{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-23T06:58:51.544Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"denied","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"core","evidence":"","year":"","response":"regulatory","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":3,"coverage":{"cases":3,"countries":3,"languages":6,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":1,"lawsuits":0,"regulatory":3,"minors":0,"coreRelations":3,"contextualRelations":2,"mixedRelations":2,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2025-sixth-circuit-removes-appointed-defence-lawyer-over-cocounsel-drafted-briefs-delaying-indigent-defendants-appeal","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'qualified for a two-level enhancement under § 3B1.1(c) of the Sentencing Guidelines for his leadership role during drug-trafficking activities.'; 'serving as court-appointed counsel for an indigent defendant through a publicly funded program'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"A lawyer appointed under the Criminal Justice Act represented an indigent defendant appealing a two-level leadership enhancement to his drug-trafficking sentence in the Sixth Circuit.","causal_attribution":"The court's own description of the appointment and the appeal."},{"id":"c2","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'The first tell was the file name of the principal brief:'; '“CoCounsel Skill Results.” CoCounsel is the name of Westlaw’s internal artificial-intelligence'; 'But the purported direct quotations do not appear in their cited sources.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The first tell was the file name of the principal brief: \"CoCounsel Skill Results.\" CoCounsel is the name of Westlaw's internal artificial-intelligence platform.'; 'But the purported direct quotations do not appear in their cited sources.'; 'misrepresent the holdings of both United States v. Washington'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court found that the principal brief's file name was 'CoCounsel Skill Results', that three quotations in the briefs appear in no legal authority, and that the briefs misrepresented the holdings of two precedents.","causal_attribution":"The court's findings, quoted verbatim in the Volokh post; the opinion PDF carries the same text."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'he directed an unnamed “staff” member to'; 'upload district court documents to Westlaw’s CoCounsel program to create a first draft of the'; 'repeated that same process for the reply brief.'; 'He concedes that the three inaccurate quotations'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'he directed an unnamed \"staff\" member to upload district court documents to Westlaw's CoCounsel program to create a first draft of the principal brief.'; 'He concedes that the three inaccurate quotations identified above were the product of artificial intelligence, that they do not appear in any legal authorities'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The lawyer admitted that a staff member uploaded district court documents to Westlaw's CoCounsel to create a first draft of the principal brief, that he repeated the process for the reply, and that the three inaccurate quotations were produced by artificial intelligence and not verified.","causal_attribution":"The lawyer's show-cause response as the court records it; the court's opinion documents the admission."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'shall not be compensated under the Criminal Justice Act for his time spent on'; 'to consider disciplinary proceedings under Sixth'; 'Disciplinary Clerk for the Kentucky Bar Association'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The court ordered that the lawyer receive no Criminal Justice Act compensation for the appeal, forwarded the opinion to the circuit's chief judge to consider disciplinary proceedings, and served it on the Kentucky Bar Association's disciplinary clerk.","causal_attribution":"The court's orders."},{"id":"c5","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'different appellate counsel to file new briefs—further delaying resolution of'; 'reset the briefing schedule upon appointment of replacement counsel.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"By a separate order the same day the court removed the lawyer, directed the appointment of replacement counsel, locked the briefs he had filed and reset the briefing schedule, which the court said further delayed resolution of the defendant's criminal appeal.","causal_attribution":"The court's own account of its separate order and of the delay."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'utilizing Westlaw CoCounsel “in this way for a Court of Appeals brief.”'; 'has never been disciplined over his 40-year career'; 'candor in acknowledging his improper use of artificial intelligence.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'first time utilizing Westlaw CoCounsel \"in this way for a Court of Appeals brief.\"'; 'has never been disciplined over his 40-year career'; 'his candor in acknowledging his improper use of artificial intelligence.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The lawyer said this was his first use of CoCounsel in this way for an appeals brief and that he had not been disciplined in a 40-year career; the court acknowledged his timely response and candour while finding his conduct inexcusable.","causal_attribution":"The lawyer's explanations and the court's assessment, as the opinion records them; recorded as mitigation."},{"id":"c7","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'***LOCKED PURSUANT TO ORDER ENTERED 04/03/2026***APPELLANT BRIEF filed by'; 'Certificate of Service: 10/21/2025. Argument Request: not requested. [25-5623]'; '***LOCKED PURSUANT TO ORDER ENTERED 04/03/2026***REPLY BRIEF filed by Attorney'; 'Certificate of Service: 12/26/2025. [25-5623]'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The docket records that the principal brief for the defendant was filed on 21 October 2025 and the reply brief on 26 December 2025, and that both entries were locked under the order of 3 April 2026.","causal_attribution":"Clerk docket entries; they date the filings and do not describe their contents."}],"effects":[{"label":"indigent defendant's criminal appeal delayed while replacement counsel files new briefs","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"},{"label":"court-appointed lawyer denied compensation for the appeal and referred for disciplinary consideration","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/26a0105p-06.pdf","kind":"court_order","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Sixth Circuit published per curiam opinion, No. 25-5623, decided and filed 3 April 2026; PDF read in full (HTTP 200).","independence_group":"sixth-circuit-opinion-3-apr-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://reason.com/volokh/2026/04/09/the-first-tell-was-the-file-name-of-the-principal-brief-cocounsel-skill-results/","kind":"commentary_with_filing_excerpt","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"The Volokh Conspiracy (Reason), 9 April 2026, quoting the same opinion at length; read in full (HTTP 200). Same origin as the opinion.","independence_group":"sixth-circuit-opinion-3-apr-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/api/rest/v4/search/?q=docket_id%3A70724463%20BRIEF&type=rd","kind":"court_docket_index","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"CourtListener search API listing of docket entries for Sixth Circuit No. 25-5623 (RECAP), read on 2026-10-19 (HTTP 200); entry descriptions as entered by the clerk. Party and counsel names in the entries are not reproduced.","independence_group":"sixth-circuit-docket-25-5623"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use","others_use"],"contexts":["justice","work"],"unknowns":["How long the appeal is delayed, and the outcome of any disciplinary proceedings."],"geography":{"basis":"The appeal is from the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and the lawyer practises in Kentucky (opinion).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published with communicated_with and informed_decision_about: the court documents that a court-appointed defence lawyer filed briefs drafted with Westlaw's CoCounsel that carried quotations found in no authority, and, acting on those briefs, removed him, ordered new counsel and briefing that delayed the indigent defendant's criminal appeal, and denied him compensation. The harm reaches a criminal defendant who did not use the tool.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-19"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court found that the principal brief's file name was 'CoCounsel Skill Results' and that three quotations in the briefs appear in no legal authority. The lawyer admitted that a staff member used Westlaw's CoCounsel to produce the first draft, that he repeated the process for the reply, and that the false quotations were produced by artificial intelligence. Reading those briefs, the court removed him, ordered new counsel and new briefs for the defendant, and denied him compensation.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Sixth Circuit removes court-appointed defence lawyer over CoCounsel-drafted briefs with false quotations, delaying an indigent defendant's appeal","summary":"In a published opinion of 3 April 2026, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit addressed the briefs a lawyer appointed under the Criminal Justice Act had filed for an indigent defendant appealing a sentencing enhancement in a drug-trafficking case. The court noticed that the principal brief's file name was 'CoCounsel Skill Results' and found three quotations that appear in no legal authority and misstatements of two precedents. The lawyer admitted that a staff member had used Westlaw's CoCounsel to create the first draft, that he repeated the process for the reply, and that the false quotations came from artificial intelligence he did not verify. The court denied him compensation for the appeal, referred the opinion for possible disciplinary proceedings and to the Kentucky Bar Association, and by separate order removed him, locked his briefs and ordered replacement counsel to file new ones, which it said further delayed resolution of the defendant's appeal. The court acknowledged his candour and his 40 years without discipline.","incidentDate":"2025-10-21","incidentEndDate":"2026-04-03","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-04-03","aiSystem":"Westlaw CoCounsel (Thomson Reuters), used by a lawyer's staff member to produce the first drafts of a principal and a reply brief","aiProduct":"CoCounsel","aiCompany":"Thomson Reuters","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","professional_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The court documents that briefs drafted with Westlaw's CoCounsel and filed unverified by a court-appointed lawyer led it to remove him and order new counsel and briefs, further delaying an indigent defendant's criminal appeal; the lawyer was denied compensation for the appeal and referred for disciplinary consideration.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two: the defendant, whose appeal the court says was further delayed, and the lawyer, who was denied compensation and referred. The lawyer's staff member ran the tool and is not counted; no other harmed person is described.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/26a0105p-06.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, No. 25-5623, opinion decided and filed 3 April 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-19T03:16:56.688661+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-19T03:16:56.688661+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["legal","ai-fabricated-quotations","court-appointed-counsel","criminal-appeal","sanction","cocounsel"]},{"id":"2026-finland-small-town-ai-fake-nude-images-of-dozens-of-women-on-porn-sites-police-investigation","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Poliisi on tutkinut hitaasti tapausta, jossa pikkukaupungissa asuva mies tehtaili tekoälyn avulla alastonkuvia kymmenistä itselleen tutuista naisista.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Naiset oli muokattu valokuvissa tekoälyn avulla yläosattomiksi tai kokonaan alastomiksi.'; 'Poliisin mukaan tapauksessa on yksi epäilty.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Poliisi tutkii tekoälyn avulla muokattujen seksuaalisten kuvien levittämistä, jossa asianomistajina eli uhreina on useita naisia.'; 'Tekopaikkana on pohjoissuomalainen pieni kaupunki ja rikoksista epäiltynä yksi keski-ikäinen mies.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Yle reports that a man living in a small town made nude images of dozens of women he knew with AI, editing their photographs to appear topless or fully nude; police, who say the case has one suspect, are investigating, and Kaleva describes the investigation as concerning the distribution of sexual images edited with AI.","causal_attribution":"Yle's investigative finding and Kaleva's description of the police investigation; untested in court. The suspect earlier denied knowing about the matter (c6)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Epäilty tekijä oli jakanut uhreista yhteensä useita satoja kuvia kahdelle eri pornosivustolle.'; 'Sekä poliisi että jotkut uhrit itse ovat tehneet sivustoille poistopyyntöjä, ja tekijän tilit kuvineen on sittemmin poistettu.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Nyt kuvat on poistettu myös toiselta sivustolta. Tälle sivustolle epäilty tekijä oli ladannut yli 300 kuvaa.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The suspect had shared several hundred images of the victims in total on two pornography sites, including more than 300 images on the second site; after takedown requests by police and some victims, the images and the suspect's accounts were removed.","causal_attribution":"Yle reporting with the head of investigation's account of the takedown requests."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Monet uhreiksi joutuneista naisista asuivat miehen kanssa samassa pienessä kaupungissa. Uhreissa oli hänen ystäviään, kollegoitaan ja jopa sukulaisiaan.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Uhrit eivät tienneet kuvista mitään ennen Ylen yhteydenottoa. Yhteensä kuusi uhria teki rikosilmoituksen juttuprosessin aikana.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The victims included the suspect's friends, colleagues and relatives, many living in the same small town; they did not know about the images until Yle contacted them, and six victims filed criminal complaints during Yle's reporting.","causal_attribution":"Yle's investigative reporting."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Tutkinnanjohtaja vahvistaa, että rikosilmoituksia on tähän mennessä tehty 23 kappaletta.'; 'Rikosnimikkeinä tutkinnassa ovat seksuaalisen kuvan luvaton levittäminen ja kunnianloukkaus.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Poliisi on vastaanottanut yhteensä 12 rikosilmoitusta tapauksesta.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Poliisi aloitti esitutkinnan kuluvan kevään aikana saatuaan yhteensä kuusi rikosilmoitusta miehen toiminnasta.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Police are investigating unauthorised distribution of a sexual image and defamation; complaints numbered six when the preliminary investigation began in spring (Kaleva, citing police), 12 by 4 June and 23 by 1 October 2026 (the head of investigation, via Yle).","causal_attribution":"Statements by the head of investigation and police as relayed by Yle and Kaleva."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Poliisi ei ole kuullut vielä yhtään uhria, vaikka rikostutkinta alkoi jo keväällä.'; 'Osa rikosvyyhdin uhreista on ollut yhteydessä Yleen, koska poliisista ei ole kuulunut. He ovat olleet hämmentyneitä tutkinnan hitaudesta.'; 'Juttua on tutkinut vain yksi poliisitutkija muiden töidensä ohessa.'; 'Ensi vuoden alkupuolelle varmaan mennään.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"As of 1 October 2026 police had not interviewed any victim although the investigation began in spring; some victims contacted Yle because they had heard nothing from police and were confused by the slow pace; one investigator worked the case alongside other duties, and the head of investigation expected it to reach consideration of charges in the first half of 2027.","causal_attribution":"Yle reporting of victims' contacts and the head of investigation's statements."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Tutkinta alkoi toukokuussa Ylen jutun julkaisun jälkeen. Tuolloin epäilty tekijä myös irtisanottiin työpaikastaan.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Ylen tietojen mukaan jutun julkaisun jälkeen mies on irtisanottu tehtävistään.'; 'Aiemmin mies kiisti sähköpostitse Ylelle tietävänsä asiasta, mutta paheksui jutun tekemistä.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Tiettävästi mies on irtisanottu rikosepäilyjen tultua tietoon.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The suspect was dismissed from his job after Yle's May article; earlier the suspect had denied to Yle by email knowing about the matter while condemning the story.","causal_attribution":"Yle's and Kaleva's information; the dismissal is not confirmed by the employer in the inspected text. The denial is the suspect's own statement to Yle."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Ylen laskujen mukaan tapauksessa on uhreja jopa yli 50. Poliisi ei vielä ole tunnistanut heitä kaikkia, joten kaikki eivät ole tietoisia heistä tehdyistä alastonkuvista.'; 'Ylen tietojen mukaan aineistossa on myös kuvia, joissa asianomistajat ovat olleet teini-ikäisiä. He ovat nykyään aikuisia.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Ylen tietojen mukaan väärennettyihin alastonkuviin päätyi jopa yli 50 naista.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Yle counts more than 50 victims, not all identified by police, so not all know about the images; Yle also reports that the material includes images in which complainants were teenagers, who are now adults.","causal_attribution":"Yle's own count; the head of investigation would not comment on the total number of victims."}],"effects":[{"label":"photos of women the suspect knew were allegedly edited with AI into nude images and posted on porn sites without their knowledge","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"some victims say they heard nothing from police months after filing complaints and were confused by the slow investigation","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://yle.fi/a/74-20249310","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"fi","translation_note":"Read live in Finnish on 2026-10-02 (Yle, 1 October 2026, by the MOT reporters). Quotes the unnamed head of investigation. Researcher translation; no professional translator.","independence_group":"yle-mot-investigation"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://yle.fi/a/74-20229628","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"fi","translation_note":"Read live in Finnish on 2026-10-02 (Yle MOT, 4 June 2026). Researcher translation.","independence_group":"yle-mot-investigation"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.kaleva.fi/rikosepaily-mies-vaarensi-tekoalylla-alastonkuvia/13514039","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"fi","translation_note":"Read live in Finnish on 2026-10-02 (Kaleva, 29 May 2026); access is partial: only the free lede of five paragraphs was visible, the rest is behind the paywall. Attributes the investigation details to police and the employment details to Kaleva's own information. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"kaleva-police-statement"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","relationships"],"unknowns":["When the images were made and posted; police began the investigation in spring 2026 and complaints were filed around May.","Which AI tool was used.","The exact number of women depicted; Yle counts more than 50 and police had not identified all of them.","Whether each of the 23 complaints comes from a different woman.","Whether charges will be brought; consideration of charges was expected in the first half of 2027."],"geography":{"basis":"Kaleva reports that the crime location is a small town in northern Finland, and Yle calls the case Finland's largest deepfake-nude case so far and says many victims lived in the same small town as the suspect. Not every victim's residence is stated. No court proceeding has started.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["FI"],"affected_person_countries":["FI"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): police are investigating a man suspected of AI-faking nude images of women he knew and posting them to porn sites, with 23 complaints confirmed by the head of investigation. Two chains read in Finnish (Yle's MOT investigation and Kaleva's police-sourced lede); every claim is reported. Yle withholds the victims, the town and the head of investigation's name; the suspect is unnamed here. Event date unknown; reported 22 May 2026.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-02"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Yle reports that the women were edited in photographs with AI to appear topless or nude, and Kaleva describes the police investigation as concerning the distribution of sexual images edited with AI. The images were not inspected and no tool is named. The AI use is Yle's finding and Kaleva's description of the police investigation; no inspected text quotes police on the AI use, and it is untested in court. The images depict the women (depicted_or_impersonated).","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Finnish police investigate a small-town man suspected of using AI to fake nude images of dozens of women he knew and posting several hundred images of them on two porn sites; 23 criminal complaints by October 2026","summary":"Yle reported in May 2026 that a man in a small Finnish town is suspected of using AI to turn photos of women he knew, including friends, colleagues and relatives, into topless or fully nude images and posting them, among several hundred images of the women that included original clothed photos, on two pornography sites. The women did not know about the images until Yle contacted them. Police opened a preliminary investigation for unauthorised distribution of a sexual image and defamation. By 1 October 2026 the head of the investigation confirmed 23 criminal complaints, but no victim had yet been interviewed. Yle counts more than 50 victims, not all identified. The suspect was dismissed from his job and earlier denied to Yle by email that he knew about the matter.","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"unknown","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-05-22","aiSystem":"AI used to edit photographs of women into topless or fully nude images (Yle; Kaleva describes the police investigation as concerning sexual images edited with AI); the tool is not named","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Photos of women the suspect knew were allegedly edited with AI into nude images that were posted on two porn sites, among several hundred images of the women, without their knowledge; 23 complaints had been filed by October 2026 (Yle, citing the head of investigation; Kaleva).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":50,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Yle states that more than 50 women appear in the faked nude images ('Ylen tietojen mukaan väärennettyihin alastonkuviin päätyi jopa yli 50 naista', 4 June 2026; 'Ylen laskujen mukaan tapauksessa on uhreja jopa yli 50', 1 October 2026): documented minimum 50 depicted women. This is Yle's own count; the head of investigation would not comment on the total and police had not identified every victim. Police had 23 complaints by 1 October, but no source states that each complaint comes from a different woman, so 23 is not used as a person count. Six victims filed complaints during Yle's reporting (4 June).","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"FI","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://yle.fi/a/74-20249310","primarySourceLabel":"Yle, 1 October 2026: Poliisi tutkii hitaasti tapausta, jossa mies loi alastonkuvia kymmenistä naisista","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-02T03:25:52.123161+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-02T03:25:52.123161+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfakes","non-consensual-intimate-imagery","nudification","pornography-sites","police-investigation","finnish-language"]},{"id":"2026-brazil-openai-report-user-detained-without-charge","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): Brazilian authorities arrested a man in June 2026 after OpenAI reported ChatGPT messages to the FBI and the alert was passed to police. Police described threats to harm a family member; the man disputed intent.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): Brazilian authorities arrested a man in June 2026 after OpenAI reported ChatGPT messages to the FBI and the alert was passed to police. Police described threats to harm a family member; the man disputed intent.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): Brazilian authorities arrested a man in June 2026 after OpenAI reported ChatGPT messages to the FBI and the alert was passed to police. Police described threats to harm a family member; the man disputed intent.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): Brazilian authorities arrested a man in June 2026 after OpenAI reported ChatGPT messages to the FBI and the alert was passed to police. Police described threats to harm a family member; the man disputed intent.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Brazilian authorities arrested a man in June 2026 after OpenAI reported ChatGPT messages to the FBI and the alert was passed to police. Police described threats to harm a family member; the man disputed intent.","causal_attribution":"Police account carried by two independent chains (BBC interviews; G1 with civil-police material)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): He was held in pre-trial detention for 54 days; on 13 August 2026 a court granted habeas corpus because, after more than 50 days, the police inquiry had not been concluded and no charge had been filed, and imposed an electronic ankle monitor and a ban on approaching or contacting his son and the child's mother; no charges had been brought and the investigation continues.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): He was held in pre-trial detention for 54 days; on 13 August 2026 a court granted habeas corpus because, after more than 50 days, the police inquiry had not been concluded and no charge had been filed, and imposed an electronic ankle monitor and a ban on approaching or contacting his son and the child's mother; no charges had been brought and the investigation continues.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"He was held in pre-trial detention for 54 days; on 13 August 2026 a court granted habeas corpus because, after more than 50 days, the police inquiry had not been concluded and no charge had been filed, and imposed an electronic ankle monitor and a ban on approaching or contacting his son and the child's mother; no charges had been brought and the investigation continues.","causal_attribution":"Court decision as reported by the BBC (single chain; the Spanish version is the same report)."},{"id":"c3","status":"disputed","evidence":[{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): Police say the reported messages were corroborated by material found during the arrest. The man denied intending harm and his lawyer disputed whether any concrete step had been taken.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): Police say the reported messages were corroborated by material found during the arrest. The man denied intending harm and his lawyer disputed whether any concrete step had been taken.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police say the reported messages were corroborated by material found during the arrest. The man denied intending harm and his lawyer disputed whether any concrete step had been taken.","causal_attribution":"Police and defence accounts as quoted by the BBC; the dispute concerns intent, not the detention."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): OpenAI provided investigators with the user's details and the messages he sent but not ChatGPT's replies; it did not answer the BBC's question why and said it may notify law enforcement when it detects a credible and imminent risk of harm to others; G1 reported that OpenAI's process combines automated systems and human moderators who may contact outside bodies, as happened in this case, and that the police chief called it the third such case in Brazil.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): OpenAI provided investigators with the user's details and the messages he sent but not ChatGPT's replies; it did not answer the BBC's question why and said it may notify law enforcement when it detects a credible and imminent risk of harm to others; G1 reported that OpenAI's process combines automated systems and human moderators who may contact outside bodies, as happened in this case, and that the police chief called it the third such case in Brazil.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): OpenAI provided investigators with the user's details and the messages he sent but not ChatGPT's replies; it did not answer the BBC's question why and said it may notify law enforcement when it detects a credible and imminent risk of harm to others; G1 reported that OpenAI's process combines automated systems and human moderators who may contact outside bodies, as happened in this case, and that the police chief called it the third such case in Brazil.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"OpenAI provided investigators with the user's details and the messages he sent but not ChatGPT's replies; it did not answer the BBC's question why and said it may notify law enforcement when it detects a credible and imminent risk of harm to others; G1 reported that OpenAI's process combines automated systems and human moderators who may contact outside bodies, as happened in this case, and that the police chief called it the third such case in Brazil.","causal_attribution":"OpenAI statements and investigators' accounts as reported; the absence of the replies is stated by investigators to the BBC."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): Police say the conversations ran for about two months and an alert reached Brazilian authorities in June 2026, three days before the arrest.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Passage concerning this claim (paraphrased; identifying and method details omitted): Police say the conversations ran for about two months and an alert reached Brazilian authorities in June 2026, three days before the arrest.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police say the conversations ran for about two months and an alert reached Brazilian authorities in June 2026, three days before the arrest.","causal_attribution":"BBC account (single chain)."}],"effects":[{"label":"held 54 days in pre-trial detention without charge after OpenAI reported his messages; released under electronic monitoring and a ban on contacting his son and the child's mother","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"police say the report let them arrest him a day before the date on which they believed the plan against the child would be carried out","claim_id":"c1","direction":"positive"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/c8dn1l7vr6ro","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"pt-br","translation_note":"Read live in Portuguese on 2026-09-23 (BBC News Brasil, Iara Diniz, 14 August 2026): messages seen by the BBC, police chief and defence-lawyer interviews, the habeas corpus release and precautionary measures. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"bbc"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cxnvlg14e1p8o","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read live in Spanish on 2026-09-23 (BBC News Mundo, 16 September 2026): Spanish text produced by AI translation from an English-language BBC original and reviewed by a BBC journalist before publication (stated in the article); same reporting chain as s1, which is preferred where the two diverge. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"bbc"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://g1.globo.com/tecnologia/noticia/2026/06/27/como-chatgpt-identificou-plano-de-pai-para-matar-o-filho-e-levou-alerta-para-autoridades.ghtml","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"pt-BR","translation_note":"Read live in Portuguese on 2026-09-23 (G1, 27 June 2026): arrest on 19 June, the OpenAI to FBI to Ministry of Justice to state police chain, message images from the civil police, OpenAI statement, police chief to TV Gazeta. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"g1-globo"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.migalhas.com.br/quentes/459083/pai-e-preso-apos-planejar-morte-do-filho-no-chatgpt-veja-analise","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"pt","translation_note":"Read live in Portuguese on 2026-09-23 (Migalhas, 26 June 2026): summary attributed to an earlier G1/TV Gazeta report of 26 June, with lawyers' analysis; same Globo chain as s3. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"g1-globo"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use","institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","relationships","privacy"],"unknowns":["What ChatGPT replied during the two months of conversations (OpenAI did not provide the replies).","Whether charges will be brought after the forensic results and phone examination.","Whether he in fact contacted a hired killer, as he told ChatGPT.","The exact date OpenAI made its report to the FBI.","His identity (withheld by the BBC; not sought here)."],"geography":{"basis":"Arrest at his home in rural [identifying or operational detail withheld], [identifying or operational detail withheld] (BBC, G1, Migalhas); he lives there; habeas corpus granted by the Brazilian court handling the pre-trial detention (BBC: a Justiça). OpenAI's report went via the FBI in the United States, which is not an event location.","court_countries":["BR"],"event_countries":["BR"],"affected_person_countries":["BR"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a contextual case: an AI operator's report about a user, generated by ChatGPT safety systems, led to 54 days of pre-trial detention without charge, ended by habeas corpus. Two independent reporting chains (BBC; Globo) support the arrest and its cause; the release and its terms rest on the BBC. The police account that the report prevented a planned killing is preserved as context and intent is recorded as disputed. Nobody is named; the child is not identified. The charter states that this class needs no separate ruling.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"He conversed with ChatGPT for about two months; OpenAI's safety systems flagged the conversations and the company reported them to the FBI, which passed them to Brazilian authorities (BBC, G1, with the police chief's account). OpenAI did not provide ChatGPT's replies, so what the chatbot said is unknown.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with","made_claim_about"]},"name":"Brazilian man detained without charge after OpenAI reported messages; he denies intending harm","summary":"BBC reporting describes a Brazilian man detained for 54 days after OpenAI reported messages to the FBI and Brazilian authorities. Police described a credible threat; he denied intending harm. A court released him without charges under protective conditions. The report did not include ChatGPT’s replies.","incidentDate":"2026-06-19","incidentEndDate":"2026-08-13","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-06-26","aiSystem":"ChatGPT (OpenAI); OpenAI's automated detection and human moderation systems, which generated the report","aiProduct":"ChatGPT and OpenAI moderation","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The user was held in pre-trial detention for 54 days without charge on the strength of his ChatGPT messages as reported by OpenAI, then released under electronic monitoring and a no-contact order covering his son and the child's mother while the investigation continues. Police say the report was corroborated at the scene and prevented a planned killing; he and his lawyer dispute any intent. The consequence to him is undisputed; whether it was warranted is contested.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the ChatGPT user who was detained (BBC, G1). The child and the child's mother are not counted as harmed. Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"BR","platformType":"chatbot","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/c8dn1l7vr6ro","primarySourceLabel":"BBC News Brasil — report on the case","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-23T03:45:57.312143+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-05T11:09:49.574842+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["chatgpt","openai","brazil","espirito-santo","law-enforcement-report","pre-trial-detention","fbi","institutional-response","communicated-with","made-claim-about"]}]}