{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-11T08:02:40.189Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"criminal case","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"2025","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":13,"coverage":{"cases":13,"countries":6,"languages":8,"unknownLocation":2,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":1,"regulatory":4,"minors":2,"coreRelations":11,"contextualRelations":2,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2025-rohtak-district-minor-says-ai-made-obscene-images-used-to-coerce-repeated-rape-pocso-case","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'रोहतक के एक गांव में 17 साल की नाबालिग लड़की के AI से अश्लील फोटो व वीडियो बनाकर दो युवकों ने कई बार रेप किया'; 'जिस दौरान ही उसके फोटो आरोपियों ने ले लिए थे। इसके बाद दोनों आरोपियों ने उसके AI से अश्लील फोटो व वीडियो बनाकर सोशल मीडिया पर डालने की धमकी देते हुए शारीरिक संबंध बनाए'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'इसी दौरान उन्होंने चुपके से लड़की की तस्वीरें ले लीं। आरोप है कि बाद में एआई टूल का इस्तेमाल कर उन तस्वीरों से अश्लील और आपत्तिजनक फोटो-वीडियो बना लिए गए'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The complainant, a 17-year-old from a village in Rohtak district, told police that two men who delivered building material to her home photographed her there, made obscene photographs and videos of her with AI, and forced her into sexual acts by threatening to post the material on social media.","causal_attribution":"The complainant's account as relayed by the two outlets; the police statement quoted does not mention AI, and the images were not examined by any quoted official."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'पीड़िता ने बताया कि दिसंबर 2025 में पहली बार आरोपी का इंस्टाग्राम पर मैसेज आया और घर के बाहर बुलाया। उसके अश्लील फोटो वायरल करने की धमकी दी'; 'पीड़िता ने बताया कि 5 अक्टूबर को वह अपने चाचा के पास रह रही थी'; 'साथ ही किसी को बताने पर जान से मारने की धमकी भी दी'; 'परिजनों ने डायल 112 पर कॉल करके पुलिस को बुलाया'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'जनवरी 2026 में आरोपियों ने फिर धमकी देकर उसे सुनसान जगह बुलाया'; 'ताजा घटना 5 अक्टूबर 2026 की है'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The complainant described a first assault after an Instagram message in December 2025, further assaults in January and March 2026, and a final assault on 5 October 2026 followed by a death threat, after which she collapsed in a lane near her home and her family called the police.","causal_attribution":"The complainant's chronology as relayed by both outlets; no independent record of the dates was inspected."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'थाना अर्बन एस्टेट पुलिस ने बताया कि एक नाबालिग लड़की ने दो युवकों के खिलाफ जबरन गलत काम करने का आरोप लगाते हुए शिकायत दी है। पुलिस ने मामले में केस दर्ज कर जांच शुरू कर दी है'; 'पीड़िता की काउंसलिंग की गई है'; 'मामले में पोक्सो एक्ट में केस दर्ज हुआ है'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'पोक्सो एक्ट (POCSO Act) और दुष्कर्म की विभिन्न धाराओं के तहत केस दर्ज कर लिया है'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police registered a case against the two men under the POCSO Act and rape provisions and began an investigation; the Child Welfare Committee said the complainant has been counselled.","causal_attribution":"Police-station and Child Welfare Committee statements as quoted by the outlets; the first-information report itself was not inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"repeated rape of a minor coerced with the threat of circulating obscene AI-made images and videos of her, as described in her complaint","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/news/minor-raped-after-creation-of-obscene-video-using-ai-139284680.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"hi","translation_note":"Read in Hindi and translated by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-09; no human reviewer inspected the text. Dainik Bhaskar Rohtak local report published 8 October 2026 07:24 IST (updated 09:38 IST); the canonical page and its AMP form both returned HTTP 200 with the article text. Relays the complainant's statement, the police station and the Child Welfare Committee chairman.","independence_group":"rohtak-complainant-account-police-fir-2026-10-08"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.jagmarg.com/rohtak-blackmail-gangrape-ai-minor-pocso-case","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"hi","translation_note":"Read in Hindi and translated by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-09; no human reviewer inspected the text. Jagmarg News, 8 October 2026, HTTP 200; a Haryana news site carrying the same complainant account, Child Welfare Committee statement and police-station statement as Dainik Bhaskar on the same morning, so it is treated as the same chain and not as independent corroboration.","independence_group":"rohtak-complainant-account-police-fir-2026-10-08"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life","justice","privacy"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool was used and whether any official has examined the photographs and videos; the quoted police statement does not mention AI.","Whether the obscene material was shown to the complainant or sent to anyone; the reports describe threats to post it, not circulation.","Whether the accused have been arrested or have responded; neither report quotes them.","The exact date the case was registered (the reports of 8 October 2026 say it has been registered) and the sections applied beyond the POCSO Act and rape provisions."],"geography":{"basis":"Both reports place the complainant's village, the accused's office and the police station in Rohtak district, Haryana, India, and the case is registered with Rohtak police. The complainant lives in the district. No court step is reported yet.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["IN"],"affected_person_countries":["IN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case on one attributed chain: Dainik Bhaskar and Jagmarg News relay a 17-year-old's police complaint that two men made obscene AI images and videos of her and used the threat of posting them to coerce repeated rape, and quote the police station and the Child Welfare Committee on the registered POCSO case. Every claim is attributed to the complaint or to those statements. The complainant, her village, her family and the accused are not named in the sources or in this record.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-09"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"In the complainant's account relayed by Dainik Bhaskar and Jagmarg News, the two accused took photographs of the girl during visits to her home and made obscene photographs and videos of her with AI (Jagmarg: using an AI tool to make obscene and objectionable photos and videos from those pictures), then threatened to post that material on social media to force her to meet them, which is how she says the repeated rapes were coerced. The AI-made material depicts her (depicted_or_impersonated) and its threatened circulation is the described means of coercion. The quoted police statement describes the complaint of forced sexual acts without mentioning AI, no official is reported to have examined the images, and the tool is not identified; the account is a complaint under investigation.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Rohtak district, India: POCSO case registered after a 17-year-old says two men made obscene AI images of her and used them to coerce repeated rape since 2025","summary":"Police in Rohtak district, Haryana, registered a case under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act and rape provisions, reported on 8 October 2026, after a 17-year-old girl from a village in the district told them that two men who delivered building material to her home had taken photographs of her, made obscene photographs and videos from them with AI, and used the threat of posting the material on social media to force her to meet them and rape her repeatedly, according to Dainik Bhaskar and Jagmarg News (both 8 October 2026). In the complainant's account relayed by the two outlets, the first assault followed an Instagram message in December 2025, further assaults took place in January and March 2026, and the most recent on 5 October 2026, after which she collapsed in a lane near her home and told her family, who called the police. The district Child Welfare Committee said she has been counselled. The police statement quoted by Dainik Bhaskar describes a complaint of forced sexual acts by two men and an investigation, without mentioning AI; the AI claim rests on the complainant's account as relayed by the outlets. No arrest is reported and the accused have not been heard.","incidentDate":"2025-12-01","incidentEndDate":"2026-10-05","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-10-08","aiSystem":"AI tool, not identified, which according to the complainant's account relayed by Dainik Bhaskar and Jagmarg News the two accused used to make obscene photographs and videos of her from photographs they had taken of her","aiProduct":"Unidentified image and video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the complainant's account relayed by Dainik Bhaskar and Jagmarg News, a 17-year-old was raped repeatedly between December 2025 and 5 October 2026 by two men who threatened to post obscene AI-made photographs and videos of her on social media; the Child Welfare Committee said she has been counselled, and she collapsed in the street after the most recent assault.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the complainant, a 17-year-old girl, is the only person the reports describe as depicted and assaulted. She did not use the AI tool herself (participant_users_affected_min 0). The accused are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"IN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/news/minor-raped-after-creation-of-obscene-video-using-ai-139284680.html","primarySourceLabel":"Dainik Bhaskar (Rohtak), 8 October 2026: minor raped after blackmail with obscene AI-made photos and videos; accused forced relations in an office and a car","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-09T03:36:29.225729+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-09T03:36:29.225729+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","non_consensual_intimate_imagery","sextortion","minors","sexual_violence","criminal_charges","india","haryana","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-texas-student-ai-altered-nude-image-of-classmate-posted-on-snapchat-sheriff-arrest","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'admitted to altering the image by using AI and posting it on a \"public story\" on Snapchat and then removing it'; 'screenshots were secured by at least one individual'; 'The image remained on Snapchat for a few minutes'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'to make it appear that that person was nude, by using AI and posting it on a public story on Snapchat and then removing it'; 'screenshots were secured by at-least one individual'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'admitted to altering the image using artificial intelligence and posting it to a public Snapchat story before removing it'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The county sheriff's office said a 17-year-old student admitted altering an image of a classmate with AI to make the classmate appear nude, posting it on a public Snapchat story and removing it; the image stayed up a few minutes and at least one person took screenshots.","causal_attribution":"Sheriff's office account of the student's interview admission, relayed by the three stations; untested in court."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'They concluded the image was artificially altered by a 17-year-old'; 'on November 25, 2025 and posted on Snapchat'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'the investigation determined the image had been digitally altered by a student on Nov. 25, 2025, and briefly posted to Snapchat before being removed'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The sheriff's office concluded that the image was artificially altered on 25 November 2025; no source states when it was posted.","causal_attribution":"Investigative conclusion of the sheriff's office, relayed by KFDM and 12News (one chain)."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'the first report to'; 'of this image was on April 13, 2026'; 'The investigation began during the morning of April 16'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'the investigation began April 16 after'; 'the first report to the school district was made April 13'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The first report to the school district was on 13 April 2026 and the sheriff's criminal investigation began on 16 April 2026 after the superintendent reported an explicit image of a student circulating on social media.","causal_attribution":"Sheriff's office account relayed by KFDM and 12News."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'charged with a Class A Misdemeanor- Unlawful Production/Distribution of Deep Fake Sexually Explicit Media'; 'there is an innocent young victim in this case'; 'no evidence to believe the image was altered during school hours or on school property'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'He was arrested and transported to the'; 'there is a young victim in this case'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'charged as an adult'; 'The post was taken down after a few minutes'; 'the damage was already done'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The student was arrested on 24 April 2026 and charged as an adult with a Class A misdemeanour of unlawful production or distribution of deepfake sexually explicit media; the sheriff said there is a young victim in the case and no evidence the image was made on school property.","causal_attribution":"Sheriff's office statements and the sheriff's interview with KTRE; a charge is an allegation."}],"effects":[{"label":"a student's image was altered with AI to appear nude and posted on a public Snapchat story, where it was screenshotted before removal","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://kfdm.com/news/local/breaking-buna-student-arrested-for-deep-fake-sexually-explicit-media","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-09-30 (batch 2) and re-read on 2026-10-08 from the saved body; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. KFDM (Sinclair) report of 24 April 2026, updated 26 April, relaying the sheriff's statement; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"county-sheriff-office-statement-2026-04-24"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.12newsnow.com/article/news/crime/buna-teen-charged-with-creating-ai-generated-explicit-image-classmate-says-jasper-county-sheriff/502-b13b5b85-11eb-4252-9539-a45adcfa90dc","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-09-30 (batch 2) and re-read on 2026-10-08 from the saved body; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. 12News (KBMT) report of 24 April 2026 read from the Internet Archive capture of the same day (direct fetch HTTP 403); relays the sheriff's office.","independence_group":"county-sheriff-office-statement-2026-04-24"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.ktre.com/2026/04/24/buna-isd-student-accused-production-deep-fake-explicit-media/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-09-30 (batch 2) and re-read on 2026-10-08 from the saved body; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. KTRE (Gray) report of 24 April 2026 relaying the sheriff's office; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"county-sheriff-office-statement-2026-04-24"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.ktre.com/2026/04/28/jasper-county-officials-warn-ai-dangers-after-first-deepfake-arrest/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-09-30 (batch 2) and re-read on 2026-10-08 from the saved body; no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. KTRE (Gray) report of 28 April 2026 with the sheriff's interview remarks and a comment from a district attorney not prosecuting the case; HTTP 200.","independence_group":"county-sheriff-office-statement-2026-04-24"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy"],"unknowns":["The depicted student's age, and whether the student or the family has described any consequence; the sheriff's words (embarrassing, damage done, innocent young victim) are the only account of harm.","When the altered image was posted on Snapchat; the sheriff's office dated only the alteration (25 November 2025), an investigative conclusion that was not independently confirmed.","Which AI tool was used, and whether anyone beyond the person who took screenshots saw or shared the image.","When the sheriff's office was first notified: KFDM gives two different accounts and 12News matches only one of them, so no notification date is recorded.","The outcome of the charge; the case was reported as in the hands of the court on 28 April 2026 and no hearing is reported."],"geography":{"basis":"The sheriff's office is in East Texas, the school and the students are in the same county, and the student was charged under Texas law (KFDM, 12News, KTRE). The affected student attends the same school. The case is in a Texas court (KTRE, 28 April).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case on one attributed chain: the county sheriff's office, relayed by KFDM, 12News and KTRE, said a 17-year-old student admitted altering a classmate's image with AI to appear nude and posting it on Snapchat, that the alteration was dated to 25 November 2025 by its investigation, and that the student was charged. Every claim is attributed to the sheriff's office. The students, the school, the district, the town and the county are not named because both students are private people and at least one is a minor.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-08"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The county sheriff's office, relayed by KFDM, 12News and KTRE, said the 17-year-old admitted altering an image of a classmate by using AI to make the classmate appear nude and posting it on Snapchat, and that its investigation concluded the image was artificially altered on 25 November 2025. The AI-altered sexual image is the harm itself: it depicts the classmate (depicted_or_impersonated) and was seen and screenshotted by at least one person. The tool is not identified, the image was not examined by the research agent, and the only account is the sheriff's office statement; the charge is untested in court.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Texas: sheriff says a 17-year-old student altered a classmate's image with AI in November 2025 to appear nude and posted it on Snapchat; charged April 2026","summary":"A county sheriff's office in East Texas said on 24 April 2026 that a 17-year-old high-school student had admitted altering an image of a classmate with AI to make the classmate appear nude and posting it on a public Snapchat story, then removing it. The sheriff's office said its investigation concluded the image was altered on 25 November 2025; the posting date is not separately stated. The image stayed on Snapchat for a few minutes and at least one person took screenshots. The school district first received a report of the image on 13 April 2026 and the criminal investigation began on 16 April 2026. The student was arrested on 24 April 2026, charged as an adult with a Class A misdemeanour of unlawful production or distribution of deepfake sexually explicit media, and is presumed innocent. The sheriff said there is a young victim in the case and that the damage was done despite the quick removal. Every account rests on the sheriff's office statements as relayed by three local stations.","incidentDate":"2025-11-25","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-04-24","aiSystem":"AI tool, not identified, used according to the county sheriff's office to alter a photograph of a student so the student appeared nude","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the county sheriff's office, a student's image was altered with AI to appear nude and posted on a public Snapchat story, where it was screenshotted by at least one person before removal; the sheriff said the damage was done and that there is an innocent young victim. No further consequence for the depicted student is reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One depicted student: the sheriff's office speaks of an image of another student and of a young victim in this case, and no other depicted person is reported. The accused did not use the tool on the accused's own behalf as a harmed person, so participant_users_affected_min is 0. Students who viewed other, non-criminal pictures are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://kfdm.com/news/local/breaking-buna-student-arrested-for-deep-fake-sexually-explicit-media","primarySourceLabel":"KFDM, 24 April 2026 (updated 26 April): sheriff's office account of a student's arrest over an AI-altered sexual image posted on Snapchat","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-08T03:22:06.789017+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-08T03:22:06.789017+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","non_consensual_intimate_imagery","minors","education","snapchat","criminal_charges","united_states","texas"]},{"id":"2025-jakarta-jusuf-hamka-ai-deepfake-detainee-videos-tiktok-trial","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'narasi fitnah yang dibuat dengan menggunakan Artificial Inteligen (AI) di media sosial TikTok'; 'sedang menggunakan pakaian tahanan dan dikaitkan dengan tuduhan korupsi, suap, dan gratifikasi'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'pelaku memakai teknologi Artificial Intelligence (AI) untuk melakukan manipulasi visual wajah Jusuf Hamka dan putrinya'; 'menyebarkannya melalui akun TikTok'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Menyebarkan narasi suap konsesi Tol Cawang-Pluit senilai lebih dari Rp1 triliun'; 'Memasang poster rekayasa yang mencalonkan Jusuf Hamka sebagai presiden 2029'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'seolah memakai baju tahanan kejaksaan karena dituduh melakukan suap, gratifikasi untuk konsesi tol Cawang-Pluit'; 'pelaku mengedit foto'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"}],"assertion":"Videos on TikTok showed Jusuf Hamka and his daughter as if wearing detainee uniforms, tied to narratives of corruption, bribery and gratification that his lawyers call false over the Cawang-Pluit toll concession; his lawyers say the faces were composited with AI into staged scenes (VIVA) and that photos were edited to show them in prosecutors' detainee clothing (ANTARA, 4 December 2025), and other content included a 'toll mafia' label and a fabricated 2029 presidential poster.","causal_attribution":"Hamka's lawyers and the prosecution case as reported; the videos were not inspected."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Laporan ini teregister di Polda Metro dengan nomor STTLP/B/7474/X/2025/SPKT/Polda Metro Jaya tertanggal 18 Oktober 2025'; 'Pada 24 November 2025, penyidik secara resmi meningkatkan status perkara ke tahap penyidikan usai ditemukan bukti'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'ditangkap penyidik Unit 2 Subdit 2 Direktorat Siber Polda Metro Jaya pada Kamis (27/11) usai dilaporkan pada 18 Oktober 2025'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'pada 27 November 2025, penyidik Unit 2 Subdit 2 Direktorat Siber Polda Metro Jaya menangkap salah seorang pemilik akun Tiktok'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Hamka reported the content to Polda Metro Jaya on 18 October 2025; the case was raised to investigation on 24 November and the suspected maker and spreader was arrested by the cyber directorate on 27 November 2025.","causal_attribution":"Reported through Hamka's lawyers; VIVA's second page quotes the cyber directorate's deputy director confirming one arrest, without a date."},{"id":"c3","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'menghadiri sidang dakwaan dugaan hoaks dan manipulasi informasi elektronik konten deepfake di Pengadilan Negeri (PN) Jakarta Pusat pada Selasa (15/9/2026)'; 'kubu terdakwa melalui kuasa hukumnya mengaku bakal menempuh upaya eksepsi'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'didakwa melanggar Pasal 35 juncto Pasal 51 ayat (1) UU ITE dengan ancaman hukuman maksimal 12 tahun penjara'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The trial opened at the Central Jakarta District Court on 15 September 2026 with the reading of an indictment under Article 35 jo 51(1) of the ITE Law (maximum 12 years); the defence said it would file an exception.","causal_attribution":"Court reporting by tvOneNews and Poskota, with different content from the same hearing."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'narasi yang termuat dalam konten tersebut dinilainya tidak benar dan berpotensi merusak reputasinya'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'penyebaran ini menimbulkan dampak psikologis, reputasional, serta kerugian moril'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Hamka said the content disturbed him, that its narratives were untrue and could damage his reputation, and that the campaign was systematic; his lawyer said the spread caused psychological, reputational and moral harm.","causal_attribution":"Hamka's own statements and his lawyer's; no independent assessment of harm."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'terdakwa mengaku mendapat imbalan sebesar Rp500.000 untuk setiap konten yang dibuat atas perintah pihak tertentu'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'kan dia dikasih duit Rp500.000 setiap konten'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'pernyataan mengenai pembayaran tersebut merupakan klaim Jusuf yang masih menjadi bagian dari perkara'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"Hamka and his lawyers say the defendant admitted during the police investigation that he made the content on others' orders for Rp500,000 per item; tvOneNews notes this payment is Hamka's claim within a contested case.","causal_attribution":"Claim of the complainant's side; the alleged admission was not inspected."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Tidak ada ruang untuk restorative justice kecuali dia mau bicara dengan tegas di pengadilan, siapa yang menyuruh melakukan tindak pidana ini dan juga yang membayar'; 'surat dakwaan jaksa dinilai tidak cermat dan belum menjelaskan secara jelas perbuatan pidana yang didakwakan kepada kliennya'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"'majelis hakim sempat menanyakan kemungkinan penyelesaian perkara melalui mekanisme restorative justice'; 'membantah argumentasi yang disampaikan pihak Jusuf Hamka'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"},{"locator":"'secara tegas menutup pintu penyelesaian secara restorative justice (RJ)'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"At the 29 September 2026 hearing the judges asked about restorative justice; Hamka's lawyer said there was no room for it unless the defendant named who ordered and paid; the defendant's lawyer said the content related to his anti-corruption committee role and that the indictment was unclear.","causal_attribution":"Three outlets' reports of the same hearing; tvOneNews and TVRI follow one shared text."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'dinyatakan lengkap atau P21'; 'penyidik menyerahkan tersangka beserta barang bukti kepada penuntut umum pada Kejaksaan Negeri Jakarta Pusat'; 'Pasal 433 Ayat 2 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang KUHP juncto Pasal 441 Ayat 1'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Hamka's lawyer said the case file had been declared complete (P21) and the suspect and evidence handed to Central Jakarta prosecutors, under alternative counts including Article 32(1) jo 48(1) ITE and Articles 433(2) jo 441(1) of the 2023 Criminal Code (reported 12 August 2026).","causal_attribution":"The lawyer's statement via Akurat; the P21 date is not given."}],"effects":[{"label":"AI-manipulated videos depicting him and his daughter as detainees with corruption allegations he denies spread on TikTok","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5285803/kuasa-hukum-sebut-konten-hoaks-jusuf-hamka-diduga-dibuat-terorganisir","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (ANTARA, 3 December 2025): the lawyers' statement, the arrest date and the police report number. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"hamka-legal-team-statements"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/1865501-geger-jusuf-hamka-difitnah-pakai-baju-tahanan-pelaku-deepfake-diciduk-polisi","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (VIVA, 3 December 2025, pages 1 and 2; page 2 saved by the verifier as bodies/verify-v3-viva-p2.txt): lawyer Mohammad Anwar on the AI manipulation, the report, the investigation stage and the arrest; page 2 carries Anwar's full statement and quotes the Polda Metro Jaya cyber directorate's deputy director confirming one arrest. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"hamka-legal-team-statements"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.akurat.co/hukum/881600/kasus-deepfake-jusuf-hamka-dinyatakan-lengkap-tersangka-dan-barang-bukti-dilimpahkan-ke-jaksa","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (Akurat.co, 12 August 2026): P21, handover to Central Jakarta prosecutors and the counts, per lawyer Sogi Bagaskara. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"hamka-legal-team-statements"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.tvonenews.com/berita/467280-sidang-dakwaan-konten-hoaks-jusuf-hamka-buka-peluang-jalur-damai","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (tvOneNews, 15 September 2026): indictment hearing, Hamka's remarks to reporters. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"tvonenews-court-reporting"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.poskota.co.id/2026/09/15/jusuf-hamka-hadiri-sidang-kasus-deepfake-ai-desak-polisi-bongkar-aktor-intelektual","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (Poskota, 15 September 2026): the counts, the listed content and the lawyer's account of the police admission. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"poskota-court-reporting"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.tvonenews.com/berita/470241-sidang-lanjutan-konten-hoaks-kubu-jusuf-hamka-tolak-permintaan-restorative-justice","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (tvOneNews, 29 September 2026): the restorative-justice question, both sides' lawyers. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"hearing-2026-09-29-shared-text"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://www.poskota.co.id/2026/09/29/tolak-restorative-justice-jusuf-hamka-desak-pembuat-deepfake-buka-identitas-aktor-intelektual","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (Poskota, 29 September 2026): refusal of restorative justice. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"poskota-court-reporting"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://hukum.tvrinews.com/berita/tk6hpbu-tolak-restorative-justice-jusuf-hamka-minta-terdakwa-ungkap-pihak-yang-membiayai-konten","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (TVRI News, 29 September 2026): the hearing and the next stage. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"hearing-2026-09-29-shared-text"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5286403/kuasa-hukum-harap-polisi-ungkap-otak-penyebar-hoaks-jusuf-hamka","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"id","translation_note":"Read live in Indonesian on 2026-09-30 (ANTARA, 4 December 2025): lawyers Anwar and Sogi on the edited photos, the Cawang-Pluit concession narrative and the suspected orderers (initials omitted). Researcher translation.","independence_group":"hamka-legal-team-statements"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice","work"],"unknowns":["When the videos were first posted and how far they spread.","Which tool made them.","Whether anyone besides the defendant has been identified as ordering or paying for the content.","The verdict."],"geography":{"basis":"The report, investigation and arrest were by Polda Metro Jaya (Jakarta) and the trial is at the Central Jakarta District Court (ANTARA; VIVA; tvOneNews); Hamka is an Indonesian businessman appearing at that court. Where the videos were made is not stated beyond the Jakarta police jurisdiction.","court_countries":["ID"],"event_countries":["ID"],"affected_person_countries":["ID"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a core case (AI-manipulated videos depicting a named public figure and his daughter as detainees with corruption allegations he denies, now the subject of a criminal trial). The AI description rests on the complainant's lawyers and the prosecution case as reported; court events are reported by several outlets. Hamka and his daughter are public figures; the defendant is not named here.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-30"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Hamka's lawyers say the maker used AI to manipulate his and his daughter's faces into staged scenes showing them in detainee uniforms (VIVA; ANTARA), and the prosecution's case as reported at trial describes AI-engineered videos and false narratives made in bulk (Poskota). The videos were not inspected and no tool is named; the defence disputes the case but is not reported to dispute that the content was AI-made.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Jakarta: AI-manipulated TikTok videos showed toll-road businessman Jusuf Hamka and his daughter in detainee uniforms with bribery and corruption narratives that Hamka denies; a TikTok account holder was arrested in November 2025 and is on trial at the Central Jakarta District Court, where Hamka's side refused restorative justice on 29 September 2026","summary":"Indonesian businessman Mohamad Jusuf Hamka reported to Jakarta police on 18 October 2025 that videos circulating on TikTok showed him and his daughter as if wearing prosecutors' detainee uniforms, tied to narratives of corruption, bribery and gratification over the Cawang-Pluit toll concession, which he denies and his lawyers call false; his lawyers say the faces were composited into staged scenes with AI, and that other content called him a 'toll mafia' and posted a fabricated poster of him running for president in 2029. Polda Metro Jaya's cyber directorate arrested the holder of the TikTok accounts on 27 November 2025; Hamka and his lawyers say the defendant admitted to police that he made the content on others' instructions for Rp500,000 per item; tvOneNews and TVRI note this is Hamka's side's claim within the contested case, and Poskota reports it is being examined at trial. The case file was reported complete (P21) on 12 August 2026 and the trial opened at the Central Jakarta District Court on 15 September 2026 under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (Article 35 jo 51(1), maximum 12 years) and alternative counts. Hamka told reporters the content disturbed him and could damage his reputation and that the campaign was systematic. At the 29 September 2026 hearing the judges asked about restorative justice; Hamka's lawyer said there was no room for it unless the defendant named who ordered and paid for the content. The defendant's lawyer said the content related to his work as secretary-general of an anti-corruption committee and that the indictment was unclear.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-12-03","aiSystem":"AI-manipulated ('deepfake') videos and edited photos compositing the faces of Jusuf Hamka and his daughter into scenes showing them in detainee uniforms, posted on TikTok (per his lawyers; tool not identified)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image and video tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Jusuf Hamka says AI-manipulated videos depicting him and his daughter as detainees with corruption allegations he denies spread on TikTok, disturbed him and threatened his reputation; his lawyers describe psychological, reputational and moral harm (tvOneNews; VIVA; ANTARA).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two depicted people: Jusuf Hamka and his daughter (ANTARA; VIVA; Poskota). Exact 2.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"ID","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5285803/kuasa-hukum-sebut-konten-hoaks-jusuf-hamka-diduga-dibuat-terorganisir","primarySourceLabel":"ANTARA News, 3 December 2025: Kuasa hukum sebut konten hoaks Jusuf Hamka diduga dibuat terorganisir","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-30T04:13:45.955729+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T04:13:45.955729+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfakes","ai-generated-video","tiktok","defamation","disinformation","criminal-trial","uu-ite","indonesia","jakarta","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-ar-esquel-criminal-judgment-annulled-judge-generative-ai-draft","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"decidió el miércoles anular de oficio una sentencia dictada el 4 de junio pasado","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"anular de oficio una sentencia porque el juez la delegó en un ChatGPT","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"La sentencia anulada había condenado al imputado a dos años y seis meses de prisión efectiva por robo simple","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 4 June 2025 a criminal judge in Esquel convicted a defendant of simple robbery and sentenced the defendant to two years and six months of effective imprisonment, and the Penal Chamber of Esquel later annulled that judgment.","causal_attribution":"Sources give the annulment as the chamber's response to the judge's AI use."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Aquí tienes el punto IV reeditado, sin citas y listo para copiar y pegar","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"el magistrado utilizó la IA generativa, ni más ni menos, que en un aspecto central de la resolución en crisis como es la resolución de las nulidades de dos pruebas esenciales en el proceso","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"el juez de primera instancia incluyó accidentalmente una frase que revela el uso de un asistente de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) generativa","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The judgment contained the phrase “Aquí tienes el punto IV reeditado, sin citas y listo para copiar y pegar”, which the chamber took to show generative-AI use, including on the rulings on the nullity of two essential pieces of evidence.","causal_attribution":"The chamber's finding, as quoted in the press, connects the phrase to AI use. The full ruling text was not read."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"anular tanto la sentencia como el juicio que la precedió","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"declaración de nulidad de la sentencia y del juicio que la precede, con todo lo que ello significa para los justiciables","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"ordenando que el proceso se realice nuevamente con la intervención de otro magistrado","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"el tribunal ordenó reenviar el caso a otro juez penal, prohibiendo al Ministerio Público Fiscal exhibir en el nuevo juicio los videos omitidos en el anterior","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"A raíz de esto deberá realizarse nuevamente el juicio, con otro juez","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The chamber annulled the judgment and the preceding trial and ordered a new trial before another judge, and barred the prosecution from showing at the new trial the videos omitted at the first.","causal_attribution":"The annulment is attributed by the chamber to the judge's undisclosed and unsupervised AI use, which the chamber said prevented control of the judge's reasoning."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"remitir las actuaciones al Superior Tribunal de Justicia de Chubut (STJ), que deberá investigar el alcance ético y disciplinario de la conducta","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"pudo haber incumplido los recaudos de confidencialidad exigidos por el Acuerdo Plenario N° 5435 del STJ, al incluir nombres de las partes, testigos y peritos en el texto procesado por el asistente","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The chamber referred the matter to the Chubut Superior Court of Justice to investigate the judge's conduct and said the judge may have breached that court's confidentiality rules by including the names of parties, witnesses and experts in the text processed by the assistant.","causal_attribution":"The confidentiality point is the chamber's stated possibility and was not established as fact."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"presumiblemente ChatGPT","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"el juez la delegó en un ChatGPT","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Press coverage identifies the assistant as ChatGPT (La Nación as presumed, Perfil without qualification).","causal_attribution":"The ruling as quoted refers to a generative-AI assistant. The product name comes from the press."}],"effects":[{"label":"Conviction and trial annulled and retrial ordered; the chamber cites serious consequences for the parties","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/el-juez-de-esquel-que-uso-chat-para-redactar-una-sentencia-sera-investigado-nid17102025/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Full body read in the original Spanish (17 October 2025) by the reviewing agent without a human translator. Reports the appellate ruling; whether the journalist saw the ruling text is not stated.","independence_group":"esquel-camara-ruling"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://documento.errepar.com/actualidad/justicia-anulada-se-invalida-un-fallo-por-el-uso-indebido-de-la-ia-20251016143159365","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Article body is embedded in the page data and was decoded into bodies/gh-4-body.txt (16 October 2025). Read in Spanish without a human translator. It quotes the ruling. The linked full text of the ruling (documento.errepar.com/jurisprudencia/...) is gated and was not read.","independence_group":"esquel-camara-ruling"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.perfil.com/noticias/nea/inteligencia-artificial-anulan-sentencia-porque-un-juez-uso-un-chatgpt-y-una-frase-lo-delato.phtml","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Full body read in Spanish (17 October 2025) without a human translator. It relays a statement of the Ministerio Publico Fiscal of Chubut and quotes the ruling.","independence_group":"esquel-camara-ruling"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["The full text of the ruling was not read (the Errepar copy is gated), so all findings are as reported by three outlets that share the same underlying ruling.","The share of the judgment written by the assistant is unknown. The chamber said the pasted text leaves a gap too wide to tell.","The specific AI product is not established. No chat log was seen.","The annulment date of 15 October 2025 is derived from La Nación's 'el miércoles' (article of 17 October 2025) and the metadata of a gated Errepar ruling page; no cited article states the date.","The outcome of the Superior Court review and the date of the new trial are not reported in the sources read.","The defendant's own view of the annulment and any effect of the delay on the defendant or on other parties to the case is not reported."],"geography":{"basis":"The court is the Penal Chamber of Esquel in Chubut province, and La Nación calls the ground for the annulment unprecedented in Argentine justice. The defendant's residence and where the judge used the assistant are not stated.","court_countries":["AR"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Three Spanish-language outlets report the same appellate ruling, which annulled a criminal judgment and trial after a pasted assistant phrase exposed undisclosed generative-AI use. The chamber's stated consequences for the parties (annulment and a repeated trial) are reported, and the effect on the defendant is not. The outlets share one reporting chain, so claims are attributed.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The appellate chamber, as quoted by three outlets, found a pasted chat phrase in the ruling and concluded that a generative-AI assistant was used. The chamber described delegation of the decision as probable. The product name ChatGPT is stated by one outlet as presumed and by another without qualification.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["made_decision_about"]},"name":"Argentina: appellate chamber annuls a robbery judgment and trial after the trial judge left a generative-AI chat phrase in the ruling","summary":"On 4 June 2025 a criminal judge in Esquel, Chubut province, convicted a defendant of simple robbery and imposed two years and six months of effective imprisonment. On 15 October 2025 the Penal Chamber of Esquel annulled the judgment and the trial, ordering a new trial before another judge. The chamber found that the ruling contained a pasted phrase from a generative-AI assistant (“Aquí tienes el punto IV reeditado, sin citas y listo para copiar y pegar”), that the AI had been used on the rulings on the nullity of two essential pieces of evidence, and that the judge had not exercised human supervision or recorded the use. Perfil's headline describes the assistant as ChatGPT and La Nación's text as presumably ChatGPT; the quoted ruling and the prosecution office statement refer only to a generative-AI assistant. The chamber referred the judge's conduct to the Chubut Superior Court of Justice for ethical and disciplinary review.","incidentDate":"2025-06-04","incidentEndDate":"2025-10-15","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-10-16","aiSystem":"Generative AI assistant (reported as ChatGPT)","aiProduct":"ChatGPT (reported)","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Per press reports of the appellate ruling, the trial and conviction were annulled because of the judge's undisclosed generative-AI use and the case must be tried again before another judge. The chamber described serious consequences of this for the parties, the public and the State. The effect on the defendant is not reported and the annulment may favour the defendant.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"The chamber refers to serious consequences of the annulment for 'los justiciables' (the parties to the proceeding), the public and the State without a count. No inspected source reports harm to the defendant specifically, and annulment of a conviction may be favourable to the defendant.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","platformType":"assistant","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/el-juez-de-esquel-que-uso-chat-para-redactar-una-sentencia-sera-investigado-nid17102025/","primarySourceLabel":"La Nación, 'El juez de Esquel que usó Chat para redactar una sentencia será investigado', 17 October 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T12:42:03.091102+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:16:55.894793+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025"]},{"id":"2025-chatgpt-nonphysical-entities-spouse-domestic-assault-arrest-divorce","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"She had an intuition that the AI chatbot might be able to channel communications with her subconscious or a higher plane","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The guardians are responding right now.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"A woman in a marriage with two young children began using ChatGPT in March 2025 after feeling lonely, asked whether it could channel communications with her subconscious or a higher plane, and ChatGPT replied that the guardians were responding.","causal_attribution":"The account comes from the woman, quoted by the New York Times reporter, and the ChatGPT reply is quoted."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"began spending many hours a day using ChatGPT, communicating with what she felt were nonphysical entities","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"came to see it, not her husband, as her true partner","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The woman spent many hours a day with ChatGPT communicating with what she felt were nonphysical entities and came to see one of them, not her husband, as her true partner.","causal_attribution":"Reported by the New York Times from the wife and husband; the husband attributes the change to ChatGPT."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"One night, at the end of April","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"they fought over her obsession with ChatGPT and the toll it was taking on the family","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"punching and scratching him, he said, and slamming his hand in a door","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The police arrested her and charged her with domestic assault. (The case is active.)","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"At the end of April 2025, after a fight over her ChatGPT use, the husband said she punched and scratched him and slammed his hand in a door; police arrested her and charged her with domestic assault, and the case was active at publication.","causal_attribution":"The assault details are the husband's account. The arrest and charge are stated by the article without a cited court record."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"came out a different person","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"are now divorcing.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The husband said his wife dropped into a hole about three months before the interview and came out a different person, and the couple were divorcing at publication.","causal_attribution":"The husband attributes the change to ChatGPT use; the divorce is reported without independent record."}],"effects":[{"label":"Domestic assault arrest and charge after spouse's escalating ChatGPT immersion","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"Marriage ending in divorce","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/ai-chatbots-answers-fuel-conspiracies-alter-beliefs-in-disturbing-ways-125061400247_1.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"","independence_group":"nyt-hill-2025-06"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["relationships","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["The only inspected chain is one New York Times article (read through its Business Standard syndication). The direct New York Times page returned HTTP 403.","No court record or police statement was inspected. Outcome of the criminal case is unknown.","Mental health history and other factors in the marriage are not reported beyond the parties' accounts, and ChatGPT's share of causation is attributed by the husband.","The article names two young children but reports no harm to them."],"geography":{"basis":"The article gives no location for this couple, and the case court is not named.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"A national newspaper reports the account with the husband and wife interviewed and ChatGPT output quoted. Claims remain reported because there is one chain and no record inspection.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The New York Times article quotes ChatGPT responses to the woman and reports the husband's account linking her ChatGPT use to the events.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Spouse arrested for domestic assault after weeks of ChatGPT sessions about communicating with nonphysical entities, marriage ending","summary":"In March 2025 a woman with two young children began asking ChatGPT to channel communications with a higher plane and spent many hours a day with what she felt were nonphysical entities. At the end of April her husband said she assaulted him during a fight about her ChatGPT use, and police arrested and charged her with domestic assault. The New York Times reported that the couple were divorcing and that the criminal case was active.","incidentDate":"2025-03-01","incidentEndDate":"2025-04-30","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"cumulative_relationship","reportedDate":"2025-06-14","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"unverified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["relationship_disruption","legal_harm","harm_to_others"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the New York Times account, the wife was arrested and charged with domestic assault after, the husband said, punching and scratching him and slamming his hand in a door, and the marriage was ending. The husband attributes the change to ChatGPT.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Two adults are reported harmed: the wife (arrest, charge, divorce) and the husband (reported assault and divorce). Children are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","platformType":"assistant","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/ai-chatbots-answers-fuel-conspiracies-alter-beliefs-in-disturbing-ways-125061400247_1.html","primarySourceLabel":"Kashmir Hill, New York Times (syndicated by Business Standard), 14 June 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T12:41:36.848857+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:16:58.925084+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["historical-2025"]},{"id":"2025-stephens-county-oklahoma-judge-chatgpt-fake-citations-paternity-order","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Wheeler denied a request from one of the parents' attorneys to have the other parent undergo a psychological test—and in his order denying the request, he pointed to multiple previous Oklahoma cases he said backed him up.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'The 2025 order in a child paternity case'; 'He came under scrutiny after he reprimanded attorney [the attorney] last November in an order in the paternity case for asking for a psychological evaluation of the child’s father.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The issue came to light after a request for a mental evaluation was denied and a subsequent court order was filed.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"In November 2025, in a child paternity and custody case, Judge Wheeler issued an order denying a request by one parent's attorney for a psychological evaluation of the other parent, citing Oklahoma cases he said supported the decision.","causal_attribution":"Court history as reported by The Oklahoman and KFOR and described by the mother; the order itself was not read."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The judge told the OSBI he only used ChatGPT for research and created the order himself, DA Jason Hicks wrote. The judge, however, also “indicated that at least two of the case citations included in his order and produced by ChatGPT do not exist.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Stephens County District Attorney Jason Hicks says Wheeler admitted to OSBI agents he cited \"at least two\" cases ChatGPT fed him that \"do not exist.\"'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Hicks wrote that Wheeler acknowledged using case citations generated by ChatGPT and that at least two citations included in the order did not exist.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Associate District Judge Lawrence Wheeler used OpenAI's ChatGPT for research while drafting the order, which cited two cases that do not exist, according to state records.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"According to the district attorney's 17 August 2026 letter, the judge told the OSBI that he used ChatGPT for research and wrote the order himself, and indicated that at least two case citations in the order, produced by ChatGPT, do not exist.","causal_attribution":"The judge's own statement to investigators as relayed in the district attorney's letter; all four reports rely on that letter, which was not read. The judge's attorney declined to comment."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The judge issued the reprimand “for stooping to such frivolous trial tactics” and cautioned that future similar filings may be subject to further sanctions.'; '[The attorney] challenged the order at the Oklahoma Supreme Court in February. He told justices that Wheeler based his order on two cases, Cummings v. Cimarron Elevator Co. and Hawkins v. Linhart, that do not exist.'; '[The attorney] dismissed his challenge in March after Wheeler vacated the order. Wheeler is no longer involved in the paternity case.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'She said her attorney at the time challenged the ruling and began reviewing the legal authorities cited in the order.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The order reprimanded the attorney who had asked for a psychological evaluation of the child's father 'for stooping to such frivolous trial tactics' and warned of further sanctions; that attorney challenged it at the Oklahoma Supreme Court in February 2026, saying it relied on two nonexistent cases, and dismissed the challenge in March after Wheeler vacated the order. The mother told News 9 that her attorney at the time challenged the ruling.","causal_attribution":"The Oklahoman's account of the court filings and the mother's account to News 9; the Supreme Court filings were not read."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'[The mother] said learning the citations were allegedly fabricated was alarming because the order involved the custody of a child.'; '“Then it became very concerning to me that somebody would do something like that over a child custody case,” she said.'; '“He then turned around and decided to recuse himself from my case,” she said. “He called my attorney that I had at the time and apologized to him.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The mother told News 9 that learning the citations were allegedly fabricated was alarming because the order involved the custody of a child, and that the judge later recused himself from her case and apologised to her attorney.","causal_attribution":"The mother's first-person account in a broadcast interview."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The OSBI investigated the judge at the request of the Oklahoma Council on Judicial Complaints.'; 'The OSBI also looked into allegations “that Judge Wheeler offered to amend the order in exchange for a dismissal of a writ seeking relief from the Oklahoma Supreme Court” and that he “eavesdropped on jury deliberations,” the DA disclosed in the letter.'; 'Prosecutors in the AG’s office “thoroughly reviewed the results of the investigation and determined the evidence does not support a criminal prosecution,” the AG’s press secretary, Leslie Berger, said on Sept. 2.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The Criminal Justice Division of the Attorney General’s Office thoroughly reviewed the results of the investigation and determined the evidence does not support a criminal prosecution. The Oklahoma Supreme Court and the Court on the Judiciary possess ultimate jurisdiction over disciplinary actions for allegations of inappropriate behavior by judges regardless of whether the behavior constitutes a violation of a criminal statute.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The OSBI investigated the judge at the request of the Council on Judicial Complaints, including allegations that he offered to amend the order in exchange for dismissal of the writ and that he eavesdropped on jury deliberations; the attorney general's office said the evidence did not support criminal prosecution and that judicial discipline rests with the Oklahoma Supreme Court and the Court on the Judiciary.","causal_attribution":"District attorney's letter and attorney general's statement as reported; no disciplinary finding has been made."}],"effects":[{"label":"the mother faced an order denying a psychological-evaluation request, with the judge citing authorities reported to have been generated by ChatGPT","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the attorney who requested the evaluation was reprimanded in the order and sought relief from the Oklahoma Supreme Court before the order was vacated","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the mother describes learning of the fabricated citations in her child custody case as alarming","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://minnlawyer.com/2026/09/09/oklahoma-judge-ai-fabricated-case-citations/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"The Oklahoman's report (USA TODAY Network via Reuters Connect) as republished by Minnesota Lawyer; read in full from the Wayback capture of 10 September 2026 because the live page returned 403. Its ChatGPT-admission passages relay the district attorney's letter; its account of the reprimand, the Supreme Court challenge and the vacatur draws on court filings and the attorney. Reinspected in the retained complete English body on 2026-10-06. All sources share the district-attorney-letter chain for AI involvement, so grouped conservatively together; the News 9 maternal interview is separate testimony about her experience, not a second verification of AI use.","independence_group":"wheeler-da-letter"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.aol.com/articles/oklahoma-judge-admitted-citing-fake-030000000.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"KFOR (Oklahoma City) report syndicated on AOL, read in full on 2026-09-29. Its account of the ChatGPT admission relays the same district attorney letter. Reinspected in the retained complete English body on 2026-10-06. All sources share the district-attorney-letter chain for AI involvement, so grouped conservatively together; the News 9 maternal interview is separate testimony about her experience, not a second verification of AI use.","independence_group":"wheeler-da-letter"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.news9.com/oklahoma-city-news/stephens-county-mother-speaks-out-after-judge-accused-of-using-chatgpt-in-custody-case","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"News 9 (Griffin Media) interview with the mother, read in full on 2026-09-29. Its description of the ChatGPT admission also relays the district attorney's letter; the mother's own account is independent of it. Reinspected in the retained complete English body on 2026-10-06. All sources share the district-attorney-letter chain for AI involvement, so grouped conservatively together; the News 9 maternal interview is separate testimony about her experience, not a second verification of AI use.","independence_group":"wheeler-da-letter"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/09/stephens-county-judge-faces-discipline-over-chatgpt-written-court-order/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Hoodline rewrite of the Reuters report, read in full on 2026-09-29. Reuters relays the same district attorney letter. Reinspected in the retained complete English body on 2026-10-06. All sources share the district-attorney-letter chain for AI involvement, so grouped conservatively together; the News 9 maternal interview is separate testimony about her experience, not a second verification of AI use.","independence_group":"wheeler-da-letter"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice","relationships"],"unknowns":["The text of the order and whether the nonexistent citations were decisive for denying the evaluation and for the reprimand.","Whether any disciplinary proceeding follows from the Council on Judicial Complaints referral.","The current state of the custody case after the vacatur and the judge's departure from it.","The exact day in November 2025 on which the order was issued."],"geography":{"basis":"The Oklahoman, KFOR and News 9 locate the order and proceedings in Stephens County, Oklahoma, and the Oklahoma Supreme Court. These establish the event and court countries as US. News 9 calls the interviewee a Stephens County mother but gives no explicit residence evidence for either counted person, so affected_person_countries is unknown.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"This reported event connects specific ChatGPT-generated citations to an adverse order issued by a human judge. The Oklahoman and KFOR describe their use in the order, The Oklahoman reports the attorney's reprimand and successful challenge, and News 9 carries the mother's account. The AI admission is reported through one district attorney's letter, not independently verified model output. The family and attorney remain unnamed. No broader custody consequence or disciplinary finding is inferred.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-06"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Oklahoman, KFOR and News 9 relay a district attorney's letter saying the judge acknowledged using ChatGPT for research and incorporating at least two nonexistent citations it produced into his order. The cited authorities were presented in support of the human judge's denial of a requested evaluation and his reprimand of the attorney. This supports informed_decision_about for the affected mother and attorney. It does not establish that ChatGPT itself decided custody or communicated with either of them. The underlying letter and order were not inspected, and whether the citations determined the outcome is unknown.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Prosecutor: judge used ChatGPT citations in Oklahoma custody order later vacated","summary":"In November 2025 Stephens County Associate District Judge Lawrence Wheeler issued an order in a child paternity and custody case that denied one parent's request for a psychological evaluation of the other parent and reprimanded the requesting parent's attorney 'for stooping to such frivolous trial tactics'. The attorney challenged the order at the Oklahoma Supreme Court in February 2026, telling the justices that it relied on two cases that do not exist; the challenge was dismissed in March after Wheeler vacated the order, and he is no longer on the case. According to a 17 August 2026 letter from the Stephens County district attorney, Wheeler told the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation that he used ChatGPT for research and wrote the order himself, and that at least two citations in it produced by ChatGPT do not exist. The mother in the case told News 9 that learning the order's citations were allegedly fabricated was alarming because it concerned the custody of a child. The attorney general's office declined criminal prosecution; judicial discipline remains possible.","incidentDate":"2025-11-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-09-09","aiSystem":"ChatGPT (OpenAI), used by the judge for legal research while preparing the order","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","professional_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the district attorney's letter as reported by The Oklahoman and KFOR, a judge acknowledged that his custody-case order contained at least two nonexistent citations supplied by ChatGPT. The order denied a request for a psychological evaluation and reprimanded the requesting attorney. The attorney challenged it at the Oklahoma Supreme Court before it was vacated. The mother described the discovery as alarming in a News 9 interview. The order and letter have not been inspected directly.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Two people affected through the judge's use of ChatGPT: the mother, whose request for a psychological evaluation was denied by the order and who describes the discovery as alarming (News 9), and the attorney who requested the evaluation and was reprimanded in the order and challenged it at the Oklahoma Supreme Court (The Oklahoman). The child and the other parent are not counted because no harm to them is reported. The judge, the AI user, is not counted: he faces a possible disciplinary process but no sanction has been reported and the complaint bundled other allegations.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-OK","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://minnlawyer.com/2026/09/09/oklahoma-judge-ai-fabricated-case-citations/","primarySourceLabel":"The Oklahoman via Minnesota Lawyer, 9 September 2026: judge used ChatGPT citations in custody order","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T09:10:18.787549+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-06T04:48:44.069668+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["justice","family-court","judge","fabricated-citations","chatgpt","institutional-use","oklahoma"]},{"id":"2025-chiranjeevi-ai-deepfake-porn-videos-hyderabad-cybercrime-complaint","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'అక్టోబర్‌ 25న ఇచ్చిన లిఖిత పూర్వక ఫిర్యాదులో, కొందరు వెబ్‌సైట్లు తన రూపంలో కృత్రిమ మేధ (AI) సహాయంతో అసభ్య దృశ్యాలు సృష్టించి వ్యాప్తి చేస్తున్నట్లు తెలిపారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'ఆర్టిఫిషియల్ ఇంటెలిజెన్స్ (ఏఐ) టెక్నాలజీని ఉపయోగించి, తన ముఖాన్ని మార్ఫింగ్ చేసి అశ్లీల (పోర్న్) వీడియోలను సృష్టిస్తున్నారని ఆయన తన ఫిర్యాదులో పేర్కొన్నారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 25 October 2025 the actor and former Union minister Chiranjeevi gave Hyderabad cybercrime police a written complaint that pornographic websites were publishing obscene videos made with AI that morphed his face and likeness.","causal_attribution":"The complainant's account; the videos' creators were not identified in the read sources."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Based on the complaint, the police have registered a case under Sections 67 and 67A of the IT Act, Sections 79, 294, 296 and 336(4) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), and Sections 2(c), 3 and 4 of the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'చిరంజీవి ఫిర్యాదు మేరకు పోలీసులు ఐటీ చట్టంలోని సెక్షన్లు 67, 67ఏ, భారతీయ న్యాయ సంహిత (BNS)లోని సెక్షన్లు 79, 294, 296, 336(4)తో పాటు పలు ఇతర చట్టాల కింద కేసు నమోదు చేశారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Police registered a case under Sections 67 and 67A of the IT Act, Sections 79, 294, 296 and 336(4) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act.","causal_attribution":"Police registration of the case as reported; no arrest is reported in the read sources."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'In his complaint, Chiranjeevi condemned the videos as “malicious” and said they have caused “severe and irreparable harm” to his reputation. “These fabricated clips distort public perception, undermine decades of goodwill, and inflict personal and emotional distress on me and my family,” he stated.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'వీడియోల కొనసాగుతున్న ప్రచారం తన మానసిక ఆరోగ్యానికీ, గౌరవానికీ నష్టం కలిగిస్తోందని పేర్కొన్నారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In his complaint he said the videos caused severe and irreparable harm to his reputation and personal and emotional distress to him and his family.","causal_attribution":"His own statement of the effects in the complaint."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ఇలాంటి కంటెంట్‌ ప్రచారం నిరోధించేందుకు ఇప్పటికే హైదరాబాద్‌ సిటీ సివిల్‌ కోర్టు ప్రధాన న్యాయమూర్తి నుంచి తాత్కాలిక నిషేధాజ్ఞ కూడా పొందినట్లు తెలిపారు.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'వాటిని తొలగించాలని సిటీ సివిల్కోర్టును సెప్టెంబరులో ఆశ్రయించారు. దీంతో కోర్టు అదే నెల 26న ఆయా వెబ్సైట్లలో కంటెంట్తొలగించాలని ఆదేశాలు జారీ చేసింది.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Before the police complaint he had obtained an interim injunction from the Hyderabad City Civil Court; V6 Velugu reports that he approached that court in September 2025 over deepfake obscene videos on porn sites and that on 26 September it ordered the content removed from those websites.","causal_attribution":"Court order as reported; the order itself was not inspected. Locator for s5 is quoted with zero-width characters removed."}],"effects":[{"label":"AI-made obscene videos using his likeness published on pornographic sites; he reported reputational harm and emotional distress to himself and his family","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.telugupost.com/top-stories/chiranjeevi-deepfake-cybercrime-complaint-hyderabad-1595809","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"te","translation_note":"Read live in Telugu on 2026-09-29 (published 27 October 2025); summarises the written complaint. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.ap7am.com/tn/846021/chiranjeevi-lodges-police-complaint-over-deepfake-pornographic-content","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"te","translation_note":"Read live in Telugu on 2026-09-29 (published 27 October 2025); quotes the complaint and the sections registered. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/chiranjeevi-files-complaint-over-ai-deepfake-vulgar-videos-on-adult-sites-says-it-distressed-his-family-1.500324422","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live in English on 2026-09-29 (published 28 October 2025); quotes the complaint as reported by ANI.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.newsx.com/offbeat/chiranjeevi-deepfake-mms-case-actor-approaches-police-over-ai-generated-obscene-videos-276933/","kind":"news_relay","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live in English on 2026-09-29 (published 28 September 2026). A recap of the October 2025 complaints that gives no event dates; its only unique content is the Hyderabad police commissioner's statement. Not used for dates.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.v6velugu.com/megastar-chiranjeevi-complaint-on-social-media-trolls-against-hyderbad-cyber-crimes-police-station","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"te","translation_note":"Read live in Telugu on 2026-09-29 (29 October 2025); reports a second complaint about abusive posts and recaps the civil suit and the deepfake complaint. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"chiranjeevi-complaint"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Who made and uploaded the videos, and whether anyone has been arrested.","When the videos first appeared online; V6 Velugu reports a civil suit over them in September 2025, so they circulated by then.","Whether the videos were removed from the websites.","The exact complaint date: Telugupost says the written complaint was given on 25 October 2025; V6 Velugu dates it to 27 October 2025."],"geography":{"basis":"The complaint was filed with Hyderabad cybercrime police in Telangana, India (Telugupost; Gulf News). Before the complaint he had obtained an interim injunction from the Hyderabad City Civil Court, which Telugupost says was aimed at stopping the spread of such content and which V6 Velugu says ordered the content removed from the websites on 26 September 2025. Where the websites are hosted is not stated.","court_countries":["IN"],"event_countries":["IN"],"affected_person_countries":["IN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a core case (AI-generated sexual videos depicting a named public figure without consent, with a registered police case). The account rests on his complaint as reported by Telugu and English outlets. No imagery is described beyond the complaint's terms. The lead arrived through a September 2026 recap; the event dates come from October 2025 reporting.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-29"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint, as reported, says the videos were made with AI technology that morphed his face into obscene content (Telugupost; ap7am; Gulf News via ANI). No forensic finding is reported and the tool is not named.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Hyderabad, India: actor Chiranjeevi files a cybercrime complaint over AI-generated obscene videos using his face on pornographic websites; police register a case under the IT Act and BNS","summary":"On 25 October 2025 the Telugu actor and former Union minister Konidela Chiranjeevi gave Hyderabad cybercrime police a written complaint that several pornographic websites were publishing obscene videos made with AI that morphed his face and likeness, and asked for a criminal and technical investigation and removal of the content, including from mirror sites. Police registered a case under Sections 67 and 67A of the IT Act, several sections of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act. In the complaint he said the videos caused severe and irreparable harm to his reputation and personal and emotional distress to him and his family. He had already obtained an ad-interim injunction from the Hyderabad City Civil Court protecting his name, image and likeness (Gulf News); V6 Velugu reports that he had gone to that court in September 2025 over the same kind of deepfake videos and that on 26 September it ordered their removal. A September 2026 NewsX recap reports that Hyderabad Police Commissioner V C Sajjanar said the cybercrime team was working to trace those responsible.","incidentDate":"2025-10-25","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2025-10-27","aiSystem":"Unnamed AI tools used to morph his face into obscene videos (per his complaint)","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"AI-generated obscene videos using his likeness were published on pornographic websites; he reported severe harm to his reputation and emotional distress to himself and his family (his complaint via Telugupost, ap7am and Gulf News/ANI).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One depicted person, Chiranjeevi (his complaint). His family's reported distress is his statement and is not counted separately. Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"IN-TG","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.telugupost.com/top-stories/chiranjeevi-deepfake-cybercrime-complaint-hyderabad-1595809","primarySourceLabel":"Telugupost, 27 October 2025: డీప్‌ఫేక్‌ అసభ్య వీడియోలపై చిరంజీవి సైబర్‌ క్రైమ్ కు ఫిర్యాదు","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T03:22:09.016588+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:16:59.537311+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfakes","deepfake-pornography","non-consensual-intimate-imagery","tollywood","hyderabad","telangana","india","police-complaint","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-kulai-johor-school-ai-nude-images-sold-rm2","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'kejadian itu terbongkar apabila seorang wanita berusia 18 tahun membuat laporan polis pada 3 April lalu, selepas mendapati gambar lucah yang disunting menggunakan wajahnya tular di media sosial' (the case came to light when an 18-year-old woman lodged a police report on 3 April after finding nude images edited with her face circulating on social media); 'suspek yang masih bersekolah itu menggunakan aplikasi teknologi kecerdasan buatan (AI) untuk menyunting gambar mangsa yang diperoleh daripada akaun media sosial' (the suspect, still a schoolboy, used an AI application to edit victims' photos obtained from social media accounts); 'gambar yang disunting kemudian dijual kepada orang ramai dengan harga murah iaitu RM2' (the edited images were then sold to the public at the low price of RM2).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'the cops had received eight reports against the teenager, who was arrested at 5pm on Tuesday (April 8) in Kulai'; 'seized a phone believed to have been used to edit and upload lewd photos of his victims on social media, which are then sold at RM2 each'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'A 19-year-old victim lodged a police report after finding an explicit image with her likeness on social media' (gives the complainant's age as 19; the police statement says 18).","relation":"contradicts","source_id":"s12"}],"assertion":"An 18-year-old woman lodged a police report on 3 April 2025 after finding nude images edited with her face circulating on social media and offered for sale; police arrested a 16-year-old schoolboy in Kulai at about 5 pm on 8 April, seized a phone believed used to edit and upload the images, and said he used an AI application to edit photos obtained from victims' social media accounts and sold the edited images at RM2 each.","causal_attribution":"Johor police chief's written statement of 9 April 2025, relayed by Sinar Harian and The Star; single official chain."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'gambar yang disunting kemudian dijual kepada orang ramai dengan harga murah iaitu RM2' (the edited images were sold to the public at RM2); 'polis menerima lapan laporan dari mangsa lain melibatkan isu kes sama' (police received eight reports from other victims on the same matter).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'一名女学生昨日在网络发长文控诉，除了发现自己的照片遭同班男同学合成裸照，并发现对方在通讯软件Telegram开设一个聊天室，并在内散播合成照片予其他人观赏，该聊天室内有超过200人' (a female pupil posted a long complaint online yesterday: besides finding her photos composited into nude images by a male classmate, she found he had opened a Telegram chat room, spreading the composites for others to view, with more than 200 members).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'said it has expelled a student over his involvement in distributing deepfake pornographic images of students and alumni'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'Kami dimaklumkan terdapat beberapa kumpulan di media sosial yang menyebarkan gambar-gambar telah dimanipulasi secara digital' (we were informed that several social media groups were spreading digitally manipulated images).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"AI-generated nude composites of current and former pupils of the school were produced from their social media photos, shared in online groups including a Telegram chat room of more than 200 members, and sold online.","causal_attribution":"Supported by four separate accounts: the police statement, the pupil's own post, the school board's statement and the deputy minister's post. Recorded as reported (not corroborated) because the Telegram-group size and the social-media origin of the photos each rest on a single chain."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'该女生向校方反映有关情况，但该男生仅被记了两个小过或者一个大过' (the girl reported the situation to the school, but the boy was only given two minor demerits or one major demerit); '老师接获女校友投诉相关事件后，竟指受害者们将自己的照片发在社交媒体上，就需要自行承担后果的回应，令她们觉得受到二次伤害' (after receiving alumni complaints, a teacher responded that the victims had posted their own photos on social media and had to bear the consequences themselves, which made them feel they had suffered a second injury).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'The school acknowledged its delay in handling the incident and said it would implement stricter measures moving forward'; 'An internal probe found online allegations against a disciplinary teacher to be baseless and distorted, the board said'.","relation":"context","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'Mangsa memaklumkan kes seperti ini bukan pertama kali berlaku. Sebaliknya ada insiden serupa telah dilaporkan kepada pihak sekolah sejak tahun lepas, namun tiada tindakan berkesan diambil' (victims informed [the deputy minister] that such a case was not the first; similar incidents had been reported to the school since the previous year without effective action).","relation":"context","source_id":"s11"}],"assertion":"A female pupil's post of 8 April 2025 said the school had responded to her complaint with only minor demerits for the classmate, and that a teacher told alumni complainants they had to bear the consequences of posting their own photos online, which the complainants experienced as a second injury.","causal_attribution":"The pupil's own post as relayed by Oriental Daily; the school board acknowledged delay but said allegations against a disciplinary teacher were distorted."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'30 to 40 of the student's schoolmates and his school's alumni were believed to have become victims'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Sehingga kini, polis menerima lapan laporan dari mangsa lain melibatkan isu kes sama' (so far, police have received eight reports from other victims on the same matter).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'as of noon yesterday, 22 reports had been lodged by victims against the 16-year-old suspect'; 'so far, 38 individuals have been identified as victims, with the youngest reportedly only 12 or 13 years old'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"'29 police reports had been lodged against the teen, as of noon Tuesday (April 15)'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"'Sekurang-kurangnya 40 individu dipercayai menjadi mangsa' (at least 40 people are believed to be victims); 'mangsa terdiri daripada bekas pelajar dan pelajar semasa sekolah tersebut, termasuk remaja seawal usia 14 tahun' (the victims are former and current pupils of the school, including teenagers as young as 14); 'seramai tujuh orang mangsa telah dibantu oleh pegawai dari pejabat saya untuk membuat laporan polis' (seven victims have been helped by officers from my office to lodge police reports).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Setakat ini, mangsa-mangsa yang dikenal pasti adalah 38 orang dan ada antara mereka yang menghubungi kami berumur 13 tahun' (so far 38 victims have been identified and some of those who contacted us are 13).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s11"}],"assertion":"Police reports lodged by victims against the suspect rose from eight at the arrest to 22 by noon on 12 April and 29 by noon on 15 April 2025; the deputy minister said on 9 April, when her office had helped seven victims lodge reports, that 30 to 40 people were believed affected, including pupils as young as 14, and on 12 April that 38 people had been identified, the youngest 12 or 13.","causal_attribution":"Police counts from the Johor police chief; victim estimates from the deputy minister, who assisted victims. The counts differ by date and by counting method."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The board said that contrary to online claims, the student did not receive only light reprimands but was removed from the school entirely'; 'pledged full support for the victims and their families, including counselling services by school and external professionals'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'surat perletakan jawatan daripada pengetua ... telah diterima pada 12 April lalu' (the principal's resignation letter was received on 12 April); 'dalam mesyuarat bulanan pada 17 April, kami sebulat suara bersetuju untuk menghormati keputusan' (at the monthly meeting on 17 April we unanimously agreed to respect the decision); 'satu pasukan bebas terdiri daripada lima ahli ditubuhkan bagi menyemak aduan yang dikemukakan oleh bekas pelajar' (an independent five-member team was formed to review complaints submitted by former pupils).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s8"}],"assertion":"The school board announced on 10 April 2025 that the pupil had been expelled, acknowledged delay in handling the case and promised counselling and legal aid for victims; the principal submitted his resignation on 12 April, which the board accepted at a 17 April meeting while forming a five-member team to review former pupils' complaints.","causal_attribution":"School board statements of 10 and 18 April 2025 as reported by Malay Mail and FMT."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Also remanded alongside the teenager is a 19-year-old male, who has been remanded for six days starting Wednesday for the same purpose'; 'The remand application was made to facilitate investigations under Section 7 of the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"'A 16-year-old student today pleaded guilty in the Kulai Magistrate's Court to possessing pornographic materials on his mobile phone'; 'the teen denied a second charge under the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017. This charge relates to allegedly using artificial intelligence to digitally alter photographs of a 17-year-old female classmate into explicit images'; 'Magistrate R. Salini granted bail at RM4,000 for each charge and set June 23 for the next hearing'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s9"},{"locator":"'dia didakwa menghasilkan bahan penganiayaan seksual seorang mangsa perempuan berusia 17 tahun dengan cara menyunting gambar menjadi gambar lucah' (he is charged with producing sexual abuse material of a 17-year-old female victim by editing an image into a pornographic image); 'remaja berkenaan mengaku bersalah memiliki bahan lucah dalam telefon bimbitnya' (the teenager pleaded guilty to possessing pornographic material on his phone); 'menetapkan 23 Jun ini untuk sebutan semula kes' (fixed 23 June for mention).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s10"},{"locator":"'If found guilty, the court may impose a warning, a good behaviour bond, a fine, community service, or placement in an approved school'.","relation":"context","source_id":"s12"}],"assertion":"The boy's remand was extended to 20 April 2025 and a 19-year-old male was remanded alongside him for investigation under Section 7 of the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017 and Section 233 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998; on 23 April 2025 the boy pleaded guilty at the Kulai Magistrate's Court to possessing 14 pornographic images on his phone under Section 292(a) of the Penal Code and not guilty to producing sexual abuse material by editing a 17-year-old girl's image under Section 5 of the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017, with bail of RM4,000 per charge and mention fixed for 23 June 2025.","causal_attribution":"Court reports of the closed-door hearing of 23 April 2025 and The Star's remand report of 16 April; the charge sheet itself was not inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"AI-edited nude images of schoolmates and alumni, including minors, were circulated in a Telegram chat room and sold online at RM2 each","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"a victim described the school treating the matter as a minor infraction and a teacher blaming complainants, which she called a second injury","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/721913/berita/semasa/pelajar-sekolah-ditahan-sunting-jual-gambar-lucah-guna-aii","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ms","translation_note":"Read in Malay on 2026-09-19 (Sinar Harian, published 2025-04-09 16:38 +08:00). Johor police chief's written statement of Wednesday 9 April 2025. Model reading of the original; English glosses in the locators are the reviewer's own.","independence_group":"johor-police-statement-2025-04-09"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/04/09/johor-teenager-nabbed-for-allegedly-creating-selling-lewd-ai-pics-of-schoolmates","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-19 (The Star, 9 April 2025). Same police statement; also carries the deputy minister's 9 April statement, which is cited here only through s3.","independence_group":"johor-police-statement-2025-04-09"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://malaysiatribune.news/40-pelajar-mangsa-gambar-lucah-deepfake-suspek-remaja-ditahan/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ms","translation_note":"Read in Malay on 2026-09-19 (Malaysia Tribune, published 2025-04-10 19:00 +08:00). Deputy Communications Minister's Facebook post and the Johor police chief's remand confirmation. Model reading of the original.","independence_group":"deputy-minister-facebook-2025-04-09"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/society/2025/04/09/724881","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-09-19 through a Wayback Machine capture (the live page returns HTTP 403); Oriental Daily, published 2025-04-09 14:42 +08:00. Relays a female pupil's long social media post of 8 April, the principal's confirmation of the arrest and the deputy minister's post. Model reading of the original.","independence_group":"pupil-viral-post-2025-04-08"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/04/10/kulai-school-says-expelled-student-in-deepfake-porn-scandal-admits-slow-action/172624","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-19 (Malay Mail, 10 April 2025). School board statement as reported by Malaysiakini.","independence_group":"school-board-statement-2025-04-10"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/04/13/deepfake-scandal-widens","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-19 (The Star, published 2025-04-12 16:00 UTC, print date 13 April). Deputy minister's press conference at the Kulai MP office on 12 April and the Johor police chief's count of reports and remand extension.","independence_group":"deputy-minister-press-conference-2025-04-12"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/04/16/johor-teen-in-ai-doctored-lewd-pics-probe-remanded-another-five-days","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-19 (The Star, 16 April 2025). Remand extension, the 19-year-old, the statutes and the 29-report count.","independence_group":"remand-hearing-2025-04-16"},{"id":"s8","url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/bahasa/tempatan/2025/04/18/pelajar-jual-gambar-bogel-pengetua-sekolah-menengah-di-kulai-letak-jawatan","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ms","translation_note":"Read in Malay on 2026-09-19 (FMT Malay edition, 18 April 2025). School board statement on the principal's resignation and the review team. Model reading of the original.","independence_group":"school-board-statement-2025-04-18"},{"id":"s9","url":"https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/04/23/johor-teen-denies-ai-doctored-lewd-photo-charge-admits-to-porn-possession/174177","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-19 (Malay Mail, 23 April 2025). Court report of the closed-door charging at the Kulai Magistrate's Court.","independence_group":"kulai-magistrate-court-2025-04-23"},{"id":"s10","url":"https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/724591/berita/semasa/remaja-mengaku-tidak-bersalah-miliki-sunting-gambar-lucah-guna-ai","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ms","translation_note":"Read in Malay on 2026-09-19 (Sinar Harian, published 2025-04-23 14:17 +08:00). Court report of the same hearing. Model reading of the original.","independence_group":"kulai-magistrate-court-2025-04-23"},{"id":"s11","url":"https://themerdekatimes.com/news/2025/04/38-termasuk-pelajar-jadi-mangsa-suntingan-gambar-lucah-babit-sekolah-menengah-persendirian-cina/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ms","translation_note":"Read in Malay on 2026-09-19 through a Wayback Machine capture (the live page returns HTTP 403); The Merdeka Times, published 2025-04-16 15:17 +08:00, reporting the 12 April press conference. Model reading of the original.","independence_group":"deputy-minister-press-conference-2025-04-12"},{"id":"s12","url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/04/24/teen-admits-having-porn-on-phone","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-19 (The Star, published 2025-04-23 16:00 UTC, print date 24 April). Court report; gives the complainant's age as 19, against 18 in the police statement.","independence_group":"kulai-magistrate-court-2025-04-23"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["When the images were created and sold: the police statement dates only the first report (3 April 2025) and the arrest (8 April); the deputy minister said victims had reported similar incidents to the school the previous year. The composites and school complaints predate the 3 April police report (a pupil's post says demerits had already been given before 8 April; the school was told the previous year), so the series may have begun before April 2025.","The outcome of the Section 5 Sexual Offences Against Children Act charge after the 23 June 2025 mention, and whether the 19-year-old was charged, were not found.","The AI application used is not named and no forensic report has been published.","The complainant's age is given as 18 by police and 19 by The Star's court report.","Whether the 29 police reports correspond one to one with the 38 people the deputy minister said were identified is not established.","The number of people in the Telegram chat room and the number of buyers are known only from the pupil's post."],"geography":{"basis":"Arrest by Kulai district police in Kulai, Johor; victims are pupils and alumni of a school in Kulai; charges at the Kulai Magistrate's Court, Johor, Malaysia.","court_countries":["MY"],"event_countries":["MY"],"affected_person_countries":["MY"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case with consequential institutional and criminal responses: AI-edited nude images of dozens of schoolmates, including minors, sold online, followed by expulsion, criminal charges and the principal's resignation. Twelve items read across Malay, English and Chinese from five separate accounts (police, deputy minister, the pupil's post, the school board, court reports). The suspect is a minor and unnamed; victims are unnamed; the school is described by type and district only and the principal is not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-19"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Johor police chief said early investigation found the suspect used an AI application to edit photos obtained from victims' social media accounts; the deputy minister and the school board described the images as deepfakes; the charge sheet describes producing sexual abuse material by editing a 17-year-old's image. No forensic finding on the tool has been published and the application is not named.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Kulai, Johor: a 16-year-old pupil was arrested and charged after AI-edited nude images of schoolmates and alumni, including minors, were sold online at RM2 each; police logged 29 victim reports and the principal resigned","summary":"In April 2025 Johor police arrested a 16-year-old pupil of a private Chinese independent secondary school in Kulai district after an 18-year-old woman reported on 3 April that nude images edited with her face were circulating on social media and being offered for sale. Police said the boy used an AI application to edit photos taken from victims' social media accounts and sold the images at RM2 each; a phone was seized and a 19-year-old was later remanded alongside him. Eight victim reports at the time of the arrest on 8 April grew to 22 by 12 April and 29 by 15 April. The Deputy Communications Minister, who is also the Kulai MP, said on 9 April that most victims were alumni but some were current pupils as young as 14, and on 12 April that 38 people had been identified, the youngest 12 or 13, and her office helped victims lodge reports. A female pupil's viral post said a Telegram chat room of more than 200 members shared the composites and that the school had initially treated the matter as a minor infraction; the school board expelled the boy, acknowledged its slow handling, offered counselling and legal aid, and the principal resigned on 12 April. On 23 April 2025 the boy pleaded guilty at the Kulai Magistrate's Court to possessing 14 pornographic images and not guilty to a charge under Section 5 of the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017 of producing sexual abuse material by editing a 17-year-old classmate's image; no verdict on that charge has been found.","incidentDate":"2025-04-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-04-09","aiSystem":"AI image-editing application used to composite victims' faces onto nude bodies (application not identified); images sold through social media and a Telegram chat room","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","reputational_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"AI-edited nude images of at least 29 schoolmates and alumni, including minors, were circulated and sold online; a victim's post said complainants had silently endured the abuse and felt a second injury from a teacher's response; the case led to expulsion, criminal charges and the principal's resignation.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":29,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Lower bound: 29 police reports lodged by victims against the suspect as of noon 15 April 2025 (Johor police chief, reported by The Star on 16 April); the deputy minister said 38 people had been identified as victims by 12 April and estimated 30 to 40 on 9 April. Reports are treated as one per victim because the police chief described them as reports from other victims; the identified-victim figure is not used because it was not documented person by person. Chat-room members and buyers are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"MY","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/04/09/johor-teenager-nabbed-for-allegedly-creating-selling-lewd-ai-pics-of-schoolmates","primarySourceLabel":"The Star, 9 April 2025: Johor teenager nabbed for allegedly creating, selling lewd AI pics of schoolmates (Johor police chief's statement)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-20T03:19:33.537691+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:08.091902+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ncii","minors","school","malaysia","johor","criminal-charges","depicted-or-impersonated","image-based-abuse","telegram"]},{"id":"2026-shanghai-ai-generated-persona-online-romance-fraud-170k-yuan","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"«对方自称1992年出生，是知名三甲医院医生，手握医院物业工程项目资源» (she claimed to be born in 1992, a doctor at a well-known tertiary hospital, holding hospital property-engineering project resources); «陆续向对方转账共计17万元» (transferred a total of 170,000 yuan in instalments); «就连想要打一通视频电话，对方也会以母亲在一旁看管作为理由拒绝» (even a video call was refused on the ground that her mother was watching); «反复回想交往细节，…越想越不对劲，才到派出所报案» (thinking back over the details he felt something was wrong and went to the police station).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"«在短短5个月时间里，…陆续向对方转账共计17万元» (in just five months he transferred 170,000 yuan in total); «去年开始与其频繁聊天» (frequent chatting began last year, i.e. 2025).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Over five months the man transferred a total of 170,000 yuan to a woman he had met on a social platform in 2021 who claimed to be a 1992-born doctor at a well-known top-tier hospital with property-engineering projects to award; she refused meetings and video calls citing her mother; he reported to the police when the promised projects never materialised.","causal_attribution":"police account via the programme 案件聚焦, relayed by Jiupai News and Guangming Net; single official chain."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"«实际出生于1961年，现年65岁，她并无医生资质，仅曾在医院从事后勤保洁工作» (actually born in 1961, now 65, no medical qualification, had only done hospital logistics cleaning); «注意到部分视频角落有一行小字提示：本作品含AI生成内容» (noticed a small corner label on some videos: this work contains AI-generated content); «累计近七千条日常视频、上万粉丝，全都是AI磨皮、场景合成制作而成» (nearly 7,000 videos and 10,000-plus followers, all made with AI skin-smoothing and scene compositing); «一人分饰两角，利用多个账号，分别扮演自己和早已离世的母亲» (played two roles through multiple accounts, herself and her long-dead mother).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"«…社交账号发布的累计近7000条日常视频、上万粉丝，全都是AI磨皮、场景合成制作而成» (the account's nearly 7,000 videos were all AI-processed).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Police found the woman was born in 1961, aged 65, had no medical qualification and had worked as a hospital cleaner; her close to 7,000 videos were made with AI skin-smoothing and scene compositing, some carrying a small 'contains AI-generated content' label the victim had never noticed; she used multiple accounts to play herself and her deceased mother.","causal_attribution":"Police findings as presented in the programme; no independent chain."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"«全部被她用于医美护肤、购置衣物等个人挥霍。2009年，她还曾因诈骗罪被判处有期徒刑四年六个月» (all spent on cosmetic treatments and clothing; in 2009 she was sentenced to four years six months for fraud); «因涉嫌诈骗罪，已被公安机关依法采取刑事强制措施» (criminal coercive measures taken for suspected fraud).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"«…曾于2009年因诈骗罪被判监4年半。目前，…因涉嫌诈骗罪已被公安机关采取刑事强制措施» (2009 fraud sentence of four and a half years; now under criminal coercive measures).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The 170,000 yuan was spent on cosmetic skin treatments and clothing; the woman had been sentenced to four years and six months for fraud in 2009; she is under criminal coercive measures for suspected fraud.","causal_attribution":"Police statement relayed by press."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"«同时与十余人保持暧昧关系» (simultaneously kept ambiguous relationships with more than ten people). (police-attributed sentence in the Epoch Times)","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"headline: '65岁阿姨AI换脸装“90后”美女，谈10多个暧昧对象' (the s1 body text does not repeat it)","relation":"context","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Police said the woman simultaneously kept ambiguous relationships with more than ten people; no loss by anyone else is reported.","causal_attribution":"Police statement relayed by the Epoch Times; context only, no further victims quantified."}],"effects":[{"label":"a man transferred 170,000 yuan over five months to a fabricated AI-processed persona and the money is reported spent","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://m.gmw.cn/2026-09/16/content_1304564495.htm","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-09-19 (Guangming Net, 16 September 2026, sourced to 贵阳晚报). Marks the victim's name as a pseudonym (化名). Same police-programme chain as the other sources. Model-read original; English glosses unreviewed by a bilingual human. Chain line '综合：法治日报、案件聚焦、深圳新闻网'.","independence_group":"shanghai-police-case-focus-programme"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20260915A0CNH000","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-09-19 (Jiupai News on Tencent News, 15 September 2026; body recovered from the page's script payload). Carries the attribution line 来源：案件聚焦、看看新闻. Same chain as s1. Its lede reads '五年网恋' where its body and s1 say five months; the Jiaohuidian copy of the same text reads '关注对方账号五年、五个月网恋', so the lede is a truncation. Jiupai does not mark the names as pseudonyms; s1, s3 and s4 do.","independence_group":"shanghai-police-case-focus-programme"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.stheadline.com/zh-hans/realtime-china/3616014/AI%E5%8F%98%E8%84%B8%E9%AA%97%E5%B1%8065%E5%B2%81%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%81%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%A8%E4%BC%AA%E8%A3%8590%E5%90%8E%E7%BE%8E%E5%A5%B3%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E7%94%B7%E7%BD%91%E6%81%8B5%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%88%E8%A2%AB%E9%AA%9717%E4%B8%87","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-09-19 (Sing Tao Headline, Hong Kong; '综合内媒报道', a digest of mainland reports). Marks both names as pseudonyms. Same chain.","independence_group":"shanghai-police-case-focus-programme"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/26/9/17/n14851558.htm","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-09-19 (Epoch Times, 17 September 2026; '据大陆媒体报导'). Adds the police statement that the suspect kept ambiguous relationships with more than ten people. Same chain.","independence_group":"shanghai-police-case-focus-programme"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["relationships","finance"],"unknowns":["The months of the five-month relationship and of the police report are not stated; frequent chatting began in 2025 per Guangming Net, so the first known event year is recorded as 2025 at year precision.","The AI tools used to make the videos are not identified.","Whether prosecutors have charged the suspect, and whether any money was recovered, is not reported.","Whether any of the more than ten other contacts lost money is not reported.","The Kankan News 案件聚焦 broadcast page was not readable (script shell); the programme's account is known through press relays."],"geography":{"basis":"The victim is described as a Shanghai man (上海男子), the two were in the same city (同在一个城市) and the demanded flat was in Shanghai (在上海购置房产); no court proceeding is reported.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["CN"],"affected_person_countries":["CN"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an impersonation case with a documented 170,000 yuan loss to one person, where police examined the AI-processed videos and their AI-content label. One official chain relayed by several outlets, so claims are recorded as reported. Both parties are pseudonymised in the reporting and the pseudonyms have been elided from the quoted passages here.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-19"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"police, via the Kankan News programme 案件聚焦, said officers found an AI-generated-content label on some of the suspect's videos and established that her roughly 7,000 videos were produced with AI skin-smoothing and scene compositing. The AI content depicted a fabricated young persona shown to the victim, which is why depicted_or_impersonated is recorded; the chat itself was conducted by the suspect, so communicated_with is not recorded. Single official chain relayed by several outlets.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Shanghai: a man transferred 170,000 yuan over a five-month online romance with a '1992-born hospital doctor' whose roughly 7,000 videos were AI-processed fabrications by a 65-year-old woman; police took criminal coercive measures","summary":"police, as presented by the Kankan News programme 案件聚焦 (Case Focus), reported in September 2026 that a Shanghai property-engineering contractor had transferred 170,000 yuan in total during a five-month online relationship with a woman he had met on a social platform in 2021. She presented herself as born in 1992, a doctor at a well-known top-tier hospital with hospital property-engineering projects to award, and ran an account with more than 10,000 followers and close to 7,000 short videos of daily life. She refused to meet or take a video call, saying her mother opposed the relationship and demanded a 300,000 yuan bride price and a Shanghai flat; the man reported to a police station when the promised projects never materialised and his savings ran down. Police found she was born in 1961, aged 65, had no medical qualification and had worked as a hospital cleaner; the receiving bank account was registered to another man; the videos were all made with AI skin-smoothing and scene compositing, some carrying a small 'this work contains AI-generated content' label he had never noticed; and she used multiple accounts to play both herself and her long-dead mother. The money had gone on cosmetic treatments and clothing; she had a 2009 fraud conviction with a sentence of four and a half years and is now under criminal coercive measures for suspected fraud. Police also said she kept ambiguous relationships with more than ten people; no other losses are reported.","incidentDate":"2025-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"cumulative_relationship","reportedDate":"2026-09-15","aiSystem":"AI video processing ('AI磨皮、场景合成': AI skin-smoothing and scene compositing) used to produce close to 7,000 short videos of a fabricated young 'doctor' persona; tools not identified","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI video-editing tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A Shanghai man transferred 170,000 yuan over five months to a fabricated 'doctor' persona whose videos police found were AI-processed; the money is reported spent and no recovery is reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One man with a documented loss of 170,000 yuan. Police said the suspect kept ambiguous relationships with more than ten other people, but no loss by anyone else is reported, so they are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://m.gmw.cn/2026-09/16/content_1304564495.htm","primarySourceLabel":"Guangming Net (光明网), 16 September 2026: 65岁阿姨AI换脸装“90后”美女，谈10多个暧昧对象 (Shanghai police programme 案件聚焦 via 贵阳晚报)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-20T03:12:46.86943+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:53.218943+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-generated-video","synthetic-persona","romance-fraud","shanghai","china","financial-loss","police-reported","ai-content-label"]},{"id":"2026-leal-ai-impersonation-immigration-scam","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'his image and name and even his voice have been cloned with artificial intelligence to deceive desperate immigrants'; 'fake contracts bearing his firm's logo, forged signatures, websites that mimic his site... entirely fabricated immigration hearings'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'criminals are creating fake videos using his image, voice and name'; the WhatsApp-to-Zelle/Venmo script.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'scammers have used AI to produce fake immigration hearings over Zoom to dupe immigrants'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Criminals used AI to clone Ángel Leal's image, name, voice, signature and firm logo, producing fake videos, look-alike websites, forged contracts and fabricated Zoom hearings that offered immigration services (residency, citizenship 'without an exam', work permits) he never provided.","causal_attribution":"Leal's own account, carried by four independent outlets."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'some victims end up with deportation orders without having filed any real paperwork, believing their case was in progress'; payments via Zelle/Venmo/Cash App.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'It's gotten to the point where I literally have one to two people every day, all day, answering calls of people who have been defrauded or scammed'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"Leal describes the harm to 'other people's needs'; ABA/AILA describe victims paying scammers who impersonated lawyers.","relation":"context","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Immigrants were defrauded of money paying for services Leal never provided, and some ended up with deportation orders believing their cases were in progress.","causal_attribution":"Reported by Leal and immigration-lawyer groups; individual victims are not named and the total is not quantified."},{"id":"c3","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'6,454 fake profiles linked to these scams have been taken down' since March.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'in June alone... they had taken down over 6,600 fake videos and profiles'; 'Leal has filed a report with the Doral Police Department.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Leal changed his phone number, hired an anti-piracy firm that removed thousands of fake profiles and videos (about 6,454 since March per NBC Miami; more than 6,600 by June per WLRN), and reported the fraud to Doral police and federal authorities.","causal_attribution":"Leal and his anti-piracy vendor, as reported; the two removal figures cover different windows."}],"effects":[{"label":"attorney's identity cloned with AI and used to defraud immigrants; reputational harm and business disruption to him, financial and legal harm to victims","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/scammers-impersonate-immigration-lawyers-rcna348238","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-06-04). NBC News national report; Leal interview, FTC/FBI context, ABA and AILA comment.","independence_group":"nbc"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/south-florida-immigration-lawyers-identity-cloned-with-artificial-intelligence/3817579/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-06-05). NBC6 South Florida; Leal interview, fake videos and WhatsApp/Zelle scheme; story translated from Spanish with an AI tool and editor-reviewed.","independence_group":"nbcmiami"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/south-florida-immigration-attorney-says-ai-scammers-are-using-his-identity-to-target-immigrants/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-17 via the Internet Archive capture 20260728171300 (CBS live returns HTTP 406); datePublished 2026-06-09. CBS News Miami; Leal interview, the $2,200 residency-video scheme, ~6,500 profiles removed.","independence_group":"cbsmiami"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/immigration/2026-08-20/abogado-inmigracion-ai-scam-fraud","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-17 (datePublished 2026-08-20). WLRN Public Media; Leal realised the problem last October, one to two defrauded callers a day, 6,600+ removals in June, fake Zoom hearings, Doral police report.","independence_group":"wlrn"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["justice","finance","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["No individual defrauded immigrant is named and the total amount lost is not established; the reported per-victim figure (about $4,820/$5,000) comes from a Latin Times headline not inspected in full.","No arrests are reported and no defendant is identified.","Whether the fabricated 'deportation orders' outcome affected specific named people is not established."],"geography":{"basis":"Event: South Florida (Doral/Miami); Leal practises there and reported to Doral police (WLRN, NBC Miami). Affected people are immigrants in South Florida. No court proceeding established.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an AI-impersonation case with real harm: a named attorney's likeness and voice were cloned to defraud immigrants, causing him reputational and business harm and causing victims financial and reported legal harm. Four independent chains, including his own on-camera interviews; victim count left partial because individual victims are unquantified.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-17"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Leal and multiple outlets state that his real videos were manipulated with AI to clone his face and voice; NBC News, NBC Miami, CBS Miami and WLRN carry his account, and an anti-piracy firm documented thousands of AI-generated fake profiles. The specific AI tools are not named.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Miami: scammers cloned immigration attorney Ángel Leal's face and voice with AI to defraud immigrants seeking legal help","summary":"From around October 2025, criminals used AI to clone the image, voice, name, signature and firm logo of Ángel Leal, a long-established immigration attorney in Doral, Florida. They created fake videos, look-alike websites, forged contracts and even fabricated Zoom 'immigration hearings' to persuade immigrants to pay for legal services Leal never provided. Immigrants were defrauded of money, and some believed their cases were progressing when they were not; Leal received one to two defrauded callers a day, changed his phone number, hired an anti-piracy firm that removed thousands of fake profiles and videos, and reported the fraud to local police and federal authorities.","incidentDate":"2025-10-01","incidentKind":"ongoing_experience","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-06-04","aiSystem":"AI voice- and video-cloning / deepfake tools (not identified in the inspected reporting)","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm","financial_loss","legal_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"An immigration attorney's identity was cloned with AI and used to defraud immigrants, causing him reputational harm and business disruption (he changed his phone number and hired an anti-piracy firm) and causing defrauded immigrants financial loss, with some reportedly left facing deportation orders after believing their cases were progressing.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"One counted, identified harmed person: Ángel Leal, whose likeness and voice were cloned and whose practice was disrupted. An unquantified additional group of immigrants was defrauded (Leal reports one to two defrauded callers a day; one legal immigrant reportedly lost about $4,820 per a Latin Times headline not inspected in full); no reliable victim count is established, so the status is partial.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/scammers-impersonate-immigration-lawyers-rcna348238","primarySourceLabel":"NBC News, 4 June 2026: Scammers impersonate immigration lawyers (Angel Leal interview; FTC/FBI context; ABA/AILA comment)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-17T03:27:41.533841+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:43.85599+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","voice-clone","impersonation","immigration","fraud","united-states","florida","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2026-edny-deepfake-take-it-down-act","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'two criminal complaints were unsealed charging [defendant name withheld] and [defendant name withheld] with violations of the TAKE IT DOWN Act'; '[defendant name withheld] was arrested today in [identifying detail withheld], Texas, and will be arraigned in the Eastern District of New York at a later date. [defendant name withheld] was arrested today in New Jersey'; 'If convicted of the charge, the defendants each face up to two years'; 'E.D.N.Y. Docket Nos. 26-MJ-96 and 26-MJ-97'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'[defendant name withheld], 20, and [defendant name withheld], 51, were arrested in unconnected cases on Wednesday and each faces up to two years in prison.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'[defendant name withheld] was arrested in New Jersey and appeared the same day before U.S. Magistrate Judge Peggy Cross-Goldenberg in Brooklyn.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Two separate federal complaints unsealed in Brooklyn in May 2026 charged two men with violating the TAKE IT DOWN Act. Both were arrested; the charges remained untried.","causal_attribution":"Established by the prosecutor's own release (the fact of the charges and arrests); the underlying allegations remain allegations."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Since May 19, 2025, [defendant name withheld] has published at least 360 albums containing AI deepfake pornography depicting approximately 90 different female victims. The content published by [defendant name withheld] has been viewed millions of times.'; '[defendant name withheld] has published approximately 113 albums on the website which contained deepfake content depicting approximately 50 different identifiable female victims, including individuals who are not public figures.'; 'The content published by [defendant name withheld] has been viewed nearly a million times.'; 'The victims included actresses, singers and political figures.'; 'an image- and video-sharing internet platform designed for creators to share adult and explicit content'; 'The albums contain non-explicit images of identifiable individuals which morph into deepfake depictions of the individuals in various stages of undress or engaging in sexually explicit conduct.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'published at least 360 albums containing AI-generated deepfake pornography depicting approximately 90 different female victims since May 19, 2025'; 'collectively depicting around 50 identifiable female victims'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Prosecutors allege publication of at least 360 AI sexual-image albums depicting approximately 90 women in one case and approximately 113 albums depicting around 50 women in the other. The affected people included public figures and private individuals.","causal_attribution":"Prosecutors' allegations as summarised in the release and relayed by TechTimes; the complaints were not inspected and the defendants are presumed innocent."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Some of the materials were deepfakes of recent high school graduates, the complaint said.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Prosecutors said the victims included recent high school graduates.'; 'Federal prosecutors charged two men whose combined deepfake albums depicted 140 named victims and reached nearly 3 million views.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"TIME and TechTimes report that affected people in one case included recent school graduates. TechTimes adds the approximate counts to about 140, but overlap between cases is unresolved.","causal_attribution":"The high-school-graduates detail is attributed by TIME to the complaint and by TechTimes to prosecutors; both derive from the same court filing, which was not inspected, so the claim stays reported. The release does not mention it and gives approximate figures per defendant rather than a combined total; the 140 and 3 million figures are TechTimes' sums."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'the defendants used cutting-edge digital technology to create images that degraded and violated victims across the United States'; 'emerging forms of psychological, reputational, and financial abuse'; 'inflicts emotional harm on victims, violating their privacy, dignity, and security'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'This case makes clear that posting deepfake pornography is not a victimless crime'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The U.S. Attorney said that, as alleged, the defendants used digital technology to create images that degraded and violated victims across the United States and cited new authorities against psychological, reputational and financial abuse; the FBI said the conduct inflicts emotional harm on victims and violates their privacy, dignity and security.","causal_attribution":"Officials' characterisation of the alleged harm; no individual victim's account was inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"approximately 90 and approximately 50 identifiable women were depicted nude or in sexual acts in AI deepfake albums published on adult-content sites and viewed millions of times (prosecutors' allegations)","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/two-individuals-arrested-publishing-ai-deepfake-pornography-violation-take-it-down-act","kind":"official_record","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-24 from an Internet Archive capture of 21 May 2026 (web.archive.org/web/20260521195624id_/...); the live page returned a 16 kB Akamai shell. Press release dated Wednesday 20 May 2026.","independence_group":"usao-edny-release"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://time.com/article/2026/05/22/ai-deepfake-revenge-porn-take-it-down-act-law/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-24 (TIME, Miranda Jeyaretnam, 22 May 2026): arrests in unconnected cases, sentence exposure, the law's background; quotes the U.S. Attorney's statement.","independence_group":"time"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.techtimes.com/articles/317135/20260525/ai-deepfake-pornography-charges-140-victims-named-take-it-down-act-claims-first-major-arrests.htm","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-24 (TechTimes, 25 May 2026): confirms [defendant name withheld]'s same-day appearance before the magistrate judge named in the release, repeats the 'recent high school graduates' detail (also in TIME) and sums the approximate figures; relies on the release and court filings.","independence_group":"techtimes"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://brooklyneagle.com/389427/2-men-charged-with-creating-ai-generated-porn-under-new-law-targeting-deepfakes/","kind":"news_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"Cited by the June 2026 row; on 2026-09-24 the Internet Archive capture contained no article text and the reader proxy returned 403. Not relied on.","independence_group":"brooklyn-eagle"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["The AI tools used to generate the material.","The identities and locations of the depicted women; whether any has spoken publicly.","The exact number of victims: prosecutors give approximate figures only.","Later docket activity (arraignment, pleas, sentences) after May 2026.","Whether the material has been removed from the platforms."],"geography":{"basis":"The defendants lived in New Jersey and Texas and were arrested there; the U.S. Attorney described victims across the United States; the complaints were unsealed in the Eastern District of New York (release). Individual victims' locations are not reported.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case: sexually explicit AI deepfakes of approximately 90 and approximately 50 identifiable women published at scale, documented by the prosecuting office's release (an official record of the charges) with two separate news accounts that rely on the release and complaints; the allegations are recorded as allegations. The original ID and first-publication timestamp are preserved; the arrest date and the aggregated figures of the historical row are corrected. No victim is named.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-24"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The release describes the material as AI deepfake pornography and AI-generated digital forgeries, and the charge is publication of such forgeries under the TAKE IT DOWN Act; the generation tools are not identified and the complaints themselves were not inspected.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Federal prosecutors charge two men over alleged AI sexual-image publication","summary":"Federal prosecutors in New York charged two men in separate cases over alleged non-consensual publication of AI sexual images of women. The complaints describe roughly 90 and 50 depicted women respectively; overlap is unresolved. The charges remain allegations.","incidentDate":"2025-05-19","incidentEndDate":"2026-05-20","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-05-20","aiSystem":"AI image and video generation tools used to make sexually explicit 'digital forgeries' (deepfakes) of identifiable women; the tools are not named in the press release or the inspected reporting","aiProduct":"Unidentified image and video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","reputational_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"About 90 and about 50 identifiable women, per the complaints as summarised by prosecutors, were depicted nude or in sexual acts in AI deepfake albums published on adult-content sites and viewed millions of times; the U.S. Attorney characterised the material as degrading and violating the victims and the law's purpose as addressing psychological, reputational and financial abuse, and the FBI said the conduct inflicts emotional harm and violates privacy and dignity. No individual victim's account was inspected.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"Prosecutors give approximate figures only: approximately 90 different female victims (Shannon) and approximately 50 different identifiable female victims (Hernandez) per the release; TechTimes sums them as about 140. No exact count or explicit lower bound is stated, so the status is unquantified with zero placeholders and the approximate figures are recorded here.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/two-individuals-arrested-publishing-ai-deepfake-pornography-violation-take-it-down-act","primarySourceLabel":"U.S. Attorney's Office — report on the case","firstPublishedAt":"2026-06-03T07:36:19.792596+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-05T11:09:38.24334+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ncii","take-it-down-act","criminal-charges","united-states","new-york","brooklyn","federal-prosecution","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2026-seoul-chatgpt-murders","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"deaths","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"is accused of killing two men by giving them drinks containing benzodiazepines","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"another man in his 20s","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"on charges of killing two men at motels in Seoul’s Gangbuk-gu","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"서울 강북구 모텔 등에서 약물이 든 음료로 남성 2명을 살해한","relation":"supports","source_id":"verdict"},{"locator":"20대 남성 3명에게 향정신성의약품이 섞인 음료를 건네 2명을 숨지게 하고 1명을 의식불명 상태에 빠뜨린 혐의를 받는다","relation":"supports","source_id":"sisa"}],"assertion":"Two men in their twenties died after drinking beverages containing sedative drugs that the accused gave them at motels in Gangbuk-gu, Seoul.","causal_attribution":"The police account and the first-instance court both report the deaths. Neither establishes that ChatGPT caused them."},{"id":"police_timeline","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"took place at 9:24 p.m. on Jan. 28","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"The man was found dead the following day at around 6 p.m. on a bed inside the room.","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"Using the same method, she allegedly killed another man in his 20s on Feb. 9","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"He survived and was not in a life-threatening condition.","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"}],"assertion":"Police said the first man was found dead in a motel room the day after the accused entered it with him on the evening of 28 January 2026, that the second man died on 9 February 2026, and that a man she was dating survived a drugged drink in December 2025.","causal_attribution":"Police dates for the series. They do not bear on the chatbot’s causal role."},{"id":"police_queries","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"The police investigation revealed that she had entered questions into ChatGPT about the risks of administering the drugs beforehand","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"What happens if you take sleeping pills with alcohol?","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"“Could it be fatal?”","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"was referred to prosecutors under detention on murder charges rather than on charges of inflicting bodily injury resulting in death","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"as police concluded that she had intent to kill based on her online history","relation":"supports","source_id":"kh"},{"locator":"repeatedly asked questions related to drugs on ChatGPT","relation":"supports","source_id":"fortune"}],"assertion":"Seoul Gangbuk police said in February 2026 that the accused had asked ChatGPT beforehand about the risks of the drugs, including what happens when sleeping pills are taken with alcohol and whether it could be fatal, and that they referred her for murder rather than a lesser charge because her online history showed intent.","causal_attribution":"The police treated the history as evidence of intent. This statement reports queries, without the chatbot’s replies."},{"id":"openai_statement","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"a spokesperson for OpenAI told Fortune","relation":"supports","source_id":"fortune"},{"locator":"South Korean police do not allege the chatbot provided any other responses other than factual ones","relation":"supports","source_id":"fortune"}],"assertion":"Fortune reported an OpenAI spokesperson’s statement that the questions followed a factual line of questioning, which Fortune said meant they would not raise the alarms that statements of self-harm would. Fortune also wrote that South Korean police did not allege any chatbot responses other than factual ones.","causal_attribution":"The company statement concerns how the system treated the queries. It does not address the later replies reported from the judgment."},{"id":"indictment_replies","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"공소장에 따르면","relation":"supports","source_id":"indict"},{"locator":"“수면제 많이 먹으면 어떻게 돼?”, “수면제 많이 먹는다고 그 사람이 죽어?”","relation":"supports","source_id":"indict"},{"locator":"“그럴 수 있다”는 취지의 답변을 거듭 받았다","relation":"supports","source_id":"indict"},{"locator":"음료를 마셨고 결국 숨졌다","relation":"supports","source_id":"indict"},{"locator":"바로 그날 밤 20대 남성은 서울 강북구의 한 모텔에서","relation":"supports","source_id":"indict"},{"locator":"약물의 양을 두 배 정도 늘려 첫 번째 사망자에게 건넸을 것","relation":"supports","source_id":"indict"}],"assertion":"Edaily reported that, according to the indictment, the accused asked ChatGPT what happens when many sleeping pills are taken and whether the person would die, repeatedly received answers that this could happen, and that on the same night a man in his twenties drank the drugged beverage she gave him at a Gangbuk motel and died. Prosecutors alleged that after these answers she roughly doubled the dose given to the first man who died.","causal_attribution":"This is the prosecution’s allegation about how the replies related to the first death. No inspected source independent of the prosecution supports the dose allegation."},{"id":"judgment_lethality_reply","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"또 다른 피해자를 만나기 전","relation":"supports","source_id":"sbs"},{"locator":"\"수면제 많이 먹는다고 사람이 죽냐\"고 물었고","relation":"supports","source_id":"sbs"},{"locator":"\"최악의 경우 사망할 수 있다\"는 답을 들었습니다","relation":"supports","source_id":"sbs"},{"locator":"과실 치사나 유기 치사의 경우 법정 형이 얼마나 되는지도 물은","relation":"supports","source_id":"sbs"},{"locator":"같은 날 의식을 잃은 피해자를 남겨둔 채 혼자 모텔을 빠져나왔고, 피해자는 숨졌습니다","relation":"supports","source_id":"sbs"},{"locator":"챗GPT는 최악의 경우 사망할 수 있다는 취지로 답했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"mt"},{"locator":"이에 챗GPT는 “최악의 경우 사망할 수 있다”는 답을 내놨다","relation":"supports","source_id":"herald"},{"locator":"과실치사나 유기치사의 법정형도 물었던 것으로 나타났다","relation":"supports","source_id":"mt"}],"assertion":"SBS reported that the written first-instance judgment records that in January 2026, before meeting another man, the accused asked ChatGPT whether taking many sleeping pills can kill a person and was told that death was possible in the worst case. She also asked about the statutory sentences for negligent homicide and abandonment resulting in death, and the same day left the man unconscious at a motel, where he died.","causal_attribution":"Money Today and Herald Business relay the SBS report; all three rest on the same judgment. The reports do not say the reply caused the killings."},{"id":"judgment_excerpt_reply","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"술과 함께 복용 시 호흡 마비로 인한 사망 위험이 매우 높으므로 즉시 119 신고가 필요하다","relation":"supports","source_id":"khan"},{"locator":"“수면제 많이 먹는다고 그 사람이 죽어?”라고 되물으며","relation":"supports","source_id":"khan"},{"locator":"서울북부지법의 판결문 일부","relation":"supports","source_id":"khan"}],"assertion":"Kyunghyang Shinmun, citing a judgment excerpt supplied by the court, reported that when the accused asked ChatGPT what happens if many sleeping pills are taken, it replied that taking them with alcohol carried a very high risk of death from respiratory paralysis and that 119 must be called immediately, after which she asked whether the person would die.","causal_attribution":"The reported reply combined a lethality warning with emergency advice. The feature calls generative AI a crime accomplice in its headline; the court excerpt does not attribute the death to the reply."},{"id":"judgment_119_replies","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"술을 마시기 전날인 지난 1월9일","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"바닥에 두고 가거나 모텔에서 재우면 안 되느냐","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"의식을 잃은 사람을 바닥에 두거나 모텔에 혼자 재워서는 안 된다고 답했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"술과 약물을 함께 복용하면 질식이나 호흡정지가 발생할 수 있다는 경고도 덧붙였다","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"챗GPT는 일반적인 사례를 현재 상황에 적용해서는 안 된다며 119나 숙박업소 직원에게 즉시 연락하라고 재차 권고했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"그 뒤에도 경찰이나 119에 신고하지 않았다","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"119나 모텔 프런트에 즉시 연락하라고 거듭 권했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"fn"},{"locator":"약 30시간 뒤인 1월 12일 오전 5시 40분쯤","relation":"supports","source_id":"fn"}],"assertion":"Reports of the written judgment say that on 9 January 2026 the accused asked ChatGPT whether she could leave a man who collapsed while drinking on the floor or at a motel, and that ChatGPT told her to call 119, warned that alcohol with drugs could cause choking or respiratory arrest, and said an unconscious person must not be left alone. After she left a man unconscious at a lodging the next night and described his state, it again told her to contact 119 or the lodging staff immediately. She contacted neither, and CCTV showed him first leaving the room about 30 hours after she left.","causal_attribution":"The reported replies were protective, and the accused did not follow them. The judgment reports treat the exchange as evidence of what she knew; they do not attribute the harm to the replies."},{"id":"judgment_detection_queries","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"당시 교제하던","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"에게 약물이 든 음료를 먹여 의식을 잃게 한 뒤였다","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"약 8시간 동안 챗GPT에 약물검사와 성분 검출 가능성을 물었다","relation":"supports","source_id":"tsisa"},{"locator":"약물 섞인 음료를 마신 피해 남성이 의식을 잃고 병원으로 옮겨진 직후","relation":"supports","source_id":"sbs"},{"locator":"깨어난 피해자가 경찰에 신고하겠다는 취지로 말하자","relation":"supports","source_id":"sbs"},{"locator":"나를 의심하지 않을까","relation":"supports","source_id":"sbs"}],"assertion":"Reports of the written judgment say that after a man she was dating lost consciousness from a drugged drink in December 2025 and was taken to hospital, the accused spent about eight hours the next morning asking ChatGPT whether sleeping pills and antidepressants would show up in drug tests. After he said he would go to the police, she asked ChatGPT whether the police would suspect her.","causal_attribution":"These queries followed the December drugging. No reply content for them is reported."},{"id":"court_finding","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"무기징역을 선고하고 위치추적 전자장치 30년 부착을 명령했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"verdict"},{"locator":"반복적으로 챗GPT를 통해 약물의 위험성을 학습해가는 과정에서","relation":"supports","source_id":"verdict"},{"locator":"사망 결과를 충분히 예견하고 상당 수준 용인했다고 인정된다","relation":"supports","source_id":"verdict"},{"locator":"대화 내역만 기억하지 못한다는 주장은 납득하기 어렵다","relation":"supports","source_id":"verdict"},{"locator":"챗 GPT를 통해 의학적 근거를 학습한 점을 들어","relation":"supports","source_id":"mbc"},{"locator":"특히 반복적으로 주고받은 챗GPT를 통해 사망의 결과를 충분히 예견하고, 상당 수준 용인했다고 인정할 수 있다","relation":"supports","source_id":"newsis"},{"locator":"처음 음료를 사용할 당시엔 구체적 사망의 위험성을 인식하지 못했다고 보이지만","relation":"supports","source_id":"newsis"}],"assertion":"On 27 August 2026 the Seoul Northern District Court sentenced the accused to life imprisonment with a 30-year electronic monitoring order. It found that she did not appear to recognise the specific risk of death when she first used the drugged drinks, but that, in the course of repeatedly learning the danger of the drugs through ChatGPT, she foresaw and accepted the deaths (intent in the form of dolus eventualis), and rejected her claim not to remember the ChatGPT conversations.","causal_attribution":"The court used the chatbot exchanges as evidence of the accused’s knowledge and intent. It did not find that ChatGPT caused or instructed the killings."},{"id":"families_lawyer","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"재판부가 판결문에서 이 사건을 AI와 약물을 결합한 연쇄살인 범죄로 규정했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"verdict"},{"locator":"챗GPT 검색기록으로 피고인의 고의 부인 주장이 사실상 탄핵됐고","relation":"supports","source_id":"verdict"}],"assertion":"After the verdict, the lawyer for the victims’ families said the written judgment defined the case as a serial murder combining AI and drugs, and that the ChatGPT search records had in effect refuted the accused’s denial of intent.","causal_attribution":"This is the families’ lawyer’s characterisation of the judgment, which was not inspected. It does not establish that the chatbot caused the deaths."},{"id":"other_counts","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"검찰이 지난 4월 특수상해와 마약류관리법 위반 혐의로","relation":"supports","source_id":"appeal_pros"},{"locator":"지난해 10월부터 지난 1월까지 남성 3명에게 약물이 든 음료를 건네","relation":"supports","source_id":"appeal_pros"},{"locator":"피해자는 기존 3명을 포함해 총 6명으로 늘었다","relation":"supports","source_id":"appeal_pros"},{"locator":"다만 피해자 6명 중 1명에 대한 특수상해 혐의는 무죄로 판단했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"sisa"},{"locator":"지난해 10월 25일 한 음식점에서 발생한 특수상해 사건은 제출된 증거들만으로는 증명이 부족하다고 봐 무죄로 판단했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"newsis"}],"assertion":"Prosecutors added charges in April 2026 that the accused injured three more men with drugged drinks between October 2025 and January 2026, bringing the alleged victims to six; the court acquitted her on the count concerning one of the six, an October 2025 incident at a restaurant.","causal_attribution":"These counts are part of the criminal case. Only the December 2025 and January 2026 survivors are connected to the chatbot exchanges in the inspected reports."},{"id":"appeals","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"검찰이 사형을 구형했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"closing"},{"locator":"지난 28일 항소장을 제출했다","relation":"supports","source_id":"appeal_def"},{"locator":"사실오인·법리오해와 양형부당을 이유로 이날 항소를 제기했다고 2일 밝혔다","relation":"supports","source_id":"appeal_mk"},{"locator":"항소심 첫 공판기일을 진행한다","relation":"supports","source_id":"newsis"},{"locator":"서울고법 형사7부(부장판사 구회근)는 다음 달 21일","relation":"supports","source_id":"metro"}],"assertion":"Prosecutors had sought the death penalty. The accused appealed on 28 August 2026 and prosecutors appealed on 2 September 2026, citing errors of fact and law and an unduly light sentence. The Seoul High Court scheduled the first appeal hearing for 21 October 2026.","causal_attribution":"The appeal proceedings do not bear on the chatbot’s causal role."}],"effects":[{"label":"Two men died after drinking beverages containing sedatives that the accused gave them.","claim_id":"deaths","direction":"negative"},{"label":"A man was left alone unconscious in a lodging after the accused ignored ChatGPT’s advice to call 119; CCTV first showed him leaving the room about 30 hours later.","claim_id":"judgment_119_replies","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"kh","url":"https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10678557","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"English; no translation. Full article body inspected (navigation and related-story cards excluded). Reports the Seoul Gangbuk Police Station statement; published 19 February 2026.","independence_group":"gangbuk_police"},{"id":"fortune","url":"https://fortune.com/2026/03/02/seoul-south-korea-woman-chatgpt-two-murders/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"English; no translation. Full body inspected. Its account of the police findings relays the Korea Herald report, so it shares that group; the OpenAI spokesperson statement is Fortune’s own reporting.","independence_group":"gangbuk_police"},{"id":"indict","url":"https://www.edaily.co.kr/News/Read?newsId=04969206645384632","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Body inspected. Edaily reports the prosecutors’ indictment as obtained through a National Assembly member’s office (March 2026).","independence_group":"indictment"},{"id":"closing","url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260818164848094","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Edaily article read on Daum; body inspected. Closing hearing of 18 August 2026.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"verdict","url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260827164152936","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Edaily article read on Daum; full body inspected. Reports the court’s pronouncement of 27 August 2026 and the victims’ families’ lawyer.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"mbc","url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260827170906280","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. MBC News item read on Daum; short body inspected in full. Same court pronouncement.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"sisa","url":"https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=385126","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Sisa Journal; full body inspected. Same court pronouncement, including the acquittal on one count.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"appeal_def","url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260831165352657","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. JoongAng Ilbo article read on Daum; body inspected. Reports the accused’s appeal filed 28 August 2026, citing legal sources.","independence_group":"appeal_filings"},{"id":"appeal_pros","url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260902145750822","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. The Fact article read on Daum; body inspected (related-story list excluded). Reports the prosecution appeal of 2 September 2026.","independence_group":"appeal_filings"},{"id":"appeal_mk","url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260902150004935","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Maeil Business Newspaper article read on Daum; body inspected. Reports the prosecution’s own announcement of its appeal.","independence_group":"appeal_filings"},{"id":"sbs","url":"https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1008743638","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. SBS News report of 8 September 2026 on the written first-instance judgment; body inspected. The judgment itself was not inspected.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"mt","url":"https://www.mt.co.kr/society/2026/09/09/2026090909103038416","kind":"news_relay","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Money Today; body inspected. States that it relays the SBS report of the written judgment.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"herald","url":"https://biz.heraldcorp.com/article/10867393","kind":"news_relay","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Herald Business; body inspected (unrelated article teasers excluded). States that it relays the SBS report of the written judgment.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"tsisa","url":"https://www.tsisalaw.com/news/article.html?no=30482","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. The Sisa Law, 9 September 2026; full body inspected. Reports the written judgment, citing legal sources.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"fn","url":"https://www.fnnews.com/news/202609091211327986","kind":"news_relay","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Financial News page carrying a News1-credited report of the written judgment, 9 September 2026; body inspected.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"khan","url":"https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202609111728001/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Kyunghyang Shinmun feature, 11 September 2026; body inspected. Its account of a ChatGPT reply rests on a judgment excerpt supplied by the court.","independence_group":"first_instance_trial"},{"id":"newsis","url":"https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20260930_0003808409","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Newsis, 30 September 2026; body inspected (promotional links excluded). Reports the appeal hearing schedule and recaps the judgment.","independence_group":"appeal_schedule"},{"id":"metro","url":"https://www.metroseoul.co.kr/article/20260930500091","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Metro Seoul, 30 September 2026; body inspected. Same appeal schedule from legal sources.","independence_group":"appeal_schedule"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["relationships","justice"],"unknowns":["The written judgment and the full ChatGPT transcripts were not inspected; the replies are known only through press quotation of the judgment and indictment.","The reports quote the January lethality reply in different words (SBS: death possible in the worst case; Kyunghyang: very high risk of death with alcohol, call 119), which may reflect different turns of the same conversation.","The prosecution allegation that the dose was doubled after the replies has no inspected support independent of the prosecution.","The Seoul High Court appeal had not been heard as of 6 October 2026."],"geography":{"basis":"The Korea Herald places the deaths at motels in Gangbuk-gu, Seoul. The trial took place at the Seoul Northern District Court and the appeal is before the Seoul High Court. Affected-person countries record where the harmed men were reported harmed, not their nationality.","court_countries":["KR"],"event_countries":["KR"],"affected_person_countries":["KR"]},"publication":{"basis":"The police account and the first-instance court each report the two deaths and the accused’s ChatGPT exchanges, and reports of the indictment and written judgment quote the chatbot’s replies on lethality and emergency help. The court used those exchanges to establish intent. Causation by the chatbot is not established, and both parties have appealed.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-06"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Police, the indictment and the first-instance court each describe the accused’s ChatGPT exchanges about the danger of the sedatives. Reports of the indictment and the written judgment state what ChatGPT answered: that many sleeping pills could kill a person, death being possible in the worst case, and, in other exchanges, that she must call 119 and not leave an unconscious man alone. The court relied on the exchanges to find that she foresaw and accepted the two deaths, and prosecutors allege she roughly doubled the dose after the lethality replies. The reports connect the replies to her knowledge when she acted; they do not establish that the chatbot caused the killings.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"metadataReview":{"version":1,"geography":{"basis":"The Korea Herald places the deaths at motels in Gangbuk-gu, Seoul. The trial took place at the Seoul Northern District Court and the appeal is before the Seoul High Court. Affected-person countries record where the harmed men were reported harmed, not their nationality.","evidence":[{"kind":"source_body","locator":"killing two men at motels in Seoul’s Gangbuk-gu","location":"https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10678557","supports":["event_countries"],"countries":["KR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"killing two men at motels in Seoul’s Gangbuk-gu","location":"https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10678557","supports":["affected_person_countries"],"countries":["KR"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"서울북부지법 형사합의14부","location":"https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=385126","supports":["court_countries"],"countries":["KR"]}],"court_countries":["KR"],"event_countries":["KR"],"affected_person_countries":["KR"]},"unresolved":["The written first-instance judgment was not obtained; facts from it are taken from press reports."],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-06","source_reviews":[{"url":"https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10678557","notes":"English; no translation. Full article body inspected (navigation and related-story cards excluded). Reports the Seoul Gangbuk Police Station statement; published 19 February 2026.","access":"read","language":"en"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2026/03/02/seoul-south-korea-woman-chatgpt-two-murders/","notes":"English; no translation. Full body inspected. Its account of the police findings relays the Korea Herald report, so it shares that group; the OpenAI spokesperson statement is Fortune’s own reporting.","access":"read","language":"en"},{"url":"https://www.edaily.co.kr/News/Read?newsId=04969206645384632","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Body inspected. Edaily reports the prosecutors’ indictment as obtained through a National Assembly member’s office (March 2026).","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260818164848094","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Edaily article read on Daum; body inspected. Closing hearing of 18 August 2026.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260827164152936","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Edaily article read on Daum; full body inspected. Reports the court’s pronouncement of 27 August 2026 and the victims’ families’ lawyer.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260827170906280","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. MBC News item read on Daum; short body inspected in full. Same court pronouncement.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=385126","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Sisa Journal; full body inspected. Same court pronouncement, including the acquittal on one count.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260831165352657","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. JoongAng Ilbo article read on Daum; body inspected. Reports the accused’s appeal filed 28 August 2026, citing legal sources.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260902145750822","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. The Fact article read on Daum; body inspected (related-story list excluded). Reports the prosecution appeal of 2 September 2026.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://v.daum.net/v/20260902150004935","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Maeil Business Newspaper article read on Daum; body inspected. Reports the prosecution’s own announcement of its appeal.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1008743638","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. SBS News report of 8 September 2026 on the written first-instance judgment; body inspected. The judgment itself was not inspected.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://www.mt.co.kr/society/2026/09/09/2026090909103038416","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Money Today; body inspected. States that it relays the SBS report of the written judgment.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://biz.heraldcorp.com/article/10867393","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Herald Business; body inspected (unrelated article teasers excluded). States that it relays the SBS report of the written judgment.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://www.tsisalaw.com/news/article.html?no=30482","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. The Sisa Law, 9 September 2026; full body inspected. Reports the written judgment, citing legal sources.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://www.fnnews.com/news/202609091211327986","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Financial News page carrying a News1-credited report of the written judgment, 9 September 2026; body inspected.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202609111728001/","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Kyunghyang Shinmun feature, 11 September 2026; body inspected. Its account of a ChatGPT reply rests on a judgment excerpt supplied by the court.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20260930_0003808409","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Newsis, 30 September 2026; body inspected (promotional links excluded). Reports the appeal hearing schedule and recaps the judgment.","access":"read","language":"ko"},{"url":"https://www.metroseoul.co.kr/article/20260930500091","notes":"Korean; passages translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translation. Metro Seoul, 30 September 2026; body inspected. Same appeal schedule from legal sources.","access":"read","language":"ko"}]},"name":"Seoul court cites a woman’s ChatGPT exchanges on sedative lethality as evidence of intent in two motel drink-spiking murders","summary":"A Seoul district court convicted a woman at first instance in August 2026 of killing two men with drugged drinks at motels in early 2026 and sentenced her to life imprisonment. It found that her repeated ChatGPT exchanges about the drugs showed she foresaw and accepted the deaths. Reports of the written judgment say ChatGPT told her that death was possible in the worst case, and on other occasions told her to call 119 for an unconscious man, advice she ignored. Both sides have appealed. The court did not find that the chatbot caused the killings.","incidentDate":"2025-12-01","incidentEndDate":"2026-02-09","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-02-19","aiSystem":"ChatGPT","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"critical","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["death","physical_injury","harm_to_others"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Two men died and two more were left unconscious after drinking drugged beverages the accused gave them. The court cited her ChatGPT exchanges as evidence of intent; it did not find that the chatbot caused the harm.","frameworkFacets":["P1d","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"outward","causationStatus":"unclear","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":4,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Counts the two men who died and two surviving men whom the inspected reports connect to the ChatGPT exchanges: the man drugged in December 2025, whose condition and drug-test results the accused asked ChatGPT about afterwards, and the man left unconscious in January 2026 after ChatGPT had advised her to call 119. The court also convicted on an injury count concerning another man; no inspected source connects that count to the exchanges. The accused’s own sentence is not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"KR","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10678557","primarySourceLabel":"The Korea Herald, 19 February 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-03-09T05:43:02.612378+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-06T03:09:54.663444+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["criminal","adult","murder","chatgpt","openai","south-korea","kr"]},{"id":"2025-whittemore-chatgpt-murder","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"harm","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Opening response account, injured survivor paragraph and autopsy paragraph.","relation":"supports","source_id":"police"}],"assertion":"Maine police reported one woman killed and another injured in the 19 February 2025 incident.","causal_attribution":"This source does not establish that AI caused the death."},{"id":"interaction","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Psychiatrist’s account in the middle of the article.","relation":"supports","source_id":"report"}],"assertion":"Court reporting attributes an account of prolonged ChatGPT use and psychiatric deterioration to a psychiatrist’s evidence.","causal_attribution":"This source does not establish that AI caused the death."},{"id":"outcome","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"Opening ruling and closing disposition paragraphs.","relation":"supports","source_id":"report"}],"assertion":"The report says the court found the man not criminally responsible and placed him in psychiatric custody.","causal_attribution":"The reported ruling concerns criminal responsibility, not a determination of AI causation."}],"effects":[{"label":"Maine police reported one woman killed and another injured in the 19 February 2025 incident.","claim_id":"harm","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"police","url":"https://www.maine.gov/dps/msp/media-center/public-releases/arrest-made-and-victims-identified-readfield-homicide","kind":"police_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"English; no translation. Full release body inspected. It gives 19 February 2025 as the response date; the page’s displayed May date conflicts with its contemporaneous wording and is not used as a precise release date.","independence_group":"maine_police"},{"id":"report","url":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2025/10/17/central-maine/central-maine-police-courts/readfield-maine-giles-road-homicide-samuel-whittemore-not-criminally-responsible-chat-gpt-delusions/","kind":"court_reporting","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"English; no translation. Full article body inspected. It credits Kennebec Journal reporting of the psychiatric evidence and court outcome.","independence_group":"whittemore_kennebec"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use","others_use"],"contexts":["health","relationships","justice"],"unknowns":["The complete psychiatric report, court record and chatbot exchanges were not inspected.","The newspaper gives 18 February for the attack; the police’s dated response and autopsy chronology support 19 February.","The police source confirms the event but does not independently confirm the reported AI connection."],"geography":{"basis":"The police release places the event in Readfield, Maine. The news article describes the Maine court proceeding.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"The inspected evidence describes a concrete adverse event and case-specific chatbot interactions. Allegations, source dependence and limits on causal inference remain explicit.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-05"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The reported psychiatric evidence associates sustained chatbot interaction with worsening instability alongside work stress. No specific harmful model reply or independent causal finding was inspected.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"metadataReview":{"version":1,"geography":{"basis":"The police release places the event in Readfield, Maine. The news article describes the Maine court proceeding.","evidence":[{"kind":"source_body","locator":"The police release places the event in Readfield, Maine. The news article describes the Maine court proceeding.","location":"https://www.maine.gov/dps/msp/media-center/public-releases/arrest-made-and-victims-identified-readfield-homicide","supports":["event_countries"],"countries":["US"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"The police release places the event in Readfield, Maine. The news article describes the Maine court proceeding.","location":"https://www.maine.gov/dps/msp/media-center/public-releases/arrest-made-and-victims-identified-readfield-homicide","supports":["affected_person_countries"],"countries":["US"]},{"kind":"source_body","locator":"The police release places the event in Readfield, Maine. The news article describes the Maine court proceeding.","location":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2025/10/17/central-maine/central-maine-police-courts/readfield-maine-giles-road-homicide-samuel-whittemore-not-criminally-responsible-chat-gpt-delusions/","supports":["court_countries"],"countries":["US"]}],"court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"unresolved":[],"reviewed_on":"2026-10-05","source_reviews":[{"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dps/msp/media-center/public-releases/arrest-made-and-victims-identified-readfield-homicide","notes":"English; no translation. Full release body inspected. It gives 19 February 2025 as the response date; the page’s displayed May date conflicts with its contemporaneous wording and is not used as a precise release date.","access":"read","language":"en"},{"url":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2025/10/17/central-maine/central-maine-police-courts/readfield-maine-giles-road-homicide-samuel-whittemore-not-criminally-responsible-chat-gpt-delusions/","notes":"English; no translation. Full article body inspected. It credits Kennebec Journal reporting of the psychiatric evidence and court outcome.","access":"read","language":"en"}]},"name":"Maine homicide case includes reported psychiatric evidence about sustained ChatGPT use","summary":"Maine police reported a woman’s death and another woman’s injuries on 19 February 2025. Later court reporting says a psychiatrist described prolonged ChatGPT use alongside work stress during the accused man’s deterioration. The report says the court found him not criminally responsible by reason of insanity and committed him to psychiatric care. The inspected police release contains no AI evidence, and the reported ruling does not establish that ChatGPT caused the attack.","incidentDate":"2025-02-19","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"cumulative_relationship","reportedDate":"2025-10-17","aiSystem":"ChatGPT, as identified in the cited account","aiProduct":"ChatGPT (reported)","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"critical","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["death","physical_injury","harm_to_others","psychiatric_deterioration"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Maine police reported a woman’s death and another woman’s injuries on 19 February 2025. Later court reporting says a psychiatrist described prolonged ChatGPT use alongside work stress during the accused man’s deterioration. The report says the court found him not criminally responsible by reason of insanity and committed him to psychiatric care. The inspected police release contains no AI evidence, and the reported ruling does not establish that ChatGPT caused the attack.","frameworkFacets":[],"pathwayDirection":"both","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Counts one user whose psychiatric deterioration is described in reported expert evidence, one killed person and one injured survivor. The user is counted for that reported deterioration, not for his custody. No additional relatives are inferred.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-ME","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.maine.gov/dps/msp/media-center/public-releases/arrest-made-and-victims-identified-readfield-homicide","primarySourceLabel":"Maine State Police — Readfield homicide release","firstPublishedAt":"2026-01-12T00:34:01.511012+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-05T14:55:43.582783+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["chatbot"]}]}