil a klienta se jeho selhání nedotkne, neboť od ÚS dostal prostor na nápravu.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Ústavní soud ocenil následný přístup advokáta, který pokutu obratem uhradil a zaslal omluvu.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The lawyer apologised and paid the fine, and the Czech Bar Association's supervisory board was reported to be examining the case.","causal_attribution":"Consequence of the fine; the bar examination rests on INFO.CZ's unnamed sources."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Pokud jde o využití AI pro přípravu podání bez kontroly zdrojů, může se skutečně jednat o kárné provinění advokáta; Ve svých důsledcích by to mohlo vést k postihování advokáta obecně za podání, které soud vyhodnotí jako nekvalitní nebo s nesprávně aplikovanou judikaturou","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The Czech Bar Association's president said using AI for a filing without checking sources may be a disciplinary offence, while the bar expressed reservations about courts fining lawyers for filings they judge to be of poor quality.","causal_attribution":"Context and a qualification of the sanction, not a causal claim."}],"effects":[{"label":"fined 25,000 crowns by the Constitutional Court over non-existent and misinterpreted rulings in an AI-drafted complaint","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"case reported to be under examination by the bar association's supervisory board","claim_id":"c6","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://nalus.usoud.cz/Search/GetText.aspx?sz=1-3004-25_1","kind":"court_decision","access":"read","language":"cs","translation_note":"Read in Czech on 2026-10-26 (HTTP 200); quoted passages were translated by the research agent (an AI). Order dated 1 December 2025 in the NALUS database; the client and lawyer are named in the order and are not reproduced here.","independence_group":"czech-constitutional-court-order-i-us-3004-25-dec-2025"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://nalus.usoud.cz/Search/GetText.aspx?sz=1-3004-25_2","kind":"court_decision","access":"read","language":"cs","translation_note":"Read in Czech on 2026-10-26 (HTTP 200); quoted passages were translated by the research agent (an AI). Resolution dated 30 January 2026 in the NALUS database.","independence_group":"czech-constitutional-court-resolution-i-us-3004-25-jan-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.info.cz/zpravodajstvi-a-komentare/ustavni-soud-pokuta-advokat-umela-inteligence-ai","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"cs","translation_note":"Read in Czech on 2026-10-26 (HTTP 200); quoted passages were translated by the research agent (an AI). INFO.CZ broke the story and interviewed the fined lawyer; later reports relay its interview.","independence_group":"info-cz-lawyer-interview-dec-2025"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.info.cz/zpravodajstvi-a-komentare/pokuta-advokat-ai-justice-cak-vyhrady","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"cs","translation_note":"Read in Czech on 2026-10-26 (HTTP 200); quoted passages were translated by the research agent (an AI). Follow-up article with statements of the Czech Bar Association president and the presidents of the two top courts.","independence_group":"info-cz-bar-reaction-dec-2025"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://advokatnidenik.cz/2025/12/12/generativni-ai-prinesla-k-soudum-take-halucinace-ai-v-pravnich-podanich/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"cs","translation_note":"Read in Czech on 2026-10-26 (HTTP 200); quoted passages were translated by the research agent (an AI). Bar Association journal article credited to the ČTK news agency.","independence_group":"ctk-advokatni-denik-dec-2025"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["The name of the AI tool and its provider; the lawyer declined to name it.","The date the complaint was filed (INFO.CZ says it reached the court in October 2025).","The outcome of the Czech Bar Association supervisory board's examination, if any."],"geography":{"basis":"The complaint was filed with, and the fine imposed by, the Czech Constitutional Court; the reports describe the lawyer as practising in Prague. Residence is not recorded as a country of the affected person.","court_countries":["CZ"],"event_countries":["CZ"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a concrete adverse consequence of AI use: the Constitutional Court's order fines a lawyer for a complaint whose non-existent citations it presumes were generated with an AI model, and the lawyer confirmed using a paid legal AI tool without checking its output.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-26"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Constitutional Court's order finds that a substantial part of the 12 decisions cited in the complaint did not exist, identifies signs of AI-generated text, and presumes the lawyer generated the filing with an AI model without verifying it; the lawyer confirmed to INFO.CZ that an AI tool, a paid professional model from a legal information system provider, was used and that its output was not checked enough. The tool's output reached the lawyer and went into the complaint (communicated_with), and the court read those invented authorities and fined the lawyer for them (informed_decision_about). The provider is not named.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Czech Constitutional Court fines a lawyer 25,000 crowns over a complaint citing non-existent rulings; the lawyer says a paid legal AI tool drafted it","summary":"On 1 December 2025 the presiding judge of a chamber of the Czech Constitutional Court fined a Prague lawyer 25,000 crowns (a quarter of the statutory maximum) for grossly obstructing proceedings. The lawyer had filed a constitutional complaint, for a client refused a temporary residence permit, that argued from 12 decisions of the Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights; the court found that a substantial part of them did not exist and part were grossly misinterpreted. The order says the complaint showed signs of generative AI and that the court presumed the lawyer had generated it with an AI model and then failed to verify the citations. The lawyer confirmed to INFO.CZ that an AI tool was used, described it as a paid professional model from a legal information system provider, said the output was not checked enough, and expressed regret. The court invited the client to correct the complaint so that the client would suffer no procedural harm; the complaint was later rejected as manifestly unfounded on 30 January 2026. INFO.CZ reported on 10 December 2025 that the lawyer had apologised and paid the fine and that the Czech Bar Association's supervisory board was examining the case.","incidentDate":"2025-12-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-12-03","aiSystem":"A paid professional AI model offered by a legal information system provider, used to draft a constitutional complaint (provider not named; the court inferred generative AI from the text and the lawyer confirmed its use)","aiProduct":"Unidentified legal research tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the Constitutional Court's order, a lawyer whose complaint cited non-existent and misinterpreted rulings, which the court presumed were AI-generated and the lawyer says came from a paid legal AI tool, was fined 25,000 crowns; INFO.CZ reported that the bar association's supervisory board was examining the case.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the lawyer fined by the Constitutional Court. The court invited the client to remedy the complaint so that the client would suffer no procedural harm, and INFO.CZ reports that the client was not affected, so the client is not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CZ","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://nalus.usoud.cz/Search/GetText.aspx?sz=1-3004-25_1","primarySourceLabel":"Czech Constitutional Court, order I. US 3004/25 imposing a disciplinary fine (1 December 2025)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-26T03:09:43.763021+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-26T03:09:43.763021+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["czechia","legal-profession","hallucinated-citations","court-fine","constitutional-court"]},{"id":"2025-san-diego-health-system-patient-alleges-ai-scribe-recorded-exam-room-visit-without-consent","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'A proposed class-action lawsuit filed in San Diego Superior Court claims Sharp HealthCare secretly recorded doctor-patient conversations using an artificial intelligence tool'; 'The tool records conversations between patients and clinicians and then generates draft medical notes.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'A recent lawsuit filed in San Diego Superior Court alleges that Sharp HealthCare recorded conversations between doctors and their patients without written consent, using the information to document visits with an artificial intelligence program developed by a private company in Pittsburgh.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'A lawsuit in San Diego claims Sharp Healthcare recorded doctor visits without written consent, while using an A.I. tool called Abridge to take notes.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"A proposed class action filed in San Diego Superior Court alleges that Sharp HealthCare used the AI app Abridge, which records patient-clinician conversations and generates draft medical notes, and recorded doctor-patient conversations without patients' consent.","causal_attribution":"The complaint's allegations, relayed by three outlets (one underlying origin: the complaint); not tested in court in the sources read."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Sharp began using an AI app called Abridge in April of this year, according to the complaint.'; 'sent the audio to the company’s servers, where employees could review it.'; 'Patients were never informed that their appointments were being recorded or given an opportunity to consent or opt-out, the lawsuit alleges.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Recordings, the lawsuit states, were transmitted to Abridge'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the complaint, Sharp began using Abridge in April 2025, and the app captured everything said in the exam room and sent the audio to the company's servers, where employees could review it; patients were never informed or given a chance to consent or opt out.","causal_attribution":"Complaint allegations; the start date and server review detail are in the KPBS relay only, the transmission to Abridge in both."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'said he discovered the recording only after reading his medical notes from a July appointment at a Sharp Rees-Stealy clinic. When he contacted Sharp, the lawsuit said the clinic apologized, acknowledged the recording occurred and told him the file could remain on the vendor’s servers for about a month before being deleted.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The plaintiff says he discovered that a July appointment at a Sharp clinic had been recorded only after reading his medical notes; according to the lawsuit the clinic apologised, acknowledged the recording and said the file could remain on the vendor's servers for about a month.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's account in the complaint as reported by KPBS; Sharp's acknowledgement is as described in the lawsuit, not a Sharp statement read directly."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'It also claims that Abridge automatically inserted incorrect statements into medical charts, documenting that patients “were advised” the visit was being recorded and that they “consented,” even when the patient said it never happened.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The complaint alleges that Abridge automatically inserted incorrect statements into medical charts documenting that patients were advised the visit was being recorded and consented, even when the patient said it never happened.","causal_attribution":"Complaint allegation relayed by KPBS only; whether the tool or a clinician produced the entries is not established in the sources."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The lawsuit seeks damages, corrections to medical records, and a court order blocking the use of the AI tool without proper consent. It estimates that more than 100,000 Sharp patients may have been recorded during the rollout.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'seeks class action status and damages that could reach five thousand dollars per violation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The lawsuit seeks class status, damages, corrections to medical records and an order blocking use of the tool without consent, and estimates that more than 100,000 Sharp patients may have been recorded.","causal_attribution":"The relief sought and the estimate are the complaint's; the estimate is of people possibly recorded."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Both Sharp and Counterpoint Legal said they cannot comment on pending litigation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Sharp said that while \"patient safety and privacy are our top priorities at all times,\" it is \"unable to comment on pending litigation.\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Sharp said patient safety and privacy are its top priorities and that it could not comment on pending litigation.","causal_attribution":"Sharp's statements to two outlets (one party); no response to the substance of the allegations is reported."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Abridge suggests that doctors could say, \"I will be using a tool that records our conversation to help me write my clinical note, so I can pay more attention to our conversation and less time on the computer. Is that okay with you?\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Other local hospitals say they use similar tech, but with patient permission.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Abridge's support material suggests consent language clinicians could use with patients, and other San Diego providers using similar tools say they require patient consent.","causal_attribution":"Context from the Union-Tribune's review of Abridge's support pages and both outlets' comments from other providers; not a statement about this visit."}],"effects":[{"label":"confidential clinic visit recorded and sent to an AI vendor without the patient’s knowledge (alleged)","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"chart entry stating consent the patient says he never gave (alleged)","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.kpbs.org/news/health/2025/12/11/lawsuit-claims-sharp-healthcare-secretly-recorded-exam-room-conversations-without-patient-consent","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"English original; no translation.","independence_group":"kpbs-11-dec-2025"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://medicalxpress.com/news/2026-01-ai-exam-room-lawsuit-alleges.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"English original; no translation.","independence_group":"san-diego-union-tribune-6-jan-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/ai-in-the-exam-room-lawsuit-says-not-so-fast/ar-AA1TG8JK","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"English original; no translation.","independence_group":"san-diego-union-tribune-6-jan-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["health","privacy"],"unknowns":["Whether a court has ruled on the complaint or certified a class.","Sharp's and Abridge's response to the substance of the allegations.","How many patients were recorded without consent; the 100,000 figure is the complaint's estimate of patients who may have been recorded.","Whether the consent statements in charts were produced by the tool or entered by clinicians, beyond the complaint's allegation.","Whether recordings were used for anything beyond note generation."],"geography":{"basis":"The recorded visit was at a Sharp clinic and the suit was filed in San Diego Superior Court (KPBS; Union-Tribune). The plaintiff's country of residence is not stated.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a privacy-capture case (received_personal_information) under the 2026-10-06 boundary: a reported complaint describes a patient's confidential visit actually being recorded into an AI documentation service and sent to its vendor without his knowledge, with the AI-generated chart allegedly stating he consented (made_claim_about). All facts are attributed to the complaint.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-17"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"According to the complaint as reported by KPBS and the San Diego Union-Tribune, Sharp's AI documentation app Abridge recorded the conversation at the plaintiff's July clinic visit and transmitted the audio to Abridge's servers to generate draft notes, without his knowledge or consent; the lawsuit says the clinic acknowledged the recording. The complaint also alleges that Abridge inserted chart statements that he had been advised and had consented. That capture and disclosure of his confidential visit, and the false consent entry, are the reported harm. These are allegations not yet tested in court.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["received_personal_information","made_claim_about"]},"name":"Class action alleges San Diego health system Sharp's Abridge AI scribe recorded a patient's exam-room visit without consent and charted false consent","summary":"A proposed class action filed in San Diego Superior Court in late 2025 alleges that Sharp HealthCare, which began using the AI documentation app Abridge in April 2025, recorded doctor-patient conversations without telling patients, sent the audio to the vendor's servers and used it to generate draft medical notes. According to the lawsuit as reported by KPBS, the named plaintiff discovered that a July appointment at a Sharp clinic had been recorded only when he read his medical notes; the clinic apologised, acknowledged the recording and told him the file could stay on the vendor's servers for about a month. The complaint also alleges that Abridge inserted statements into charts that patients had been advised of the recording and had consented, when the plaintiff says that never happened. It seeks damages, corrected medical records and an order against using the tool without consent, and estimates that more than 100,000 patients may have been recorded. Sharp told reporters it could not comment on pending litigation. The allegations have not been tested in court in the sources read.","incidentDate":"2025-07-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-12-11","aiSystem":"Abridge, an AI clinical documentation app that, according to the complaint as reported, records patient-clinician conversations and generates draft medical notes; deployed by Sharp HealthCare from April 2025","aiProduct":"Abridge (reported)","aiCompany":"Abridge","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_autonomy","other_material_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to a proposed class action, a patient's confidential clinic visit was recorded by an AI documentation tool and sent to its vendor without his knowledge or consent, and his chart falsely recorded that he had consented.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"One person counted: the named plaintiff whose July visit, the lawsuit says, was recorded (KPBS). The complaint alleges other patients were recorded without consent but gives only an estimate that more than 100,000 'may have been recorded', which is not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-CA","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"pending","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.kpbs.org/news/health/2025/12/11/lawsuit-claims-sharp-healthcare-secretly-recorded-exam-room-conversations-without-patient-consent","primarySourceLabel":"KPBS, 11 December 2025: lawsuit claims Sharp HealthCare secretly recorded exam room conversations without patient consent","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-17T03:04:33.888418+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-17T03:04:33.888418+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai_scribe","ambient_documentation","recording_without_consent","medical_privacy","class_action"]},{"id":"2025-eindhoven-municipal-staff-uploaded-residents-youth-care-and-social-support-files-to-public-ai-websites","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Uit die steekproef is aan het licht gekomen dat er bestanden met persoonlijke gegevens naar openbare AI-websites zoals ChatGPT zijn gestuurd.'; 'Denk aan Jeugdwetdocumenten, interne verslagen en cv'; 'De steekproef ging over de periode van 23 september tot 23 oktober'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'In een steekproef over de periode van 23 september tot 23 oktober 2025 constateerde de gemeente dat verschillende soorten bestanden met persoonsgegevens waren geüpload naar openbare AI-websites.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"According to the council letter as reported, a sample of staff data traffic from 23 September to 23 October 2025 found that files containing personal data of residents and employees had been uploaded to public AI websites such as ChatGPT, including youth-care documents, internal reports and CVs, mostly from care and support departments.","causal_attribution":"The municipality's own account in its council letter, relayed by two outlets that share that origin."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'documenten uit de Jeugdwet met daarin informatie over de mentale en fysieke gezondheid van minderjarige kinderen'; 'Maar ook documenten van de Wet Maatschappelijke Ondersteuning (WMO) zijn ingevoerd.'; 'van sollicitanten en reflectieverslagen van medewerkers met daarin informatie over werkprestaties zijn in de Ai-tool terechtgekomen.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to Omroep Brabant's account of the advisory firm's findings, the youth-care documents contained information about the mental and physical health of minor children, and social-support (WMO) documents, applicants' CVs and employees' reflection reports were also entered into the AI tool.","causal_attribution":"The advisory firm's findings as reported by one outlet; the report itself was not read."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Het datalek is op 23 oktober gemeld bij de Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens.'; 'De gemeente heeft OpenAI (het bedrijf achter ChatGPT) verzocht om de bestanden die vanuit Eindhoven zijn geüpload te verwijderen.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Sinds 23 oktober kunnen medewerkers alleen nog gebruikmaken van Copilot binnen de beveiligde gemeente-omgeving.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The municipality reported the breach to the Dutch Data Protection Authority on 23 October, stopped staff using public AI websites (allowing only Copilot in its secured environment), and asked OpenAI to delete the uploaded files.","causal_attribution":"The municipality's statements of its response, relayed by two outlets sharing the council-letter origin."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Daarom is het volgens het college ook niet mogelijk om mensen van wie gegevens gelekt zijn te informeren.'; 'Individuele gegevens die zijn geüpload in een AI-tool kunnen niet eenvoudig door derden uit de tool worden gehaald en worden misbruikt.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'De gemeente Eindhoven heeft van OpenAi nog geen reactie gehad op hun verzoek, zo liet een woordvoerder vrijdag weten.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'De totale omvang van de gedeelde gegevens is niet vast te stellen, omdat deze gegevens maximaal 30 dagen beschikbaar zijn.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The council says the scale of the uploads cannot be established because the data was kept for only 30 days, that it therefore cannot inform those affected, and that individual uploaded data cannot easily be extracted by third parties though the risk cannot be fully excluded; a spokesperson said OpenAI had not yet replied.","causal_attribution":"The council's and a spokesperson's statements about scope and risk."}],"effects":[{"label":"residents' youth-care and social-support files and job applicants' CVs uploaded to public AI websites without their knowledge (council letter, as reported)","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/6001041/datalek-gemeente-eindhoven-deelt-persoonsgegevens-met-openbare-ai-websites","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-10-12; quoted passages were translated into English by the research agent (an AI), not by a human translator. Omroep Brabant's report of the council information letter.","independence_group":"eindhoven-council-letter"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/6001062/datalek-eindhoven-met-kwetsbare-burgers-verwijderverzoek-is-kansloos","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-10-12; quoted passages were translated into English by the research agent (an AI), not by a human translator. Omroep Brabant's follow-up citing the advisory firm's findings and a municipal spokesperson; the firm's report itself was not read.","independence_group":"omroep-brabant-hooghiemstra-findings"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.binnenlandsbestuur.nl/digitaal/gemeente-eindhoven-blokkeert-chatgpt-na-datalek","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read in Dutch on 2026-10-12; quoted passages were translated into English by the research agent (an AI), not by a human translator. Binnenlands Bestuur's report of the same council letter, so it shares the first source's group.","independence_group":"eindhoven-council-letter"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["public_services","health","work","privacy"],"unknowns":["How many residents, children, applicants and employees had data uploaded.","Whether uploads happened before or after the 23 September to 23 October 2025 sample window.","Which AI websites other than ChatGPT received files, and which account types staff used.","Whether OpenAI deleted the files, and whether any data was retained or used for training.","Whether the Dutch Data Protection Authority has taken a decision on the notification."],"geography":{"basis":"The uploads were found in the data traffic of the municipality of Eindhoven's staff, and the files concern residents and employees of that Dutch municipality. No court is involved.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["NL"],"affected_person_countries":["NL"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-10-06 private-information ruling: the municipality's council letter, as reported by two outlets, describes staff actually uploading files with residents' youth-care and social-support data and applicants' CVs to public AI websites such as ChatGPT, without the knowledge of the people concerned. The scale is unknown and is recorded as such; the council's view that misuse risk is limited is recorded with it.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The municipality's council letter, as reported by two outlets, states that a sample of staff data traffic found files with residents' and employees' personal data, including youth-care documents, had been sent to public AI websites such as ChatGPT, and the municipality asked OpenAI to delete the uploaded files. The privacy harm is that transfer of residents' and employees' records into AI services without their knowledge. The sources report the uploads; they report no output about the people concerned, and whether the data was retained or used for training is not established (an expert's view on training is opinion).","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["received_personal_information"]},"name":"Eindhoven municipality says staff uploaded files with residents' youth-care and social-support data and applicants' CVs to public AI websites such as ChatGPT","summary":"The municipality of Eindhoven in the Netherlands told its council in an information letter shared on Thursday 18 December 2025 that a sample of staff data traffic from 23 September to 23 October 2025 showed files containing personal data of residents and employees had been sent to public AI websites such as ChatGPT, according to Omroep Brabant and Binnenlands Bestuur. The files included youth-care (Jeugdwet) documents, internal reports and CVs, mostly from departments that provide care and support to residents. According to Omroep Brabant's account of findings by the advisory firm Hooghiemstra & Partners, the youth-care documents held information about the mental and physical health of minor children, and social-support (WMO) documents and applicants' CVs were also entered. The municipality reported the breach to the Dutch Data Protection Authority on 23 October, blocked public AI websites and asked OpenAI to delete the files. The council says the scale cannot be determined because the data was kept for only 30 days, so it cannot inform those affected, and that the risk of misuse is limited but cannot be ruled out. A spokesperson said OpenAI had not yet replied.","incidentDate":"2025-09-23","incidentEndDate":"2025-10-23","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-12-18","aiSystem":"Public AI websites, which the municipality's council letter, as reported, names with ChatGPT as the example; the municipality asked OpenAI to delete the uploaded files","aiProduct":"ChatGPT (reported)","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["other_material_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the municipality's council letter as reported, staff uploaded files containing personal data of residents and employees, including youth-care documents about children's mental and physical health and social-support files, to public AI websites such as ChatGPT; the council says it cannot determine the scale or inform those affected.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"The council says the scale cannot be established because the uploaded data was kept for only 30 days, and that it therefore cannot inform the people concerned. No count of residents, children, applicants or employees is given, so numeric zero placeholders are recorded. The staff who uploaded the files are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"NL","platformType":"other","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/6001041/datalek-gemeente-eindhoven-deelt-persoonsgegevens-met-openbare-ai-websites","primarySourceLabel":"Omroep Brabant, 19 December 2025: Eindhoven data breach, municipality shares personal data with public AI websites","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:35:14.550754+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:35:14.550754+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["privacy","government","municipality","youth-care","health-data","chatgpt","unauthorised-ai-use","netherlands"]},{"id":"2026-switzerland-grok-generated-sexist-insults-about-finance-minister-criminal-complaint-bern-investigation","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Am 10. März hat es auch eine Schweizer Politikerin erwischt: Bundesrätin Karin Keller-Sutter. Es war der Schweizer Peter P.*, der Grok im Verlauf einer generellen «Roast»-Diskussion mit einem Prompt gezielt animierte'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Ein Nutzer hatte den Bot am 10. März gezielt zu Beleidigungen gegen Keller-Sutter aufgefordert.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'A user of the social network X prompted the AI Grok chatbot to conjure insults against the minister.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"On 10 March 2026 a Swiss X user, during a roast thread, prompted Grok to attack Federal Councillor Karin Keller-Sutter in hard street slang.","causal_attribution":"CH Media's report of the prompt from the post it saw; Keystone-SDA relays Sonntagsblick's report of a user prompting Grok. The prompter's identity is a pseudonym in the sources and is not recorded here."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Mit vulgären Beschimpfungen. Mit beleidigenden Körper- und Charakterangriffen. Mit abwertender und sexualisierter Sprache.' and 'Die sexualisierten Begriffe von Groks Entgleisungen sind im Screenshot des Posts auf X verpixelt.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Grok reagierte mit sexistischen und beleidigenden Aussagen, die öffentlich einsehbar und teilbar waren'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Grok replied on X with vulgar insults, attacks on her body and character, and degrading, sexualised language about Keller-Sutter, and the reply was publicly visible and shareable.","causal_attribution":"CH Media's description of Grok's post from a screenshot; both articles come from the same media group, so the claim rests on one reporting chain."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Keller-Sutter erfuhr am Folgetag davon. Kurz darauf wurde der Beitrag gelöscht.' and '«Es war eine harmlose technische Übung, um zu sehen, was mit diesem Grok möglich ist»'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Er löschte seinen «Roast»-Prompt und auch die Antwort von Grok.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Keller-Sutter learned of the post the next day, and the user deleted his prompt and Grok's reply shortly afterwards; the user later told Tamedia it was a harmless technical exercise.","causal_attribution":"CH Media reporting; the user's comment is his own account relayed from Tamedia."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'the Bern public prosecutor's office has opened an investigation over insult and defamation.' and 'The minister’s criminal complaint targets “unknown persons”.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'le Ministère public bernois a ouvert une enquête pour injures et diffamation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'Inzwischen hat die Bundesrätin Strafanzeige wegen Verleumdung und Beschimpfung eingereicht.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Keller-Sutter filed a criminal complaint against unknown persons, and the Bern public prosecutor's office confirmed to Keystone-SDA that it had opened an investigation for insult and defamation.","causal_attribution":"The prosecutor's confirmation to Keystone-SDA and statements by Keller-Sutter's spokesperson; the investigation has reached no reported finding."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'«Solcher Frauenhass darf nicht als normal oder akzeptabel empfunden werden», wurde Hollenstein zitiert.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'«Der Verbreitung solcher sexistischer Texte muss eine Grenze gesetzt werden'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Keller-Sutter's spokesperson said such misogyny must not be seen as normal or acceptable, and the finance department said the spread of such sexist texts must be limited.","causal_attribution":"Official statements by the minister's spokesperson and department."}],"effects":[{"label":"sexist and degrading insults about a named minister generated and posted publicly by a chatbot","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"criminal complaint and prosecutor investigation for insult and defamation","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.watson.ch/schweiz/bundesrat/406055717-ki-chatbot-grok-von-elon-musk-beschimpft-keller-sutter-prozess-droht","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Read in German on 2026-10-12 from the publisher page (full article text); the research agent (an AI) translated the passages relied on into English for this record, and no human translator reviewed them. The article credits bzbasel.ch (CH Media).","independence_group":"ch-media"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/schweiz/keller-sutter-reicht-strafanzeige-gegen-elon-musks-ki-grok-ein-ld.4147350","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Read in German on 2026-10-12 from the publisher page (full article text); the research agent (an AI) translated the passages relied on into English for this record, and no human translator reviewed them. Same newsroom group as s1 (CH Media); it relays Tamedia for the complaint and the user's comment.","independence_group":"ch-media"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/ai-chatbot-criminal-investigation-following-karin-keller-sutters-complaint/91249480","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-12 from the publisher page; swissinfo.ch states that it translates selected news agency copy with automatic translation tools and that a journalist then reviews the translation, so the English text is a reviewed machine translation of a Keystone-SDA report. No further translation by the research agent (an AI) was needed.","independence_group":"keystone-sda"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/chatbot-dia%3aenqu%c3%aate-p%c3%a9nale-apr%c3%a8s-la-plainte-de-karin-keller-sutter/91248423","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"fr","translation_note":"Read in French on 2026-10-12 from the publisher page (Keystone-ATS copy); the research agent (an AI) translated the passages relied on into English for this record, and no human translator reviewed them. Same agency as s3.","independence_group":"keystone-sda"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["public_services","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["The full text of Grok's reply as posted; the sources quote parts and describe the rest from a screenshot.","How many people saw or shared the reply before it was deleted.","Whether the investigation has identified anyone or reached any decision, and whether xAI or X responded.","Keller-Sutter's own description of any personal effect; only her spokesperson and department are quoted.","Where the user was when he prompted Grok."],"geography":{"basis":"Keller-Sutter is a member of the Swiss Federal Council and head of its finance department, the office through which the reply targeted her, and the Bern public prosecutor's office opened the investigation. The sources call the user Swiss but do not say where he prompted Grok or where the reply was posted from, so the event country is left unknown; the investigation is not a court proceeding.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":["CH"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published on CH Media's description, from a screenshot, of Grok's own reply on X insulting Federal Councillor Keller-Sutter in sexist and degrading terms after a user asked for a roast, together with Keystone-SDA's report that the Bern prosecutor opened an investigation for insult and defamation on her complaint. The generated reply is the AI output and the public abuse of the named minister is the reported harm. The case adds a criminal investigation by a public prosecutor as a legal outcome. Claims stay reported because each rests on one reporting chain or on official statements.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"watson (CH Media) describes Grok's own reply on X, from a screenshot of the post: after a user asked for a hard street-slang roast of the minister, Grok answered that it would and wrote vulgar insults, attacks on her body and character, and degrading, sexualised language about her (\"Mit vulgären Beschimpfungen. Mit beleidigenden Körper- und Charakterangriffen. Mit abwertender und sexualisierter Sprache.\"). The Aargauer Zeitung reports that Grok's statements were publicly visible and shareable, and Keystone-SDA reports that a user prompted Grok to produce insults against the minister. The generated reply is the material her criminal complaint for insult and defamation concerns.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Switzerland: Grok posted sexist insults about Finance Minister Karin Keller-Sutter on X at a user's prompt; her complaint led to a criminal investigation","summary":"On 10 March 2026, according to CH Media reporting published by watson, a Swiss X user taking part in a \"roast\" thread asked xAI's chatbot Grok to attack Federal Councillor Karin Keller-Sutter, Switzerland's finance minister, in hard street slang. Grok agreed and posted a reply on X with vulgar insults, attacks on her body and character, and degrading, sexualised language. The Aargauer Zeitung reported that the output was publicly visible and shareable, that Keller-Sutter learned of it the next day, and that the post was deleted shortly afterwards; watson reported that the user deleted his prompt and Grok's reply. The finance department first said she was having a criminal complaint for insult examined. Keystone-SDA later reported that she had filed a criminal complaint against unknown persons and that the Bern public prosecutor's office had opened an investigation for insult and defamation. Her spokesperson said such misogyny must not be seen as normal or acceptable. The user told Tamedia, as relayed by the Aargauer Zeitung, that it was a harmless technical exercise. No outcome of the investigation is reported.","incidentDate":"2026-03-10","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-03-15","aiSystem":"Grok, the xAI chatbot that replies to users on X, prompted by an X user during a \"roast\" thread","aiProduct":"Grok","aiCompany":"xAI","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Grok's reply, posted publicly on X, subjected Keller-Sutter to sexist and degrading insults that the FDP co-president who discussed it with her called a sexist insult of the ugliest and most vulgar kind. Keller-Sutter filed a criminal complaint for insult and defamation, and her spokesperson described the content as misogyny. Her own description of any personal effect is not reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: Karin Keller-Sutter, the target of Grok's reply, who filed the complaint. Other politicians targeted in other users' roast threads are not part of this event and are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CH","platformType":"chatbot","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.watson.ch/schweiz/bundesrat/406055717-ki-chatbot-grok-von-elon-musk-beschimpft-keller-sutter-prozess-droht","primarySourceLabel":"watson, 15 March 2026: KI-Chatbot Grok von Elon Musk beschimpft Keller-Sutter, Prozess droht","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:13:18.439789+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:13:18.439789+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["grok","x","chatbot","insult","defamation","misogyny","switzerland","criminal-complaint","public-official","made-claim-about"]},{"id":"2026-zhejiang-toddler-ai-asthma-diagnosis-mother-declined-chest-xray-pneumonia-hospitalised","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'今年8月，浙江一名3岁男童阳阳（化名）的案例令人警醒。阳阳有哮喘病史，妈妈在AI上输入“过敏、哮喘、咳嗽、夜间咳喘”等关键词，AI快速给出“支气管哮喘急性发作”的诊断'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In August 2026 the mother of a three-year-old boy with a history of asthma in Zhejiang entered the keywords allergy, asthma, cough and night-time wheezing into an AI tool, which quickly returned a diagnosis of an acute bronchial asthma attack (newspaper account).","causal_attribution":"Guangming Daily's account; the tool is not identified."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'阳阳妈妈据此拒绝医生建议的胸部X线平片检查，坚持只开雾化药回家'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On the basis of that AI diagnosis the mother declined the chest X-ray examination the doctor recommended and insisted on taking home only nebuliser medication.","causal_attribution":"The feature attributes the refusal to the AI diagnosis (据此); this is the newspaper's account."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'两天后孩子病情加重、呼吸急促，连夜返院检查发现双肺大面积炎症病灶，确诊为偏肺病毒肺炎叠加细菌感染，紧急住院'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Two days later the child's condition worsened with rapid breathing; on an overnight return to the hospital, examination found extensive inflammatory lesions in both lungs, and he was diagnosed with human metapneumovirus pneumonia with a superimposed bacterial infection and admitted as an emergency.","causal_attribution":"Clinical course as described in the newspaper feature; it does not say whether pneumonia was present at the first visit."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'“他们要是早点听我的，病情也不至于这么严重。”浙江省中医院儿科主任李岚无奈地说'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The head of paediatrics at Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine is quoted saying the illness would not have become so severe had the family listened earlier.","causal_attribution":"The clinician's assessment that earlier compliance would have limited the severity; the newspaper reports it without an independent review of the records."}],"effects":[{"label":"Three-year-old admitted as an emergency with pneumonia two days after his mother, relying on an AI tool's acute-asthma diagnosis, declined a recommended chest X-ray (newspaper account)","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://finance.sina.cn/2026-10-08/detail-iniumumr7827547.d.html","kind":"news_article","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Chinese body read in full on 2026-10-09 and translated by the research agent (an AI). The Sina Finance page republishes a Bingtuan Daily item (兵团日报, dated 10.08 01:37) credited at the end to Guangming Daily (据《光明日报》); the case passage is told in the newspaper's voice and closes with a quotation from the hospital's head of paediatrics; the feature does not say where its account came from. Re-read on 2026-10-11.","independence_group":"guangming-daily-feature"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["health","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool the mother used.","Whether the tool's acute-asthma diagnosis was wrong in itself or only incomplete; the feature describes the later pneumonia diagnosis, not the asthma assessment.","Whether pneumonia was present or detectable at the first visit, when the chest X-ray was declined.","The exact dates in August 2026 of the first visit and the readmission.","The child's course after the emergency admission.","The family's own account, and where the newspaper obtained its account of the case; only the feature's account, closed with the paediatrics head's quotation, is available."],"geography":{"basis":"The feature places the case in Zhejiang (浙江一名3岁男童) and the treating clinician at Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, so the event and the affected child are in China. No court is involved.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":["CN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a concrete account in a national newspaper feature of a parent relying on an AI tool's symptom diagnosis for a young child, declining a recommended chest X-ray, and the child being admitted as an emergency two days later with pneumonia. Every assertion is attributed to the newspaper's account, and the view that the illness would have been less severe had the family listened earlier is attributed to the paediatrics head. The tool is unnamed. The child's pseudonym from the article appears only inside the verbatim Chinese passages of claims c1 and c2 and is not used in the narrative. The worsening and emergency admission after the declined X-ray, rather than the AI's asthma assessment, is recorded as the harm.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-11"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The feature states what the AI tool produced: after the mother entered the keywords allergy, asthma, cough and night-time wheezing, it quickly returned the diagnosis acute bronchial asthma attack. It connects that output to the harm in the next sentences: on that basis the mother declined the chest X-ray the doctor recommended and took home only nebuliser medication, and two days later the child was found to have extensive bilateral lung inflammation and was admitted as an emergency with metapneumovirus pneumonia and a bacterial infection. The account is Guangming Daily's, closed with a quotation from the hospital's head of paediatrics; the tool is unnamed and the family's own version is not reported, so the involvement is recorded as reported rather than supported.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Zhejiang toddler hospitalised with pneumonia after his mother relied on an AI tool's asthma diagnosis and declined a chest X-ray (newspaper account)","summary":"A Guangming Daily feature on AI symptom-checking, republished by Bingtuan Daily on Sina Finance on 8 October 2026, recounts a case from August 2026 in Zhejiang and closes it with a quotation from the head of paediatrics at a provincial hospital, who says the family did not heed the doctor's advice. A three-year-old boy with a history of asthma was brought in; his mother had entered keywords such as allergy, asthma, cough and night-time wheezing into an AI tool, which quickly returned a diagnosis of an acute bronchial asthma attack. On that basis, the account says, she declined the chest X-ray the doctor recommended and insisted on taking home only nebuliser medication. Two days later the child's condition worsened with rapid breathing; on an overnight return to the hospital, examination found extensive inflammatory lesions in both lungs, and he was diagnosed with human metapneumovirus pneumonia with a superimposed bacterial infection and admitted as an emergency. The paediatrics head is quoted saying the illness would not have become so severe had the family listened earlier. The AI tool is not named. The case is told in the newspaper's voice, and the feature does not say where its account came from beyond the paediatrics head's quotation; no statement from the family is reported.","incidentDate":"2026-08-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-10-08","aiSystem":"An unnamed AI tool into which, by the account in the Guangming Daily feature, the mother entered symptom keywords and which returned a diagnosis of an acute bronchial asthma attack","aiProduct":"Unidentified symptom-analysis tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"unverified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["medical_deterioration","hospitalization","treatment_disruption"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"By the newspaper's account, after his mother, relying on an AI tool's acute-asthma diagnosis, declined the chest X-ray a doctor advised, a three-year-old's condition worsened over two days and he was admitted as an emergency with metapneumovirus pneumonia and a bacterial infection; the paediatrics head is quoted saying the illness would not have become so severe had the family listened earlier.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One child is reported harmed. The mother used the AI tool; the harm fell on the child, so he is counted as another person harmed and no direct user is counted as harmed.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://finance.sina.cn/2026-10-08/detail-iniumumr7827547.d.html","primarySourceLabel":"Sina Finance (Bingtuan Daily, credited to Guangming Daily), AI热潮下医患问诊之变与辨, 8 October 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-09T03:36:33.441089+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-11T07:43:54.606673+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["health","symptom_checker","children","declined_examination","china"]},{"id":"2023-reno-peppermill-casino-facial-recognition-misidentification-arrest-killinger-lawsuit","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint, introduction paras 1-3: 'reported that their A.I. facial recognition software positively identified the man as M.E., a man they'; 'The Peppermill’s A.I. software was wrong. It mistakenly identified Plaintiff Jason'; 'gaming at the casino, of being M.E. They handcuffed him, took him to their security office, and'; 'On September 17, 2023, the Peppermill Casino in Reno telephoned the Reno Police'; 'had barred from the casino months earlier for sleeping on the premises.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background (recounting the complaint): 'security. (Id. at 7-8.) Peppermill’s facial recognition software (“FRS”) identified Plaintiff as'; 'Peppermill’s security handcuffed Plaintiff and placed him in a citizen’s arrest.'; 'In the early morning, Plaintiff was stopped by Peppermill'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'misidentified by the venue’s AI facial recognition technology as a local reprobate, according to court filings.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Mr. Killinger was arrested because the casino’s facial recognition security camera system alerted to Mr. Killinger being a possible match for another individual who had been banned from the premises.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"According to Jason Killinger's federal complaint, in the early hours of 17 September 2023 the Peppermill Casino in Reno reported to police that its AI facial-recognition software had identified him as a man barred from the casino months earlier; the complaint says the identification was wrong and that casino security handcuffed him and held him in its security office.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation, relayed by the court in its background recital and by news coverage of the filings. The casino's system is not named in any inspected source."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint para 5 and para 12: 'recognition software had provided a 100 percent match confirming that KILLINGER was M.E.'; 'fingerprint analysis conclusively established that he was KILLINGER, not M.E. or anyone else.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background: 'Plaintiff’s driver’s license and Peppermill’s FRS results confirming a 100% match with the'; 'Defendant did not review any additional documentation before handcuffing'; 'At WCDF, Plaintiff’s identity was positively confirmed.'; 'for biometric intake to confirm his identity.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'According to court filings, police detained Killinger for identification after receiving the facial recognition alert. Fingerprints later confirmed he was not the person flagged by the system, and he was released.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The complaint alleges that the responding Reno police officer was told the software had produced a 100 percent match, did not examine the other identification Killinger had on him and in his car, and arrested him and took him to the Washoe County jail to establish his identity, where a fingerprint check confirmed who he was.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation. The court's March 2026 order recites these facts from the complaint and makes no finding on them; the arrest decision was the officer's."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Complaint paras 65-73: 'KILLINGER was in handcuffs approximately four hours'; 'in custody at the jail for an additional nine and one-half hours for a total'; 'contusions (bruising) on both wrists.'; 'This does not include the time he was held by the Peppermill before Jager’s arrival.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The truck driver was detained for 11 hours, according to a wrongful arrest lawsuit filed in the US District Court for the District of Nevada.'; 'For four of those hours, he was handcuffed, resulting in bruises and shoulder pain, per the suit.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The complaint states that Killinger was in police and jail custody for about eleven hours, not counting the time casino security held him, was handcuffed for about four hours and was treated at an urgent-care clinic the next day for bruising to both wrists.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Order, Relevant Background (recounting the complaint): 'At the bench trial, a Reno prosecutor dismissed'; 'the charges against Plaintiff but without prejudice to re-charge Plaintiff within the year.'; 'The next day, Plaintiff'; 'was charged with trespassing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Complaint para 19: 'Even though the charge was eventually dismissed, he'; 'now has a criminal record.'; 'He had never been accused of a crime, arrested, or taken to jail.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Killinger was charged with trespassing the day after his release; at the bench trial a Reno prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice, and the complaint says the arrest left him, a man with no previous arrests, with a criminal record.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's allegation, recited by the court without a finding."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The plaintiff has already sued the Peppermill Casino in a case that was settled for an undisclosed amount.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Casino.org reports that Killinger had sued the Peppermill Casino and that the case was settled for an undisclosed amount.","causal_attribution":"Casino.org's report; the settlement terms and any filing against the casino were not inspected."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"Order, Conclusion and Part IV: 'liability claim and denied in part as to Plaintiff’s proposed wrongful arrest claim. Plaintiff'; 'incident and a new claim of municipal liability for policies regarding FRS and handcuffing.'; 'Plaintiff concedes there are no cases in the Ninth Circuit clearly'; 'Since Plaintiff previously conceded that no relevant precedent exists'; 'and fails to respond or rebut his own conclusion with any case law'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'In a new filing, a district court has granted his request to add the City of Reno as a new defendant in the case, as well as a new municipal liability claim against the city.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In an order of 27 March 2026 the court allowed Killinger to add the City of Reno as a defendant with a municipal liability claim concerning policies on facial recognition software and handcuffing, and refused to let him add a wrongful arrest claim against the officer, holding it futile under qualified immunity because he had earlier conceded that no Ninth Circuit case clearly established that arrests based solely on facial recognition were unlawful and cited no case law in reply.","causal_attribution":"Procedural rulings documented by the order; no finding on the merits."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Caption page: '[Proposed] Amicus Curiae Brief of the'; 'Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for'; 'Filed 09/21/26'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"'On September 21, 2026, the ACLU, ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed an amicus brief in the District of Nevada in support of Jason Killinger'; 'The brief asks the court to rule that police lacked probable cause to arrest Mr. Killinger based on a facial recognition technology result'; 'The brief also asks the court to rule that the City of Reno is liable for Mr. Killinger’s wrongful arrest.'; 'failing to provide training to Reno Police Department officers amounts to deliberate indifference'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 21 September 2026 the ACLU, the ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed a proposed amicus brief (ECF No. 96-1) supporting Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment, asking the court to rule that police lacked probable cause to arrest him on a facial recognition result and that the City of Reno is liable for failing to train its officers.","causal_attribution":"The filing date and the proposed status of the brief come from its caption; the description of its requests is the ACLU's own. No ruling on the motion or on leave to file the brief was found."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 2 and page 18: 'The RPD detective investigated and concluded the Peppermill’s FRT was'; 'were two separate people'; 'had arrested an innocent man.'; 'committed identity theft.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"}],"assertion":"Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment of 12 September 2026 states that after the trespass charge was dismissed the city prosecutor referred the case to a Reno police detective to examine whether he had committed identity theft, and that the detective concluded the casino's facial recognition match was wrong, that he and the barred man were two separate people and that the officer had arrested an innocent man.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's motion summarising the detective's deposition (Exhibit 3), which was not itself read; no court has ruled on it."},{"id":"c9","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, pages 10-11: 'Peppermill from about October 2024 to July 2026.'; 'an alert of 100% on someone who was clearly not the person in the database.'; 'that happen sometimes 12 times on a single shift.'; 'he was told to rely on the alerts not on their identification.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"'generating as many as 12 false matches with “100% confidence” during a single shift.'; 'worked as a Peppermill security officer from October 2024 until July 2026'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"The motion cites a declaration by a former Peppermill security officer, employed there from about October 2024 to July 2026, that the system would alert at 100 percent on people who were clearly not the person in its database, sometimes 12 times in a single shift, and that guards were told to rely on the alerts rather than on a person's identification; Casino.org reported the same declaration on 13 October 2026.","causal_attribution":"A former employee's declaration as summarised in the plaintiff's motion and relayed by Casino.org; the security officer started work about a year after Killinger's arrest and describes later practice, not this arrest."},{"id":"c10","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 9: 'track FRT false positives. In those years the casino believed a FRT match of 100% was accurate'; 'Towards the end of 2025 the Peppermill discovered that FRT false positives occur'; '10% of the time.'; page 24: 'Peppermill security director'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"}],"assertion":"The motion also cites the Peppermill's security director as testifying that from 2023 to 2025 the casino had no way to track false positives and believed a 100 percent match was accurate, and that toward the end of 2025 it found that false positives occur 10 percent of the time.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's summary of a deposition (Exhibit 1) that was not itself read."},{"id":"c11","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Motion, page 8, quoting the officer in an interrogatory answer: 'Killinger, I had no knowledge that FRT could be inaccurate.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"'In a separate declaration, he said he had never previously known the Peppermill’s facial recognition system to make an incorrect identification.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"The arresting officer has said that before the arrest he had no knowledge that facial recognition could be inaccurate; Casino.org reports that he denies wrongdoing and that in a separate declaration he said he had never known the Peppermill's system to make an incorrect identification.","causal_attribution":"The officer's own statements as quoted by the plaintiff and relayed by Casino.org; his denial of wrongdoing is recorded as counterevidence."}],"effects":[{"label":"handcuffed for about four hours and held in police and jail custody for about eleven hours after a casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched him to a barred man","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"prosecuted for trespassing until a prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice, leaving an arrest on his record","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.1.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Complaint, Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), filed 30 July 2025 (ECF No. 1, 31 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-04. It sets out the plaintiff's allegations, including quotations he attributes to the officer's body-worn camera; it is not a finding.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.58.0.pdf","kind":"court_order","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Order of 27 March 2026 (ECF No. 58, 10 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-04. Its background section states that it relies on the facts alleged in the original complaint, so its factual recital is not an independent finding; its rulings are documented by the order itself.","independence_group":"killinger-court-order-2026-03-27"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.casino.org/news/peppermill-renos-facial-recognition-tech-leads-to-wrongful-arrest/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Casino.org, 11 November 2025, read live on 2026-10-04. The article attributes its account to the court filings; it is a derivative of the plaintiff's pleadings for the incident facts.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2026/04/08/man-sues-city-reno-over-use-facial-recognition/","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"KOLO (Reno), 8 April 2026, read live on 2026-10-04 (short item attributed to court documents).","independence_group":"killinger-court-order-2026-03-27"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://mynews4.com/news/local/facial-recognition-lawsuit-raises-questions-about-ai-use-in-policing-nevada-law-enforcement-police-ai-artificial-intelligence-technology-suspects-lawsuit-killinger-v-jager-city-of-reno-peppermill-resort-us-district-court-fourth-amendment","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"News 4 (Reno, mynews4.com), 14 May 2026, read live on 2026-10-04; attributes the incident account to court filings.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://assets.aclu.org/live/uploads/2026/09/096-1-Proposed-Amicus-Brief.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Proposed amicus curiae brief of the ACLU, ACLU of Nevada and Innocence Project, ECF No. 96-1 (Exhibit 1), filed 21 September 2026, 39 pages, from the ACLU's copy; read for its caption and filing details. Its arguments are the amici's, not findings.","independence_group":"aclu-amicus"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.aclu.org/cases/killinger-v-jager","kind":"organisation_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"ACLU case page (last updated 23 September 2026), read live on 2026-10-04. The ACLU is an amicus supporting the plaintiff; its summary of the arrest relays the litigation record.","independence_group":"aclu-amicus"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.95.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment based on municipal liability, Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), ECF No. 95, filed 12 September 2026 (31 pages), read in full from the free RECAP copy on 2026-10-14. It is the plaintiff's argument and summarises deposition testimony and declarations filed as exhibits; the exhibits themselves were not available and were not read. It is not a finding.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.casino.org/news/peppermill-casino-facial-recognition-made-12-false-matches-in-one-shift-ex-guard-claims/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Casino.org report of 13 October 2026, read in full on 2026-10-14 (HTTP 200). It reports a former security officer's sworn declaration and the officer's separate declaration from the court filings; it does not say it read the declarations themselves. No translation was needed.","independence_group":"killinger-plaintiff-pleadings"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","privacy","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Which facial recognition product the casino used and what match threshold it applied.","Whether the court has ruled on Killinger's motion for partial summary judgment on municipal liability (ECF No. 95) that the amicus brief supports, and what the City of Reno said in response.","Whether the court has granted Killinger's April 2026 motion for reconsideration (ECF No. 60) or his motion for leave to file a second amended complaint (ECF No. 63).","The terms and date of the reported settlement with the Peppermill Casino.","Whether the officer's deposition admissions, which the March 2026 order mentions without describing, and the amicus brief's statement that Peppermill's records show Reno police arrested at least 16 people on Peppermill facial recognition matches before September 2023 are borne out; neither was tested here.","Whether the detective's conclusion, the security director's 10 percent false-positive figure and the former security officer's account hold up; the record has them only as the plaintiff's motion summarises the depositions and declarations, and the exhibits were not read.","What the October 2026 docket entries that follow the motion (ECF Nos. 112 to 114) say; none could be read."],"geography":{"basis":"The arrest took place at the Peppermill Casino in Reno, Nevada; the complaint states the plaintiff resides in Washoe County, Nevada, and the suit is in the US District Court for the District of Nevada.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a contextual case: a casino's facial recognition system made a claim about a patron's identity that, according to his federal complaint, was wrong and led to his arrest, about eleven hours in custody and a dismissed trespass prosecution. The incident facts are the plaintiff's allegations, relayed by news coverage of the filings and recited without findings in a court order; the procedural rulings are documented. The plaintiff is named because he sues in his own name; the officer appears only by surname in the case caption, and the barred man, whom the complaint identifies only by initials, is not named. The 2026-10-14 review added the plaintiff's September 2026 summary-judgment motion and an October 2026 Casino.org report; their accounts of a detective's conclusion and a former security officer's declaration are allegations in the plaintiff's filing, and the officer's contrary statement is recorded.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint alleges that the Peppermill Casino's 'A.I. facial recognition software' identified Killinger as a barred man and that casino security and the responding officer relied on its reported 100 percent match; it quotes the officer on body-worn camera describing the casino's 'artificial intelligence software'. The court's March 2026 order recites the facial recognition identification from the complaint without a finding. The vendor and system are not named in any inspected source. The handcuffing, arrest and prosecution decisions were made by casino staff, the officer and prosecutors. Killinger's September 2026 summary-judgment motion adds, from deposition testimony it summarises, that a Reno police detective later concluded the match was wrong, and cites a former casino security officer's declaration, covering his employment from about October 2024 to July 2026, that the system often alerted at 100 percent on the wrong people.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"Reno casino's facial recognition wrongly matched a patron to a barred man and police jailed him for about eleven hours, his federal lawsuit alleges","summary":"Jason Killinger, a UPS truck driver, alleges in a federal civil-rights complaint filed in July 2025 that on 17 September 2023 the Peppermill Casino in Reno reported to police that its AI facial recognition software had identified him as a man barred from the casino months earlier. According to the complaint, casino security handcuffed him, and the responding Reno police officer, told the system had found a 100 percent match, did not examine his other identification and took him to jail as an unidentified person, where fingerprints confirmed who he was. The complaint says he was handcuffed for about four hours, starting in the casino security office, spent about eleven hours in police and jail custody, and was treated the next day for bruised wrists. According to the complaint, he was then charged with trespassing, and a prosecutor dismissed the charge without prejudice at the bench trial. Casino.org reports that he settled a suit against the casino. In March 2026 the court let him add the City of Reno and a municipal liability claim over facial recognition policies, but refused a new wrongful arrest claim against the officer on qualified immunity grounds. In September 2026 the ACLU, the ACLU of Nevada and the Innocence Project filed a proposed amicus brief supporting him. His September 2026 motion for partial summary judgment says a Reno police detective later concluded that the match was wrong and that he and the barred man were different people, and it cites a declaration by a former casino security officer, who worked there from about October 2024, that the system often alerted at 100 percent on the wrong people; in a declaration reported by Casino.org, the officer said he had never known the system to misidentify anyone. The case is ongoing.","incidentDate":"2023-09-17","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-11-11","aiSystem":"Facial recognition software used by the Peppermill Casino's security system in Reno, which the complaint calls 'A.I. facial recognition software'; vendor not named in the inspected sources","aiProduct":"Unidentified facial recognition system","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","legal_harm","physical_injury","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to his complaint, Killinger was handcuffed for about four hours, arrested and held in police and jail custody for about eleven hours after the casino's facial recognition system wrongly matched him to a barred man; he was bruised by the handcuffs, prosecuted for trespassing until the charge was dismissed without prejudice, and left with an arrest record.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the plaintiff, who was arrested and held according to his complaint. Reported allegations about other people arrested on casino facial recognition matches in Reno are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-NV","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041/gov.uscourts.nvd.176041.1.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Killinger v. Jager, No. 3:25-cv-00388 (D. Nev.), complaint, 30 July 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:19:04.699044+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-14T03:03:41.476658+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["facial-recognition","wrongful-arrest","casino","reno","nevada","justice","made-claim-about","lawsuit"]},{"id":"2026-bonita-springs-florida-claude-threat-messages-anthropic-report-arrest-felony-charge","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'made a statement on Sept. 26 saying she was going to “shoot up” the Lee County Sheriff'; 'Investigators say the same user made another statement the following day saying she had gotten a new gun.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'wrote on Sept. 26 that she was going to \"shoot up\" the sheriff'; 'This time, the user claimed to have gotten a new gun and described the message as a \"last chance.\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the arrest report, a user of Anthropic's AI platform identified as the woman wrote on 26 September 2026 that she was going to 'shoot up' the Lee County Sheriff's Office, and the next day wrote that she had gotten a new gun, calling the message a 'last chance'.","causal_attribution":"Both outlets report the arrest report (one record chain). The messages are allegations in a pending criminal case."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'uses safety and security measures to monitor for key phrases and potentially threatening content'; 'because of the severity of the statements, the information was escalated to a human review team, which then reported the statements to law enforcement.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'safety systems flagged the conversation, escalated it for human review, and Anthropic then notified law enforcement.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The arrest report says the platform's safety and security measures monitor for key phrases and potentially threatening content, that because of the severity of the statements the information was escalated to a human review team, and that the team reported the statements to law enforcement; Guessing Headlights says Anthropic notified law enforcement.","causal_attribution":"The arrest report's account of the company's process (one record chain). Anthropic has not publicly detailed how this conversation was processed."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'went to her Bonita Springs home and she was detained without incident before an LCSO intelligence detective took over the investigation.'; 'is charged with making a written threat of violence under Florida law.'; 'has a court date set for November.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'after receiving the information and detained her without incident, according to the report.'; 'is facing a felony charge after deputies accused her of making violent threats'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"After receiving the information, deputies went to the woman's Bonita Springs home and detained her without incident; a sheriff's office intelligence detective took over the investigation, and she is charged with making a written threat of violence under Florida law, a felony charge; WINK News reports a court date set for November.","causal_attribution":"Arrest report and sheriff's office information as reported by both outlets. The sequence from the company's report to the arrest is stated by investigators; the charge is an unproven allegation."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'later said she uses AI like a “diary.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Sheriff Carmine Marceno told WINK News that the woman later said she uses AI like a 'diary'.","causal_attribution":"The sheriff's account of what she said; her own account has not been published."}],"effects":[{"label":"a woman was detained and charged with making a written threat of violence after her AI-chat messages were flagged by the platform's safety measures and reported to law enforcement by the company's human review team","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"her messages on the AI platform were flagged by its safety measures, examined by a human review team and reported to law enforcement","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.winknews.com/news/woman-arrested-after-ai-threat-against-lee-county-sheriffs-office-investigators/article_3d4c5915-7015-43c0-b86a-d7fa5eadf958.html","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"WINK News (Fort Myers) article, read on 2026-10-03 through the Internet Archive capture of 2026-10-01 01:40 UTC because winknews.com answered HTTP 451 to this host. Based on the Lee County Sheriff's Office arrest report and statements by Sheriff Carmine Marceno to WINK.","independence_group":"lcso-arrest-report"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/us/articles/florida-woman-accused-threatening-sheriff-233610818.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Guessing Headlights article by Olivia Richman, read live on Yahoo News on 2026-10-03. Cites an arrest report obtained by Gulf Coast News Now (not read), so it shares the arrest-report chain with WINK. The page's AI-generated key-takeaways box was not used.","independence_group":"lcso-arrest-report"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use","institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","privacy"],"unknowns":["Whether she was held in custody after the arrest and on what bond; WINK News reports only that a court date is set for November.","What the AI replied to the messages, and how long and how often she used the platform.","How Anthropic's systems processed the conversation and when the company contacted law enforcement; Anthropic had not commented in either report.","Her own account and that of any lawyer.","The outcome of the prosecution."],"geography":{"basis":"The woman lives in Bonita Springs, Lee County, Florida, where deputies detained her, and she is charged under Florida law (WINK News; Guessing Headlights). Where Anthropic's review team was located is not stated.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (communicated_with) with a contextual relation: according to the arrest report as reported by two outlets, a woman's messages on an AI platform were flagged by its safety measures, examined by a human review team and reported to law enforcement, and she was detained and charged. Both outlets draw on the same arrest report, so the claims are marked reported. The charge is an unproven allegation. The woman is not named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-03"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The arrest report, as reported by WINK News and Guessing Headlights, says the woman wrote the messages while using Anthropic's AI platform (named as Claude by Guessing Headlights), that the platform's safety and security measures flagged them and escalated them to a human review team, and that the team reported them to law enforcement. Both outlets draw on the same arrest report. The report to police was made by people; the automated flagging was the AI system's part. Anthropic has not publicly detailed how this conversation was processed, and what the AI replied is not reported.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","made_claim_about"]},"name":"Bonita Springs, Lee County, Florida: a 30-year-old woman was arrested and charged with making a written threat of violence after Anthropic's human review team reported to law enforcement her messages on its AI platform saying she would 'shoot up' the Lee County Sheriff's Office, according to the arrest report","summary":"According to a Lee County Sheriff's Office arrest report, as reported by WINK News and by Guessing Headlights (on Yahoo News, citing a copy obtained by Gulf Coast News Now), a user of Anthropic's AI platform wrote on 26 September 2026 that she was going to 'shoot up' the Lee County Sheriff's Office, and the next day wrote that she had a new gun. The arrest report says the platform's safety measures flagged the messages, a human review team examined them and reported them to law enforcement. Deputies went to the 30-year-old woman's Bonita Springs home and detained her without incident; she is charged with making a written threat of violence under Florida law. The sheriff told WINK News that she later said she uses AI like a 'diary'. Anthropic had not commented on the case in either report. The charge is an allegation and the case is pending.","incidentDate":"2026-09-26","incidentEndDate":"2026-09-27","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-09-30","aiSystem":"Anthropic's AI platform (Claude, per Guessing Headlights) and the platform's safety and security measures, which the arrest report says monitor for key phrases and potentially threatening content and escalated her messages to a human review team","aiProduct":"Claude (reported)","aiCompany":"Anthropic","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The user was detained and charged with making a written threat of violence after Anthropic's human review team, alerted by the platform's safety measures, reported her AI-chat messages about shooting up the sheriff's office to law enforcement, according to the arrest report as reported by two outlets. The consequence to her is reported; the charge is an unproven allegation and the case is pending.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One user, the woman detained and charged, per the arrest report as reported by WINK News and Guessing Headlights. Staff of the sheriff's office, the subject of the alleged threat, are not reported as harmed and are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-FL","platformType":"chatbot","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"pending","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.winknews.com/news/woman-arrested-after-ai-threat-against-lee-county-sheriffs-office-investigators/article_3d4c5915-7015-43c0-b86a-d7fa5eadf958.html","primarySourceLabel":"WINK News, 30 September 2026: Woman arrested after AI threat against Lee County Sheriff's Office: Investigators","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-03T03:17:35.813073+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-03T03:17:35.813073+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["claude","anthropic","law-enforcement-report","threat","arrest","florida","lee-county","bonita-springs","institutional-response","communicated-with","made-claim-about"]},{"id":"2026-dillon-faces-wrongful-arrest-florida","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'took pictures of the screen with his cell phone… low resolution… partially shadowed and off-axis'; '93 percent confidence'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Warrant based on the FR hit + 'a statement from a restaurant employee who picked his photo out of a lineup'; 'police called Dillon in 2023, he denied involvement citing skin-cancer scars'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The warrant rested on a 93%-confidence FACES result obtained from low-resolution cell-phone photos of the restaurant's surveillance screen (partially shadowed, off-axis) plus a restaurant employee's photo-lineup identification; police had called Dillon in 2023 and he denied involvement, citing skin-cancer scars.","causal_attribution":"The evidentiary basis is the complaint's account, carried by two chains; whether '93%' was system-generated or an investigator's characterization is unverified (the suit says the system 'spit out' his photo as a 'possible match')."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'arrested Aug 2024 in Fort Myers'; 'more than two months later, prosecutors dropped the charges'; 'it took an entire year… to take down his mug shot and expunge the arrest'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Arrest bodycam 'outside his San Carlos Park home' via Gulf Coast affiliate; the Dillon interview ('I don't wish this on my worst enemy').","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'charges… dropped… in October 2024'; 1 night jail, bonded out pledging his truck's title.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Dillon was arrested at his San Carlos Park home in August 2024, spent one night in jail and bonded out pledging his truck's title; prosecutors dropped the charges in October 2024 after work-alibi evidence; the arrest took about a year to expunge, with his mugshot lingering online.","causal_attribution":"The custody and expungement timeline is consistent across three chains."},{"id":"c3","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'suit in M.D. Fla. vs. city of Jacksonville Beach + officers/officials incl. Sheriff T.K. Waters'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Suit 'includes the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office, which oversees the use of the AI facial recognition technology across Florida'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"ACLU attorney Nathan Wessler interview; defendants: Jacksonville Beach PD + Jacksonville and Pinellas County sheriffs' offices.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The ACLU filed a federal lawsuit in the week of 8 June 2026 in the Middle District of Florida against the city of Jacksonville Beach, Jacksonville Sheriff T.K. Waters and the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office, seeking damages and policy safeguards.","causal_attribution":"The suit's existence and parties are carried by three chains; the exact filing date within the week of 8 June is not pinned in the inspected sources."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"PCSO response passages ('patently false'; 'never \"matches\"'; 'rests solely with any officer').","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Pinellas County Sheriff's Office responded that a training-failure claim 'is patently false', that 'facial recognition results are never \"matches\"', and that liability 'rests solely with any officer who did so'.","causal_attribution":"The agency's position is quoted directly and preserved as contrary evidence."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'one of at least 14 people arrested since 2019'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'one of 15 known people'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The ACLU counts Dillon as at least the 14th known person wrongfully arrested since 2019 from police reliance on facial recognition (Reason, 11 June); a later WUSF attorney interview puts the count at 15 known.","causal_attribution":"The advocacy count is attributed to the ACLU; the two figures are recorded as stated on their dates."}],"effects":[{"label":"wrongful felony arrest on a 93% facial-recognition hit, with a year-long expungement fight","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://reason.com/2026/06/11/aclu-sues-after-facial-recognition-falsely-identifies-florida-man-as-a-child-abductor/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (11 Jun 2026, Joe Lancaster).","independence_group":"reason"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://abcnews.com/GMA/News/man-sues-law-enforcement-alleging-ai-facial-recognition/story?id=133810835","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (12 Jun 2026, Hipos & Yu).","independence_group":"abc-news"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.wusf.org/courts-law/2026-06-18/ai-facial-recognition-tool-led-to-florida-man-wrongful-arrest-lawsuit","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (18 Jun 2026, Lyden/Peddie).","independence_group":"wusf"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["The exact filing date within the week of 8 June 2026 and the docket number are not pinned in the inspected sources.","Whether the '93%' figure was system-generated or an investigator's characterization is unverified.","The lineup procedure's details (who administered it and how) are only partly reported.","The expungement's completion date is given only as 'about a year' after the arrest.","The actual perpetrator of the 2023 luring attempt is not reported as identified."],"geography":{"basis":"Event: the warrant (Jacksonville Beach) and the arrest (San Carlos Park / Fort Myers), Florida. Affected person: Dillon, Florida. Court: the felony charge (dropped) and the federal suit in the Middle District of Florida.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an institutional automated-decision case (made_decision_about / made_claim_about): a facial-recognition hit treated as warrant-grade identification, documented by three independent chains including the ACLU's own attorney and the vendor agency's response. Dillon spoke publicly; the PCSO denial is preserved as contrary evidence.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The warrant rested on the FACES 93%-confidence result plus a lineup identification, per the complaint as carried by Reason and WUSF; the vendor (Pinellas County Sheriff's Office FACES) is confirmed by WUSF, and the PCSO's own response acknowledges its technology's role while rejecting liability.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["made_decision_about","made_claim_about"]},"name":"Florida: 93% facial-recognition hit led to Robert Dillon's arrest as an attempted child abductor; charges dropped, ACLU suit filed","summary":"In August 2024, Robert Dillon, a 52-year-old self-employed commercial crabber from the Fort Myers area, was arrested at his San Carlos Park home on a third-degree felony warrant for the attempted luring of a child at a Jacksonville Beach McDonald's in November 2023 — a crime he had no part in. The warrant rested on a 93%-confidence result from FACES, the Face Analysis Comparison and Examination System maintained by the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office, run against low-resolution cell-phone photos of a surveillance screen, plus a restaurant employee's photo-lineup identification. Dillon spent a night in jail and bonded out against his truck's title; prosecutors dropped the charges in October 2024 after work-alibi evidence, but it took about a year to expunge the arrest and remove his mugshot. In June 2026 the ACLU filed a federal lawsuit (M.D. Fla.) against Jacksonville Beach, the Jacksonville sheriff and the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office, calling Dillon one of at least 14 known wrongful arrests from police reliance on facial recognition since 2019.","incidentDate":"2024-08-01","incidentEndDate":"2024-10-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-06-11","aiSystem":"FACES (Face Analysis Comparison and Examination System), Pinellas County Sheriff's Office","aiProduct":"FACES facial recognition","aiCompany":"Pinellas County Sheriff's Office (FACES centralized database)","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","reputational_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Arrested at home on a child-abduction-class felony from a 93% facial-recognition hit on grainy screen photos; a night in jail, two months to clear the charge, and about a year to expunge the record and remove the mugshot.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One documented harmed person: Dillon, the misidentified arrestee (three independent chains). The child in the underlying luring attempt is a victim of the actual perpetrator, not of the misidentification, and is not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://reason.com/2026/06/11/aclu-sues-after-facial-recognition-falsely-identifies-florida-man-as-a-child-abductor/","primarySourceLabel":"Reason (11 Jun 2026, Joe Lancaster) — complaint-based account: the screen photos, the 93% hit, the arrest, the expungement, the suit","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-15T10:27:54.71948+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:35.503237+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["made-decision-about","made-claim-about","facial-recognition","wrongful-arrest","justice","florida","aclu"]}]}