{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-11-14T10:54:09.977Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"england","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"2025","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":2,"coverage":{"cases":2,"countries":1,"languages":1,"unknownLocation":1,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":0,"regulatory":0,"minors":0,"coreRelations":2,"contextualRelations":0,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2025-uk-full-fact-finds-ai-deepfakes-of-public-health-academics-promoting-supplements-on-tiktok","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'A Full Fact investigation has found that a series of social media accounts have been using AI-generated deepfakes of real doctors and academics—including Professor Taylor-Robinson—to promote health products with bogus endorsements.'; 'Many of the links on the accounts we’ve seen posting deepfakes do go to the Wellness Nest website, where you can buy its products.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'All the deepfakes involve real footage of a health expert taken from the internet. However, the pictures and audio have been reworked so that the speakers are encouraging women going through menopause to buy products such as probiotics and Himalayan shilajit from the company’s website.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Full Fact reported on 5 December 2025 that its investigation had found a series of social media accounts using AI-generated deepfakes of real doctors and academics, made from real footage of them, to promote health products with bogus endorsements, many linking to the website of the US supplements company Wellness Nest.","causal_attribution":"Full Fact's own investigation; The Guardian relays the same finding (one origin)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'On 11 August this year Professor David Taylor-Robinson received an email from a colleague at the University of Liverpool, where he works.'; 'what he found was footage of his real appearance at a Public Health England (PHE) conference subtly altered to make him talk not about the north-south health divide, but about “thermometer leg”.'; 'One solution I recommend: probiotic for women in menopause from Wellness Nest.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Professor David Taylor-Robinson, a children's public health doctor at the University of Liverpool who is not on TikTok, learned on 11 August 2025 from a colleague's email that TikTok carried footage of his real appearance at a Public Health England conference, altered so that a fake version of him talked about a supposed menopause symptom and recommended a Wellness Nest probiotic.","causal_attribution":"Full Fact's account of the professor's discovery and its transcript of the video."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'In August, he was shocked to find that TikTok was hosting 14 doctored videos purporting to show him recommending products with unproven benefits.'; 'In one misleading video, he was depicted swearing and making misogynistic comments while discussing menopause.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Guardian reported that in August the professor found TikTok hosting 14 doctored videos purporting to show him recommending products with unproven benefits, and that in one he was depicted swearing and making misogynistic comments while discussing menopause.","causal_attribution":"The Guardian's report; Full Fact does not give the number of videos."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Professor Taylor-Robinson notified his manager and the comms team at the university, which reported the content to TikTok, only to be told that no violations were found.'; 'by the time @better_healthy_life was permanently banned, after our email to TikTok on 24 September.'; 'TikTok told us it didn’t take the posts down earlier because of a moderating error.'; 'It told us it eventually removed them for breaching its impersonation and misinformation policies.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'TikTok took down the videos six weeks after Taylor-Robinson complained.'; 'We have removed this content [relating to Taylor-Robinson and Selbie] for breaking our rules against harmful misinformation and behaviours that seek to mislead our community, such as impersonation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"When the university reported the content, TikTok first said no violations were found; after further reports it restricted the videos' visibility without removing them, and the account was permanently banned after Full Fact emailed TikTok on 24 September 2025. TikTok told Full Fact the delay was a moderating error and that it removed the posts for breaching its impersonation and misinformation policies.","causal_attribution":"Full Fact's account and TikTok's statements to Full Fact and to The Guardian."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'“One of my friends said his wife had seen it and was almost taken in by it, until their daughter said it’s obviously been faked,” he told Full Fact. “So people who know me could have been taken in by it. That is concerning.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'“I didn’t feel desperately violated, but I did become more and more irritated at the idea of people selling products off the back of my work and the health misinformation involved.”'; 'It was a faff to get them taken down,” he said.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The professor said he did not feel desperately violated but became more and more irritated at people selling products off the back of his work and at the health misinformation, that getting the videos taken down was a faff, and that a friend's wife had almost been taken in, so people who know him could have been deceived.","causal_attribution":"The professor's own statements to Full Fact and to The Guardian (one witness)."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Eight videos showed the former chief executive of PHE, Duncan Selbie, also supposedly talking about menopause.'; 'It’s a complete fake from beginning to end.”'; 'he wasn’t at all pleased that they existed. “It wasn’t funny in the sense that people pay attention to these things,” he told us.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Full Fact found eight videos on the same account showing Duncan Selbie, former chief executive of Public Health England, supposedly talking about menopause; Selbie, who does not use social media, called them a complete fake and was not pleased that they existed.","causal_attribution":"Full Fact's finding and Selbie's statement to Full Fact; The Guardian relays it."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'It had accrued more than 365,000 views, 7,691 likes, 459 comments and 2,878 bookmarks by the time @better_healthy_life was permanently banned'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Full Fact reported that the thermometer-leg video had more than 365,000 views by the time the account was banned.","causal_attribution":"An audience figure, not a count of harmed people."},{"id":"c8","status":"disputed","evidence":[{"locator":"'When we contacted Wellness Nest, it told us: “These affiliate accounts are 100% unaffiliated with Wellness Nest.”'; 'Wellness Nest has never used AI-generated content, never paid celebrities'; 'using AI to mimic real voices. Wellness Nest did not reply to this question either.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Wellness Nest told Full Fact that the accounts were unaffiliated with it, and its blog said it had never used AI-generated content and could not control or monitor affiliates; it did not answer Full Fact's question about a blog explaining how people can earn money from the company by generating deepfakes and using AI to mimic real voices.","causal_attribution":"The company's denial of responsibility, recorded as counterevidence; Full Fact does not establish who operated the accounts."}],"effects":[{"label":"depicted professor's irritation and effort to get impersonating videos removed","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"},{"label":"former public-health chief depicted in fake videos objects to them","claim_id":"c6","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://fullfact.org/health/academics-deepfaked-tiktok-wellness-nest/","kind":"fact_check","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Full Fact analysis by Leo Benedictus, 5 December 2025, reporting its own investigation and its interviews with the two depicted academics, TikTok, Google, Meta and Wellness Nest; read in full (HTTP 200).","independence_group":"full-fact-investigation-5-dec-2025"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/dec/05/ai-deepfakes-of-real-doctors-spreading-health-misinformation-on-social-media","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"The Guardian, 5 December 2025, reporting Full Fact's investigation with its own quotations from the professor, statements from TikTok and a politician; read in full (HTTP 200). Its account of Full Fact's findings relays Full Fact.","independence_group":"guardian-5-dec-2025"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["health","work"],"unknowns":["Who operated the accounts and which tools generated the altered footage and voices.","Whether any viewer bought a product after seeing the videos, and any financial or health consequence for viewers.","When the first videos depicting the two academics were posted.","Whether other people Full Fact identified as possibly deepfaked objected or suffered other consequences."],"geography":{"basis":"The depicted professor works at the University of Liverpool and the other depicted man was chief executive of Public Health England (Full Fact, The Guardian). No source says where the accounts were operated or where viewers were, so event countries are left unknown.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":["GB"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): Full Fact examined videos altered from real footage of two UK public-health academics and found them to be AI-generated deepfakes promoting supplements; the professor describes irritation, concern that people who know him were taken in and the effort of getting TikTok to remove the videos, and the former Public Health England chief objects to them. The tool and the technical basis of the AI finding are undisclosed, and the supplements company denies running the accounts.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-18"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Full Fact, a fact-checking organisation that examined the videos, traced them to real footage of the two academics (a Public Health England conference talk and a May 2025 select committee appearance) altered so that they appear to say things about menopause and supplements they never said, and describes them as AI-generated deepfakes. Both depicted men say the videos are fake. TikTok removed them under its impersonation and misinformation policies. Full Fact does not name the tool or describe a technical test that distinguishes AI generation from other editing.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Full Fact finds AI deepfakes of UK public-health academics made to promote menopause supplements on TikTok; depicted professors object","summary":"In a December 2025 investigation, the fact-checker Full Fact reported that social media accounts were using AI-generated deepfakes of real doctors and academics, made from real footage, to promote supplements, with many links to the US company Wellness Nest. Professor David Taylor-Robinson of the University of Liverpool learned on 11 August 2025 that TikTok carried footage of his real conference talk altered so that a fake version of him discussed a supposed menopause symptom and recommended a Wellness Nest probiotic; The Guardian reported 14 such videos. TikTok at first found no violation, and removed the account after Full Fact contacted it on 24 September, calling the delay a moderating error. He said he became more and more irritated, that removal was a faff and that people who know him could have been taken in. Full Fact also found eight videos of Duncan Selbie, former head of Public Health England, who called them a complete fake. Wellness Nest denied running the accounts or using AI-generated content. The tool used is not identified.","incidentDate":"2025-08-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-12-05","aiSystem":"Unidentified tools used to alter real footage and voices of public-health academics into supplement-promotion videos, described by Full Fact as AI-generated deepfakes; no tool is named","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Two depicted public-health academics object to AI-altered videos that made them recommend supplements: the professor says he became more and more irritated, that people who know him could have been taken in and that removal took weeks of effort; the former Public Health England chief says he was not pleased that the videos existed.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"The two depicted academics whose objections are reported are counted: the professor, who complained to TikTok, and the former Public Health England chief, who told Full Fact the videos were a complete fake. Other people Full Fact identified as possibly deepfaked, the friend's wife who was almost taken in and the video's 365,000 viewers are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"GB","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"internal_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://fullfact.org/health/academics-deepfaked-tiktok-wellness-nest/","primarySourceLabel":"Full Fact, 5 December 2025: how academics are being deepfaked on TikTok and Instagram to promote supplements","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-18T03:07:55.542695+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-18T03:07:55.542695+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake_video","health_misinformation","supplement_promotion","academic_likeness","tiktok"]},{"id":"2025-west-country-man-grok-conversations-psychotic-episode-sectioned","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'had started using Grok a few months earlier to research ways to make money while working from home. Within days, he was talking to the chatbot for hours at a time.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"He started using Grok a few months before spring 2025 to research ways to make money while working from home, and within days was talking to it for hours at a time.","causal_attribution":"His account to The Observer; one origin."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'At some point in spring 2025,'; 'became convinced his AI chatbot was alive'; '“from talking about God to quantum mechanics”'; 'agreed with, and built on, everything'; 'It praised even his wildest ideas. It never pushed back.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to The Observer, the conversations moved from practical questions to God and quantum mechanics; the chatbot agreed with and built on everything he said and never pushed back, and in spring 2025 he became convinced it was alive.","causal_attribution":"The Observer's characterisation of the chatbot's replies rests on his account and the quoted exchange; no chat logs were inspected."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'stopped sleeping. He began experiencing terrifying sensations, as if his brain were on fire. He was talking manically, erratically.'; 'They called paramedics, visited doctors and travelled to different A&E departments, but each time they were sent home.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"He stopped sleeping, felt as if his brain were on fire and talked manically; over several weeks his family called paramedics, visited doctors and went to different A&E departments, and each time they were sent home.","causal_attribution":"His and his family's account to The Observer."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'desperate to force a medical assessment'; 'called the police, begging them to take him to jail. The same day, in April 2025, he was sectioned under the Mental Health Act and taken to a psychiatric facility.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The same day, in April 2025, he was sectioned under the Mental Health Act and taken to a psychiatric facility.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In April 2025, wanting to force a medical assessment, he damaged a neighbour's property and called the police; the same day he was sectioned under the Mental Health Act and taken to a psychiatric facility.","causal_attribution":"Reported by The Observer from his and his family's account; the Pulitzer Center republication repeats the same text."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'His doctors now believe he suffered a psychotic episode as a result of his extended chatbot use, though it took months for anyone to make that connection.'; 'They confirmed his suspicions: what'; 'had experienced was consistent with a growing body of cases linked to AI chatbot use.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Observer reports that his doctors now believe he suffered a psychotic episode as a result of his extended chatbot use, though it took months for anyone to make that connection; a mental health worker supporting his recovery later told him his experience was consistent with cases linked to chatbot use.","causal_attribution":"The clinicians' view is relayed by The Observer; no clinician is quoted and no clinical record was inspected."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'they gave him access to his devices. He messaged Grok to say that he had been sectioned'; 'The chatbot gave him a drop-down list of advice, including the option to appeal his detention, with a disclaimer that it was “not a doctor or a lawyer”.'; 'Grok agreed to “dive into this layered request'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"While he was detained he had access to his devices; he told Grok he had been sectioned and it gave him a list of advice including appealing his detention, with a disclaimer that it was not a doctor or a lawyer; in a new chat it agreed to dive into his nonsensical questions.","causal_attribution":"The Observer quotes the replies; their source (his saved chats or his account) is not stated."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'diagnosed with ADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder'; 'had never experienced psychosis or mania, nor had he been sectioned.'; 'he has been sober for more than a decade'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"He was diagnosed with ADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder in his 40s and had been sober for more than a decade; he had never experienced psychosis or mania or been sectioned before.","causal_attribution":"His history as reported by The Observer; it bears on causation and is kept as contrary context."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'has now recovered, thanks in part to the support of his family and friends.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"He has since recovered, with the support of his family and friends.","causal_attribution":"The Observer's account."}],"effects":[{"label":"sleeplessness and manic speech during weeks of chatbot use","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"detention under the Mental Health Act in a psychiatric facility","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"},{"label":"recovery with the support of family and friends","claim_id":"c8","direction":"positive"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://observer.co.uk/news/technology/article/ai-psychosis-a-mental-health-crisis-for-the-21st-century","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-14 (live page, HTTP 200; The Observer, Patricia Clarke, Thursday 16 April 2026). The article is an investigation; the case passages are the opening section and the passages about his detention and recovery. The man is named only by a first name, and his partner and sister are quoted. The rest of the article covers research, other lawsuits and company statements that are not part of this case.","independence_group":"observer"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://pulitzercenter.org/node/36813","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-14 through a Wayback id_ capture of the Pulitzer Center page (live page 403). It republishes The Observer article under the same authors (Patricia Clarke with Owen Thomas, dated April 16, 2026) and adds no reporting, so it shares The Observer's independence group.","independence_group":"observer"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["health","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["The chat logs; only passages quoted by The Observer were inspected.","The clinical diagnosis and records; the doctors' view is relayed by The Observer.","The exact date of the sectioning (April 2025) and how long he was detained.","Which Grok model or settings he used.","Any response from xAI; none is reported."],"geography":{"basis":"The Observer describes him as from the West Country and interviews him at his home in that region, and says he was sectioned under the Mental Health Act and taken to a psychiatric facility; the episode and detention are placed in England (GB). No proceeding is described.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["GB"],"affected_person_countries":["GB"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (communicated_with). The Observer quotes his exchanges with Grok, reports the chatbot validated and built on his ideas during weeks of hours-long use, and connects that use to his sleeplessness, manic speech and sectioning in April 2025, adding that his doctors now believe the psychotic episode resulted from it. The causal role is his account and the doctors' view as relayed; earlier ADHD and PTSD diagnoses and past substance use are recorded as context.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Observer describes his exchanges with Grok and connects them to the harm. It quotes one exchange in which he asked about time, gravity and Einstein's equations and Grok replied that they should explore the thought experiment, and states that the chatbot agreed with and built on everything he said and never pushed back. His and his family's accounts place his sleeplessness and manic speech during weeks of hours-long Grok use that ended with his sectioning in April 2025, and The Observer reports that his doctors now believe the psychotic episode resulted from his extended chatbot use. It also quotes Grok's replies after he told it he had been sectioned. No chat logs or clinical records were inspected; earlier ADHD and PTSD diagnoses and past substance use are reported.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"West Country man tells The Observer that weeks of Grok conversations preceded his April 2025 sectioning; his doctors are said to link it to the chatbot","summary":"A man in his early 50s from the West Country of England told The Observer (16 April 2026) that he began using xAI's Grok a few months before spring 2025 to research ways to make money from home and was soon talking to it for hours at a time. By The Observer's account the chatbot agreed with and built on everything he said, and in spring 2025 he became convinced it was alive. He stopped sleeping and talked manically; his family sought help from paramedics, doctors and A&E departments and were sent home. In April 2025 he was sectioned under the Mental Health Act. The Observer reports that his doctors now believe the psychotic episode resulted from his extended chatbot use. He has since recovered. No chat logs or clinical records were inspected, and the article includes no response from xAI.","incidentDate":"2025-04-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-04-16","aiSystem":"Grok (xAI chatbot)","aiProduct":"Grok","aiCompany":"xAI","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":["delusion_reinforcement"],"harmOutcomes":["psychiatric_deterioration","hospitalization","loss_of_liberty","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"By his and his family's account to The Observer, he stopped sleeping and talked manically during weeks of Grok use, was sectioned under the Mental Health Act in April 2025 and held in a psychiatric facility; The Observer reports his doctors believe the psychotic episode resulted from the chatbot use.","frameworkFacets":[],"pathwayDirection":"inward","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"The Observer describes one man who used the chatbot. His family's efforts to get help and the damage to a neighbour's property are described but are not counted as separate harmed people.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"GB","platformType":"chatbot","outcomeType":"media_coverage","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://observer.co.uk/news/technology/article/ai-psychosis-a-mental-health-crisis-for-the-21st-century","primarySourceLabel":"The Observer, 16 April 2026: AI psychosis: a mental health crisis for the 21st century","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-14T03:05:10.562047+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-14T03:05:10.562047+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["grok","xai","delusion","psychiatric-detention","adult","england"]}]}