{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-15T06:16:06.470Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"court","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"","evidence":"","year":"2024","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":17,"coverage":{"cases":17,"countries":7,"languages":10,"unknownLocation":4,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":6,"regulatory":3,"minors":5,"coreRelations":12,"contextualRelations":4,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":1,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":1},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2024-beijing-court-rules-insurer-unlawfully-dismissed-legal-officer-over-ai-platform-upload","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'在某保险公司担任法务，负责合规稽查、风险核查等工作。2024年7月，为优化工作流程、提升PPT制作及数据分析效率'; '在公司领导推荐下，将自行整理加工后的公司稽核问题数据表，上传至第三方AI平台用于辅助办公'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'2024年7月，为优化工作流程、提升PPT制作及数据分析效率，她在公司领导推荐下，将自行整理加工后的公司稽核问题数据表上传至第三方AI平台辅助办公'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"A legal officer at an insurance company, responsible for compliance audits and risk checks, uploaded a company audit-issues data table she had compiled and processed to a third-party AI platform in July 2024, to help make presentations and analyse data, on the recommendation of company leadership.","causal_attribution":"The court's account as relayed by two outlets that share it as their source."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'2024年8月，公司却突然向'; '出具《解除劳动合同告知书》'; '“严重违反规章制度”为由，单方解除了双方劳动关系'; '其将公司稽核类内部文件上传至第三方AI平台，平台会收集、留存用户数据用于模型迭代，存在信息泄露、被第三方窃取的重大风险'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'一个月后，公司向她出具《解除劳动合同告知书》，理由是'; '“严重违反规章制度”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In August 2024 the company served a notice terminating her labour contract for serious violation of its rules, arguing that as a compliance employee bound by a confidentiality agreement she had uploaded internal audit files to a platform that collects and retains user data for model iteration, creating a risk of leakage.","causal_attribution":"The company's stated reason for the dismissal, as recounted in the court's account; the dismissal responded to the employee's use of the AI platform."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'认为，自己没有泄密的主观故意，使用AI工具是为了提高工作效率，上传至AI的数据表已经过整理加工，并非公司核心保密信息，属于合规办公，此次操作也并未造成公司信息外泄或经济损失等现实后果'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The employee said she had no intent to disclose secrets, that the uploaded table had been processed and was not core confidential information, and that no leak or economic loss resulted.","causal_attribution":"The employee's position as recounted in the court's account."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'朝阳法院审理认为'; '不存在违反规章制度的主观故意'; '所有内部规章制度均未明确禁止员工使用第三方AI工具辅助办公'; '公司未针对AI工具使用开展任何专项培训'; '公司仅以AI平台存在数据留存的通用规则，推定存在泄密风险，不足以认定员工行为构成“严重违反规章制度”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'法院还指出，公司未能举证证明'; '上传的文件属于法定或制度界定的核心保密信息，也无法证实该行为造成了信息外泄、经济损失或声誉受损等实际后果'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Chaoyang District People's Court found that she had no intent to breach the rules, that none of the company's rules expressly prohibited third-party AI tools, that the company had given no training on them, and that the platform's general data-retention rules did not establish a serious violation.","causal_attribution":"The court's reasoning as relayed by the press; the judgment text was not inspected."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'依法判决撤销其向'; '作出的《解除劳动合同告知书》，双方继续履行劳动合同，同时判令保险公司向'; '支付因违法解约产生的年终奖差额、绩效工资、工资损失等。目前，该判决已经生效'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'一审认定保险公司单方解除行为违法，判决撤销解除告知书、双方继续履行劳动合同，并判令公司支付年终奖差额、绩效工资及工资损失，目前判决已生效'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'法院一审认定，公司单方解除行为违法，判决撤销解除通知、双方继续履行合同，并补发年终奖差额、绩效工资及工资损失。判决已生效'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The court ruled at first instance that the dismissal was unlawful, revoked the termination notice, ordered the labour contract to continue and ordered the insurer to pay the year-end bonus shortfall, performance pay and lost wages; the judgment has taken effect.","causal_attribution":"Reports of the judgment that all derive from the court's disclosure, so the claim stays reported."}],"effects":[{"label":"employee dismissed by her employer for uploading a work data table to a third-party AI platform","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"employee lost year-end bonus, performance pay and wages through the dismissal, which a court ordered the insurer to make good","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s6acee3f7e4b0e42f8f0189ec.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese in full. Quotations and their English renderings in this record were translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translator reviewed them. Beijing Daily's own report (reporter credited) of the Chaoyang court's account of the case.","independence_group":"chaoyang-court-account-oct-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://news.mydrivers.com/1/1157/1157186.htm","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese in full. Quotations and their English renderings in this record were translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translator reviewed them. Kuai Keji relays the case from China National Radio (Voice of China); the court is the underlying source, so it shares an independence group with Beijing Daily.","independence_group":"chaoyang-court-account-oct-2026"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.mrjjxw.com/articles/2026-10-14/4604034.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese in full. Quotations and their English renderings in this record were translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translator reviewed them. A signed commentary in National Business Daily that summarises the court's disclosure of the case; it adds no independent reporting.","independence_group":"chaoyang-court-account-oct-2026"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["The name of the insurer and of the AI platform.","The date of the judgment and the amounts ordered.","Whether the employee returned to work after the ruling.","Whether the platform retained or used the uploaded table."],"geography":{"basis":"The ruling was given by the Chaoyang District People's Court in Beijing. No source states where the insurer or the employee was located, so the event and affected-person countries are left unrecorded rather than inferred from the court's seat.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as an employer's dismissal of a named-role employee for her own use of a third-party AI platform, followed by a court ruling, now effective, that the dismissal was unlawful. The facts are the court's account as reported by the press; the judgment itself was not read.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The harm is the employer's response to the employee's own use of AI. In the court's account relayed by Beijing Daily and Kuai Keji, she uploaded a compiled company audit data table to a third-party AI platform to help with presentations and data analysis, and the company's termination notice treated that upload, and the platform's retention of user data for model iteration, as a serious breach of its rules. No source says the AI platform produced any output about the employee or that any output reached the decision, so the relation is unknown under the consequential-response exemption.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["unknown"]},"name":"Beijing court rules an insurer unlawfully dismissed a legal officer for uploading an internal audit table to a third-party AI platform","summary":"A legal officer at an insurance company, responsible for compliance audits and risk checks, uploaded a company audit-issues data table that she had compiled and processed to a third-party AI platform in July 2024, to help make presentations and analyse data. According to the court's account, she did so on the recommendation of company leadership. In August 2024 the company served her a notice terminating her labour contract for serious violation of its rules, arguing that as a compliance employee bound by a confidentiality agreement she had exposed internal audit material to a platform that collects and retains user data for model iteration. The Chaoyang District People's Court in Beijing ruled at first instance that the dismissal was unlawful: the company's rules did not prohibit third-party AI tools, it had given no training on their use, and it had not shown that the table was core confidential information or that any leak or loss occurred. The court revoked the termination notice, ordered the contract to continue and ordered the company to pay the employee's year-end bonus shortfall, performance pay and lost wages. Kuai Keji, citing China National Radio, reported the ruling on 13 October 2026 and Beijing Daily on 14 October; both say the judgment has taken effect. No source names the insurer or the AI platform.","incidentDate":"2024-08-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-13","aiSystem":"A third-party AI platform, not named in any source, to which the employee uploaded a compiled company audit-issues data table to help make presentations and analyse data","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI presentation and data-analysis tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["professional_harm","financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The employee lost her job in August 2024 over her upload of a work data table to a third-party AI platform; the Chaoyang court later ruled the dismissal unlawful and ordered the insurer to pay the year-end bonus shortfall, performance pay and wage losses arising from it (court's account as reported by Beijing Daily and Kuai Keji). Whether the sums have been paid is not reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One employee: the claimant in the reported labour dispute, who used the AI platform herself.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://xinwen.bjd.com.cn/content/s6acee3f7e4b0e42f8f0189ec.html","primarySourceLabel":"Beijing Daily, 14 October 2026: 用外部AI处理内部文件遭公司辞退？法院判决：企业违法！","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-15T03:00:01.598786+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-15T03:00:01.598786+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["dismissal","workplace-ai","labour-dispute","reinstatement","insurance","consequential-response"]},{"id":"2024-detmold-court-convicts-man-who-admitted-ai-built-fake-shops-and-generated-voice-defrauding-32-buyers","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'So flossen insgesamt 19.190 Euro in seinen Besitz.'; 'mithilfe gefälschter Online-Shops zwischen April 2024 und September 2025'; '32 Kundinnen und Kunden zahlten teils hohe Summen für bei ebay oder TikTok eingestellte Boxspringbetten, Küchen und Autos, die nie existiert hatten.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Lippische Landes-Zeitung reported on 4 August 2026 that a man confessed at his trial before the lay-assessor court in Detmold to taking 19,190 euros from buyers between April 2024 and September 2025 through fake online shops: 32 customers paid, in some cases large sums, for box-spring beds, kitchens and cars listed on eBay or TikTok that never existed.","causal_attribution":"The defendant's confession at trial as reported by one newspaper; the court accepted his account."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Eine weibliche Stimme für ein Telefongespräch mit einem Kunden habe er mittels Künstlicher Intelligenz extra generiert'; 'Auch beim Aufbau der gefälschten Websites habe KI ihm geholfen, sagt er.'; 'Um die angehenden Käufer zu täuschen, legte der Angeklagte offenbar halbwegs seriös wirkende Internetseiten an.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'mithilfe von KI mehrere Fakeshops eröffnet und online knapp 20.000 Euro erbeutet zu haben'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the same report, the defendant told the court that he had generated a female voice with artificial intelligence for a telephone call with a customer and that AI had helped him build the fake websites; at his former partner's trial in October he again said he had opened several fake shops with the help of AI.","causal_attribution":"The defendant's own statements in court, reported by one newspaper in two articles; no tool, generated page or recording is described."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'verurteilt ihn letztendlich wegen Betrugs in 32 Fällen zu zweieinhalb Jahren Haft'; 'Die erbeutete Summe soll er zurückzahlen.'; 'Alle hatten Anzeige erstattet.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Das Geständnis hatte ihn eine zweieinhalbjährige Freiheitsstrafe eingebracht.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court convicted him of fraud in 32 cases, sentenced him to two and a half years in prison and ordered him to repay the money; all the customers had filed criminal complaints.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as reported by one newspaper; the judgment itself was not read."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Obwohl das gegen ihn gesprochene Urteil noch nicht rechtskräftig ist und seine Berufung läuft'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The newspaper reported in October 2026 that the judgment against him was not yet final because his appeal was pending.","causal_attribution":"Procedural status as reported by one newspaper."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Obwohl mehrere für den Betrug genutzte Konten auf den Namen seiner damaligen Lebensgefährtin liefen'; 'Am Ende beantragen sowohl Staatsanwaltschaft als auch Verteidigung einen Freispruch.'; 'nun am Dienstagmorgen wie selbstverständlich neben ihrem Verteidiger'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On Tuesday 13 October 2026 the same court acquitted his former partner, who had been charged with commercial fraud because several accounts used in the frauds were in her name; the prosecution and the defence both asked for acquittal.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as reported by one newspaper; the date is the Tuesday of the report published on 13 October 2026."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Zwar erleichtere die KI in der heutigen Zeit Betrugstaten.'; 'Um einen funktionierenden Fakeshop aufzubauen, müsse man aber hohen Organisationsaufwand betreiben'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The presiding judge said that AI makes fraud easier today but that building a working fake shop still takes considerable organisation.","causal_attribution":"The judge's remark in the oral reasoning as reported; it is not a finding about which parts of the fraud the AI produced."}],"effects":[{"label":"32 buyers paid for box-spring beds, kitchens and cars that never existed, 19,190 euros in total","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.lz.de/lippe/detmold/24389324_Mit-KI-und-Fakeshops-fast-20.000-Euro-erbeutet-Detmolder-muss-mehrere-Jahre-in-Haft.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Read in the original German on 2026-10-14 (HTTP 200; the article text is carried in the page's structured data) by the research agent (an AI); English renderings in this record are the research agent's own translations and no human translator reviewed them. Lippische Landes-Zeitung court report published 4 August 2026, 19:03, on the trial and conviction of the man who ran the fake shops.","independence_group":"lz-detmold-court-reports"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.lz.de/lippe/detmold/24440004_Monatelang-auf-der-Flucht-Frau-nach-Betrug-mit-KI-Fakeshops-in-Detmold-freigesprochen.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Read in the original German on 2026-10-14 (HTTP 200; the article text is carried in the page's structured data) by the research agent (an AI); English renderings in this record are the research agent's own translations and no human translator reviewed them. Lippische Landes-Zeitung court report published 13 October 2026, 17:45, on the acquittal of his former partner; same newspaper as s1, so not independent of it.","independence_group":"lz-detmold-court-reports"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["finance","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["Which AI tools the defendant used, and what the AI produced on the websites.","Which buyers saw AI-built pages, and which customer heard the generated voice and what that customer lost.","The exact date of the conviction; the report was published on 4 August 2026.","The outcome of the defendant's appeal."],"geography":{"basis":"The buyers were spread across Germany ('die über Deutschland verstreuten Kundinnen und Kunden', s1), which places the losses and the affected people in Germany; the trials were held at the Amtsgericht Detmold (s1, s2).","court_countries":["DE"],"event_countries":["DE"],"affected_person_countries":["DE"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a reported case: according to the Lippische Landes-Zeitung, a man convicted in Detmold of fraud in 32 cases told the court that AI helped him build the fake shop websites and generated a female voice he used in a call with a customer; 32 buyers paid for goods that never existed. The AI involvement rests on the defendant's admission as reported by one newspaper; the defendant and his acquitted former partner are not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The defendant told the Detmold court, as the Lippische Landes-Zeitung reported, that he generated a female voice with artificial intelligence for a telephone call with a customer and that AI helped him build the fake shop websites, which he set up to make the offers look credible to buyers; 32 buyers paid for goods that never existed. The generated voice and the AI-built pages were presented to buyers as part of the deception (communicated_with). The attribution rests on the defendant's own admission, which the court accepted; no tool is named, and which buyers saw AI-built pages or heard the voice is not reported.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Detmold, Germany: court convicts a man who admitted using AI to build fake shop websites and a generated voice in frauds on 32 buyers","summary":"A man tried before the lay-assessor court in Detmold, Germany, confessed to taking 19,190 euros between April 2024 and September 2025 from 32 buyers who paid for box-spring beds, kitchens and cars listed on eBay or TikTok that never existed, the Lippische Landes-Zeitung reported on 4 August 2026. He told the court that AI had helped him build the fake shop websites he used to make the offers look credible and that he had generated a female voice with AI for a telephone call with a customer. The court convicted him of fraud in 32 cases and sentenced him to two and a half years in prison; his appeal is pending. On 13 October 2026 the court acquitted his former partner, in whose name several of the accounts had been opened.","incidentDate":"2024-04-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-08-04","aiSystem":"AI tools, not named, that the defendant said helped him build the fake shop websites and generated a female voice for a call with a customer (his admission in court, as reported)","aiProduct":"Unidentified website and voice tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["financial_loss"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the defendant's confession as reported by the Lippische Landes-Zeitung, 32 buyers paid a total of 19,190 euros for goods that never existed in fake-shop offers he said he built with AI help, including a generated voice used in a call with a customer.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":32,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"32 customers: the newspaper reports that 32 customers paid and that the court convicted him of fraud in 32 cases. None of them used the AI; the defendant did. The former partner's prosecution is not counted as an AI-related harm. The court said it could not rule out further cases ('Ob es vielleicht noch weitere Fälle gibt, kann das Gericht nicht ausschließen'), so 32 is a documented minimum.","jurisdiction":"DE","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.lz.de/lippe/detmold/24389324_Mit-KI-und-Fakeshops-fast-20.000-Euro-erbeutet-Detmolder-muss-mehrere-Jahre-in-Haft.html","primarySourceLabel":"Lippische Landes-Zeitung, 4 August 2026: Mit KI und Fakeshops fast 20.000 Euro erbeutet: Detmolder muss mehrere Jahre in Haft","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-14T03:09:20.388157+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-14T03:09:20.388157+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["fake-shop-fraud","ai-built-websites","ai-generated-voice","online-marketplace","criminal-conviction","germany"]},{"id":"2024-florida-judicial-candidate-shared-likely-ai-fake-call-of-justices-suspended","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'She referenced a former court employee’s book — which she hadn’t read — and sent the paper a link to the author’s website with a deepfake recording of a conversation between Florida Supreme Court justices and the Ninth Judicial Circuit chief judge.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'referenced the book when trying to obtain an endorsement from the South Florida Sun Sentinel during her 2024 judicial election campaign, according to a May 9 notice of ethics charges' and 'She supplied the fake recording, purportedly of a conversation involving two Florida Supreme Court justices, when the newspaper’s editorial board questioned the book’s claims.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"During her 2024 judicial campaign, while seeking the South Florida Sun Sentinel editorial board's endorsement, the candidate supplied a recording purportedly of a conversation between Florida Supreme Court justices and the Ninth Judicial Circuit's chief judge when the board questioned her claims.","causal_attribution":"Bloomberg Law's account of the case and the ABA Journal's report of the commission's notice both derive from the record of the same disciplinary proceeding, so the claim is recorded as reported."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'“The recording is fabricated, likely using computer manipulation or generative-AI,” the notice of charges says. “While the voices resemble those of the purported participants, the manner of speech, tone, and much of the content are objectively unrealistic.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'“The recording is fabricated, likely using computer manipulation or generative-AI. While the voices resemble those of the purported participants, the manner of speech, tone, and much of the content are objectively unrealistic,” the notice said.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The Judicial Qualifications Commission's notice of charges said the recording was fabricated, likely using computer manipulation or generative AI, and that while the voices resemble those of the purported participants, the manner of speech, tone and much of the content are objectively unrealistic.","causal_attribution":"Both outlets quote the same notice, so this is one origin. The commission states AI generation as likely, alongside computer manipulation; no forensic analysis or creator is reported."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'she provided a link to a “fabricated phone call” between two justices — Chief Justice Carlos Muniz and Justice Renatha Francis — and the 9th Circuit’s chief judge, Lisa Munyon, Friday’s notice said' and 'your actions eroded public confidence by perpetuating a false perception of illegal, unethical, or immoral conduct by justices of the Florida Supreme Court, a chief judge, and others working within the judicial branch,” the notice said.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"The notice named Chief Justice Carlos Muñiz, Justice Renatha Francis and Chief Judge Lisa Munyon as the purported participants and said the candidate's actions perpetuated a false perception of illegal, unethical or immoral conduct by justices of the Florida Supreme Court, a chief judge and others in the judicial branch.","causal_attribution":"The notice's own characterisation of the harm to the depicted judges, reported by one outlet."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Peffer admitted to listening to a portion of the recording and sharing it publicly “despite clear evidence of its inauthenticity,” according to the notice.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'testifies during her ethics violation hearing at the Broward County Courthouse in Fort Lauderdale on Dec. 16, 2025' and '\"I cannot justify or explain why now listening to it I thought it was a valid piece of content at the time, but I did,\" she said.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'Peffer gave this statement to Law.com:' and 'my reference to content created by a third party—to whom I have absolutely no ties—was a violation of the Judicial Canons' and 'I take responsibility for my actions and apologize for the unfortunate effects the reference may have caused my fellow judiciary members.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the notice, the candidate listened to only a portion of the recording and shared it publicly despite clear evidence of its inauthenticity. In a statement reported in May 2025 she apologised and said the content was created by a third party with whom she had no ties, and at the December 2025 hearing she testified that she could not explain why she had thought it was valid content.","causal_attribution":"The notice's findings and the candidate's own statements; each part rests on a single report of its origin."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'A Florida trial judge has been suspended for 30 days and fined $10,000' and 'her conduct undermined public confidence in the integrity of the judiciary by promoting false accusations against the judiciary of the Ninth Judicial Circuit and by implicating sitting Florida Supreme Court justices,” the opinion said.' and 'Justices Carlos G. Muñiz and Renatha S. Francis, who had their voices spoofed in the call, recused from the decision.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Florida Supreme Court, in an unauthored opinion issued on 9 October 2026, suspended the judge for 30 days and fined her $10,000, saying her conduct undermined public confidence in the judiciary by implicating sitting Florida Supreme Court justices; Justices Muñiz and Francis, whose voices were spoofed in the call, recused.","causal_attribution":"Reported by Bloomberg Law from the opinion, which was not inspected; the sanction concerns the candidate's own conduct in sharing the recording."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Florida's courts watchdog agency has recommended a 30-day suspension, a public reprimand and a $10,000 fine' and 'perpetuated a false and undignified perception of the judiciary that ensnared not only those justices and judges who were specifically named in the Book and the Recording'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The commission's hearing panel recommended a 30-day suspension, a public reprimand and a $10,000 fine, writing that the judge had perpetuated a false and undignified perception of the judiciary that ensnared the justices and judges named in the book and the recording.","causal_attribution":"The hearing panel's filing as reported in one outlet."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Francis, Muñiz, and Munyon all said the recording was fake.' and 'The Sentinel reported last year that it and several other alleged fakes were referred to the Orange County Sheriff’s Office for a criminal investigation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Florida Politics reported that Chief Justice Muñiz, Justice Francis and Chief Judge Munyon all said the recording was fake, and that the Sun Sentinel had reported the previous year that it and several other alleged fakes were referred to the Orange County Sheriff's Office for a criminal investigation.","causal_attribution":"The depicted judges' statements as reported by one outlet; who made the criminal referral and its outcome are not reported."},{"id":"c8","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Disposition (SC) - Suspended/Public Reprimand (JQC - Before FSC)' and '2026-10-09T14:35:48.780Z' and 'the Court hereby approves the hearing panel's findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations to this Court.' and 'Respondent, Lauren Nichole Peffer, is hereby fined $10,000.00 and is suspended for 30 days from her duties as a judge of the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit.' and 'We order Respondent to pay the costs of these proceedings' and 'Respondent shall also receive a public reprimand, which will be accomplished by publication of this order.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"On 9 October 2026 the Florida Supreme Court approved the hearing panel's findings of fact, conclusions of law and recommendations, fined the judge $10,000, suspended her for 30 days, ordered her to pay the costs of the proceedings and imposed a public reprimand to be accomplished by publication of the order.","causal_attribution":"Established by the court's docket entry for the disposition; the sanction concerns the judge's own conduct in sharing the recording."}],"effects":[{"label":"a fabricated recording imitating the voices of two Supreme Court justices and a chief judge was presented to a newspaper editorial board in a judicial campaign","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the judicial watchdog said it perpetuated a false perception of misconduct by the judges it depicted","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the candidate who shared it was later suspended for 30 days and fined","claim_id":"c5","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/litigation/florida-judge-suspended-over-deepfake-call-mimicking-justices","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 on news.bloomberglaw.com (HTTP 200). The page shows the article text through the case citation and then a login prompt; any later text was not inspected. No translation was needed and no human reviewer inspected the text.","independence_group":"bloomberg-law-peffer"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/florida-judge-is-accused-of-sharing-objectively-unrealistic-fake-recording-with-editorial-board","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 on abajournal.com (HTTP 200). No translation was needed and no human reviewer inspected the text.","independence_group":"aba-journal-peffer"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://flaglerlive.com/lauren-peffer-fake/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 on flaglerlive.com, which carries the News Service of Florida report (HTTP 200). No translation was needed and no human reviewer inspected the text.","independence_group":"news-service-of-florida-peffer"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/politics/articles/florida-judge-cited-deepfake-call-180000031.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 on the Yahoo News syndicated copy (provider Tampa Bay Times), HTTP 200. Yahoo and the Tampa Bay Times canonical URL date the copy 10 October 2026, while its text describes the hearing panel recommendation filed \"Friday\" (the Florida Supreme Court docket lists the findings and recommendations on 27 February 2026), so the text appears to republish earlier reporting. No translation was needed and no human reviewer inspected the text.","independence_group":"tampa-bay-times-peffer"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://floridapolitics.com/archives/737787-broward-judge-faces-charges-for-sharing-deepfake-recording-unread-e-book-during-campaign/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the verification agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 from an Internet Archive capture of 12 May 2025 (the live page returned HTTP 403). It reports the commission's notice of charges and earlier Sun Sentinel reporting. No translation was needed and no human reviewer inspected the text.","independence_group":"florida-politics-peffer"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://acis.flcourts.gov/portal/court/68f021c4-6a44-4735-9a76-5360b2e8af13/case/ac1415dc-cff8-4197-9e1f-db5cd39262a3","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Docket entry texts read in English by the verification agent (an AI) on 2026-10-12 through the public data interface behind this docket page. The documents attached to the entries (the notices of charges, the hearing panel findings and the disposition order) sit behind an automated challenge and were not opened. No human reviewer inspected the text.","independence_group":"florida-supreme-court-docket-sc2025-0647"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["justice","elections","public_life"],"unknowns":["Who created the recording and with what tool or method; the commission says computer manipulation or generative AI.","The date in 2024 when the recording was supplied to the editorial board; Florida Politics says the Sun Sentinel reported on the recording in July 2024.","Whether the hearing panel's findings, which the Florida Supreme Court approved, or the court's order attribute the recording to AI; neither document was opened.","How widely the recording circulated, who referred it for criminal investigation and with what result, and whether the depicted judges reported any consequence beyond saying it was fake."],"geography":{"basis":"The recording was supplied to the South Florida Sun Sentinel editorial board during a campaign for a Broward County court seat in Florida, and the depicted judges sit on the Florida Supreme Court and Florida's Ninth Judicial Circuit, per all inspected reports. The disciplinary proceeding was decided by the Florida Supreme Court.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"News reports of the disciplinary proceeding (Bloomberg Law on the Supreme Court decision; the ABA Journal, the News Service of Florida and Florida Politics on the commission's notice of charges) describe a recording imitating the voices of two justices and a chief judge, presented to an editorial board in a judicial campaign. The commission, which examined the recording, said it was fabricated, likely using computer manipulation or generative AI, and said it created a false perception of misconduct by the depicted judges. AI involvement is recorded as suspected.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-12"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Florida Judicial Qualifications Commission, which examined the recording in bringing charges, stated in its notice that the recording \"is fabricated, likely using computer manipulation or generative-AI\", and that the voices resemble those of the purported participants while the manner of speech, tone and content are objectively unrealistic. Bloomberg Law reports that the two justices \"had their voices spoofed in the call\". The recording's imitation of the judges' voices is what presented them as discussing the book and is the basis of the commission's finding of a false perception of misconduct. The commission's attribution is hedged between computer manipulation and generative AI, its technical basis beyond listening to the recording is not disclosed, and no creator or tool is identified.","status":"suspected"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Florida: judge suspended for sharing, as a 2024 candidate, a fabricated call of justices the judicial watchdog says was likely computer-manipulated or AI-made","summary":"While campaigning in 2024 for a Broward County court seat, Lauren Peffer, now a county judge, sought the endorsement of the South Florida Sun Sentinel editorial board. Asked to back her claim of an image crisis in Florida's judiciary, she cited a self-published book by a fired employee of the Ninth Judicial Circuit and supplied a recording purportedly of a phone call about the book between Chief Justice Carlos Muñiz, Justice Renatha Francis and the circuit's chief judge, Lisa Munyon. The Florida Judicial Qualifications Commission's notice of formal charges, filed in May 2025, said the recording was fabricated, likely using computer manipulation or generative AI, and that while the voices resembled those of the participants, the manner of speech, tone and much of the content were objectively unrealistic. The notice said she had shared it despite clear evidence of its inauthenticity and had perpetuated a false perception of illegal, unethical or immoral conduct by the justices, a chief judge and others in the judicial branch. Peffer apologised, said the content was created by a third party with whom she had no ties, and testified that she could not explain why she had thought it valid. According to Bloomberg Law, the Florida Supreme Court on 9 October 2026 suspended her for 30 days and fined her $10,000, saying her conduct undermined public confidence in the judiciary by implicating sitting justices; the two justices whose voices were faked recused. Who made the recording, and with what tool, is not reported.","incidentDate":"2024-01-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-05-11","aiSystem":"An audio recording, posted on a website associated with a former court employee, that faked the voices of two Florida Supreme Court justices and a circuit chief judge. The Judicial Qualifications Commission's notice of charges said it was fabricated, likely using computer manipulation or generative AI. No tool or creator is identified in the inspected reports.","aiProduct":"Unidentified voice-cloning tool (suspected)","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the Judicial Qualifications Commission's notice of charges and the Florida Supreme Court opinion as reported, a fabricated recording that imitated the voices of two Supreme Court justices and a circuit chief judge was presented to a newspaper editorial board during a judicial campaign, and the notice said it perpetuated a false perception of illegal, unethical or immoral conduct by those judges. The candidate who shared it was later suspended and fined. All three judges said the recording was fake, according to Florida Politics; no further consequence for them is reported.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":3,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Three people: the two Florida Supreme Court justices and the circuit chief judge whom the recording purported to capture, named in the FlaglerLive report of the notice of charges; Florida Politics reports that all three said the recording was fake. The candidate who shared the recording is not counted as harmed by it; newspaper staff and the public are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-FL","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"regulatory_action","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/litigation/florida-judge-suspended-over-deepfake-call-mimicking-justices","primarySourceLabel":"Bloomberg Law, 9 October 2026: FL Judge Suspended Over Deepfake Call Mimicking Justices","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-12T03:18:31.150274+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-12T03:18:31.150274+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","voice-impersonation","judiciary","election","florida","public-figure","judicial-discipline"]},{"id":"2024-tasmania-parole-board-ai-hallucinated-case-law-media-condition-quashed","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"In December 2024, the Parole Board of Tasmania added a condition that she not speak \"directly or indirectly with any media outlet to claim (her) alleged innocence and/or wrongful conviction\".","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"This was replaced by a new parole condition in May 2025","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"The condition was tweaked in 2025 to prevent her from communicating directly or indirectly - including through third parties and written statements - with media about her alleged innocence","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"The Supreme Court declared that conditions imposed by the Parole Board of Tasmania in December 2024 and May 2025 were invalid and unlawful.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"In December 2024 the Parole Board of Tasmania added a parole condition barring the parolee from communicating with media to claim her innocence or wrongful conviction, and a broader condition replaced it in May 2025.","causal_attribution":"Not a causal claim."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"used artificial intelligence to prepare a rationale justifying the parole condition, citing case law that was \"fictitious\" and likely \"AI hallucinations\".","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"relied upon by the board in creating the conditions, included erroneous AI information, the court was told.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"\"As we now know, those cases didn't exist,\" he said.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Her counsel told the Supreme Court that the board's secretary used artificial intelligence to prepare a rationale document justifying the condition and that the case law it cited did not exist.","causal_attribution":"Counsel's statement in court is reported by ABC and AAP. These accounts do not independently verify the generation history or identify the tool. The document itself was not inspected."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"the Board’s decision-making was affected by a document containing legal authorities that were likely AI-generated hallucinations and did not in fact exist","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Justice Estcourt also found that when the parole board made the decision to impose this condition, it had relied on a document that cited case law that was \"fictitious\" and likely \"AI hallucinations\".","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The Human Rights Law Centre says the State conceded the board's decision-making was affected by a document containing nonexistent authorities likely generated by AI. ABC's 19 September report says the court found the board had relied on the document when imposing the condition.","causal_attribution":"The State's concession as reported by the applicant's representative, and the ABC's report of the court's finding. The ABC's 15 September report says the judge heard this; its 19 September report says the judge found it. The AI origin is stated as likely."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Today in the Supreme Court in Hobart, Justice Stephen Estcourt ruled the condition was invalid because it denied her procedural fairness, was legally unreasonable, and created uncertainty.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Justice Stephen Estcourt found the condition was made without procedural fairness, was legally unreasonable and was filled with uncertainty.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"ABC and AAP report that on 15 September 2026 Justice Stephen Estcourt of the Supreme Court of Tasmania ruled the condition invalid because it denied procedural fairness, was legally unreasonable and created uncertainty.","causal_attribution":"The reported grounds of invalidity are procedural fairness, unreasonableness and uncertainty; the AI document is not reported as a separate ground."},{"id":"c5","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"The parole board decided to withdraw the condition in August and did not contest it being set aside on Tuesday.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Mr Coleridge said the parole board met and withdrew the condition that same month","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The board withdrew the condition in August 2026 and did not contest it being set aside.","causal_attribution":"Not a causal claim."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"The court heard that in August","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"brought to the court's attention that the case law referred to in the document did not exist.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Her lawyers raised in August 2026 that the case law in the document did not exist, and the board withdrew the condition that month.","causal_attribution":"Counsel's sequence of events; the board refused to explain the withdrawal."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"For almost two years, the conditions imposed by the Parole Board of Tasmania prevented Ms Neill-Fraser from speaking publicly about her claimed innocence","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"she had been unable to speak publicly after Tasmania's parole board placed a condition on her release in 2024.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Any breach of parole could result in the remainder of the sentence having to be served","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"The Human Rights Law Centre says the conditions prevented the parolee from speaking publicly about her claimed innocence for almost two years. The Guardian reports that a parole breach could have meant serving the remaining sentence.","causal_attribution":"The restriction is the effect of the condition; the AI document is one input to the decision that imposed it."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"\"The Parole Board's professional standards will be independently investigated following its use of unverified artificial intelligence in a rationale document which formed part of the materials before the board to impose conditions,\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Tasmania's Attorney-General announced an independent investigation of the Parole Board's professional standards following its use of unverified artificial intelligence in the rationale document.","causal_attribution":"The Attorney-General's statement acknowledges the AI use; it does not quantify its effect on the decision."},{"id":"c9","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"\"The Department will undertake a review to determine the extent to which Artificial Intelligence (AI) may have been used to inform past Tasmanian Parole Board decisions,\"","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"“The department will undertake a review to determine the extent to which artificial intelligence may have been used to inform past Tasmanian Parole Board decisions,” a justice department spokesperson said.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Tasmania's Justice Department said it would review the extent to which AI may have been used to inform past Parole Board decisions.","causal_attribution":"Not a causal claim."}],"effects":[{"label":"a restriction on public speech about claimed innocence from December 2024 until withdrawal in August 2026","claim_id":"c7","direction":"negative"},{"label":"adverse parole decision affected by a rationale document citing likely AI-generated, non-existent case law","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-09-15/susan-neill-fraser-media-ban-parole-board-ai-hallucinations/106302950","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full from abc.net.au (HTTP 200). Court reporting of the 15 September 2026 hearing; the judgment and orders were not inspected. Retained complete body independently reinspected on 2026-10-06 for this proposal. No translation required.","independence_group":"abc-au"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/9350990/murderers-gag-order-lifted-after-troubling-ai-error/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full from canberratimes.com.au (HTTP 200); Australian Associated Press copy of the same hearing, reported independently of the ABC. Retained complete body independently reinspected on 2026-10-06 for this proposal. No translation required.","independence_group":"aap"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.hrlc.org.au/news/susan-neill-fraser-gag-order-unlawful/","kind":"organisation_statement","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full from hrlc.org.au (HTTP 200). Release by the organisation that represented the parolee; its account of the State's concessions is a party-side account. Retained complete body independently reinspected on 2026-10-06 for this proposal. No translation required.","independence_group":"hrlc"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-09-19/parole-board-ai-use-review-after-neill-fraser-case/107172064","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full from abc.net.au (HTTP 200). Same outlet as s1, so the same independence group; carries the Attorney-General's and Justice Department's statements. Retained complete body independently reinspected on 2026-10-06 for this proposal. No translation required.","independence_group":"abc-au"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/sep/19/tasmania-justice-department-review-ai-artificial-intelligence-fake-citation-murderer-parole-decision-ntwnfb","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full from theguardian.com (HTTP 200); credited to a staff reporter with Australian Associated Press, so grouped with s2. Retained complete body independently reinspected on 2026-10-06 for this proposal. No translation required.","independence_group":"aap"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/sep/26/sue-neill-fraser-yacht-murder-ai-court-case-media-ban-tasmania-ntwnfb","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English in full from theguardian.com (HTTP 200); Guardian Australia feature by its own reporter. Retained complete body independently reinspected on 2026-10-06 for this proposal. No translation required.","independence_group":"guardian-au"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool was used and the extent of its contribution to the rationale. Counsel identified the secretary as its preparer, but the document and generation history were not inspected.","Whether the rationale document informed the December 2024 decision, the May 2025 decision or both.","The text of the judgment or orders, which could not be read (AustLII HTTP 403).","The findings of the independent investigation and of the Justice Department's review of past parole decisions."],"geography":{"basis":"The Parole Board of Tasmania imposed the condition and the Supreme Court of Tasmania in Hobart set it aside (ABC, AAP). The parolee's country of residence is not stated as such in the sources read.","court_countries":["AU"],"event_countries":["AU"],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"This is a concrete restriction of a person's speech through a human parole-board decision. Court reporting and the representative's account describe likely AI-generated false authorities used as an input to that decision. The relation is informed_decision_about and does not require the AI text to mention the parolee. The AI origin remains qualified, and the document's precise role in each of the two successive conditions is unknown. The court's reported grounds concern procedural fairness, unreasonableness and uncertainty.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-06"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Human Rights Law Centre reports the State's concession that the board's decision-making was affected by a rationale document containing nonexistent authorities likely generated by AI. ABC and AAP court reports describe the document's use in imposing the media condition, and the Attorney-General's statement reported by ABC acknowledges unverified AI in material used by the board. These sources connect the AI-supplied legal material to a human decision restricting the parolee's speech. The relation is informed_decision_about. The sources do not establish that AI made claims about the parolee herself, wrote the whole rationale or made the final parole decision. The judgment and the rationale document have not been inspected.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["informed_decision_about"]},"name":"Tasmania parole media ban quashed after state conceded reliance on likely AI-hallucinated case law","summary":"In December 2024 the Parole Board of Tasmania added a condition to the parole of Susan Neill-Fraser, released in 2022 after serving 13 years for murder and who maintains her innocence, barring her from communicating with media to claim innocence or wrongful conviction; a broader condition replaced it in May 2025. On 15 September 2026 the Supreme Court of Tasmania declared the conditions invalid. Her counsel told the court that the board's secretary had used artificial intelligence to prepare a rationale document justifying the condition and that it cited case law that did not exist. The Human Rights Law Centre, which represented her, says the State conceded that the board's decision-making was affected by a document containing legal authorities that were likely AI-generated hallucinations, and the ABC reports the court found the board relied on that document. The board had withdrawn the condition in August 2026. Tasmania's Attorney-General announced an independent investigation of the board's professional standards over its use of unverified AI, and the Justice Department announced a review of AI use in past parole decisions.","incidentDate":"2024-12-01","incidentEndDate":"2026-09-15","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-09-15","aiSystem":"An unidentified artificial-intelligence tool that, according to counsel and the Attorney-General, was used to prepare a Parole Board rationale document citing case law that did not exist","aiProduct":"Unidentified AI writing tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["legal_harm","loss_of_autonomy"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The conditions restricted a parolee's public speech from December 2024 until their withdrawal in August 2026. They were declared invalid in September. The Human Rights Law Centre says the State conceded the board's decision-making had been affected by nonexistent legal authorities likely generated by AI. The judgment was not directly inspected, and the sources do not establish whether that document informed the original condition, the replacement or both.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One parolee is counted for the reported restriction of her speech. The reviewed sources describe no other identified person harmed by AI use in a parole decision; an announced review of past decisions does not establish additional victims.","victimAgeRange":"elderly","jurisdiction":"AU","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-09-15/susan-neill-fraser-media-ban-parole-board-ai-hallucinations/106302950","primarySourceLabel":"ABC News, 15 September 2026: AI hallucinations in parole board submission scuttle media ban on Susan Neill-Fraser","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-06T04:48:51.9027+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-06T04:48:51.9027+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["parole","hallucinated-case-law","freedom-of-speech","judicial-review","government-ai-use"]},{"id":"2024-man-ai-fake-nude-images-of-female-relatives-27-months-jail","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'He also used AI to create fake nude images of other female relatives and shared some of them with his cousin.'; 'Investigations also found that the man had used AI to create fake nude images of his relatives.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"A man used AI to create fake nude images of female relatives and shared some of them with a male cousin.","causal_attribution":"Stomp, citing Shin Min Daily News, reports this as a finding of the investigation; no court record was inspected."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'who was also involved in creating and distributing the AI-generated images.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The cousin who received some of the images was also involved in creating and distributing the AI-generated images.","causal_attribution":"Stomp, citing Shin Min Daily News; no outcome for the cousin is reported."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'including secret recordings of female relatives showering and other AI-generated nude images.'; 'made another police report on Jan 22.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"A family member found AI-generated nude images, together with secret recordings of female relatives showering, on another phone the man had borrowed after his release on bail, and made a further police report.","causal_attribution":"Stomp, citing Shin Min Daily News."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'after pleading guilty to four of 10 charges involving the taking, distribution and possession of intimate images.'; 'The remaining charges were taken into consideration for sentencing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'被判坐牢两年三个月'; '他日前承认其中四项，其余控状交由法官下判时一并考虑。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The man was sentenced to 27 months’ jail after pleading guilty to four of ten charges involving the taking, distribution and possession of intimate images, with the remaining charges taken into consideration.","causal_attribution":"Stomp, citing Shin Min Daily News; the report does not say which charges concerned the AI-made images."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'A man secretly filmed his wife and other female relatives while they were showering, then shared their nude images with other people.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Separately from the AI images, the man secretly filmed family members showering and sent screenshots and images to other men.","causal_attribution":"Stomp, citing Shin Min Daily News. These recordings were not AI-made and are context for the case."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Another female relative said the incident left her depressed and unable to eat or sleep properly.'; 'stopped posting photos of herself or her family online.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'这起事件让她陷入抑郁，难过得寝食难安。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"One female relative said the incident left her depressed and unable to eat or sleep properly, and she stopped posting photos of herself or her family online.","causal_attribution":"Stomp, citing Shin Min Daily News; the report does not say whether this relative was among those depicted in the AI images."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'the court ordered that the media not publish any information that could identify them'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'法官令媒体不得报道任何会泄露其身份的资料，包括被告名字。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The court ordered that the media not publish any information that could identify the victims, including the man’s name.","causal_attribution":"Stomp and the Lianhe Zaobao summary of the Shin Min report (one chain)."}],"effects":[{"label":"female relatives were depicted without consent in AI-made fake nude images that a family member created and shared with a cousin","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.stomp.sg/trending-now/man-films-wife-and-mother-showering-sends-fake-nudes-female-relatives-cousin-gets-27-months-jail","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-06 (HTTP 200); no translation was involved and no human reviewer read the article. Stomp (Singapore Press Holdings community news site) attributes the account to Shin Min Daily News, which was not read; Stomp and Shin Min form one reporting chain. A Mothership report of 3 October 2026 on the same sentencing appeared in a Google News feed but could not be located on the publisher site and was not read.","independence_group":"shinmin-stomp-sg-relatives-images"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20261003-9777995","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese by the research agent (an AI) on 2026-10-06 (HTTP 200) and translated by the research agent (an AI); no human translator or reviewer was involved. Lianhe Zaobao summary of the Shin Min Daily News report of 3 October 2026, filed under its Singapore news section; it refers readers to the full Shin Min print report and does not itself mention the AI images. Same reporting chain as Stomp.","independence_group":"shinmin-stomp-sg-relatives-images"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["relationships","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["How many relatives were depicted in the AI images and which of them were harmed; the report uses the plural without a number.","When the AI images were made; the report dates the secret filming to 2024 and the discovery of the second phone after the man’s release on bail.","Which of the charges concerned the AI-made images, and the court and sentencing date.","Any outcome for the cousin who helped create and distribute the AI images.","Which AI tool was used."],"geography":{"basis":"Neither inspected body names the country, the court or the place of the offences. Stomp and Lianhe Zaobao file the report as local news, but a publisher or its section does not establish a country, so none is recorded.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): Stomp, citing Shin Min Daily News, reports that investigations found a man used AI to create fake nude images of female relatives and shared some with a cousin who helped make and distribute them, and that he was jailed for 27 months on intimate-image charges. Non-consensual sexual depiction is the harm. A court order bars identifying the victims, so no ages, names or specific relationships of the depicted relatives are given here.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-06"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Stomp, citing Shin Min Daily News, reports that investigations found the man used AI to create fake nude images of his female relatives, that he shared some with a male cousin who was also involved in creating and distributing the AI-generated images, and that AI-generated nude images were among the material later found on a phone he had borrowed. The AI tool generated the nude depictions of the relatives, which is the harm counted here. The secret shower recordings in the same case were not AI-made. No tool is named.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Man who used AI to make fake nude images of female relatives, alongside secret shower recordings, jailed 27 months, outlet reports","summary":"Stomp reported on 4 October 2026, citing Shin Min Daily News, that a man was sentenced to 27 months’ jail after pleading guilty to four of ten charges involving the taking, distribution and possession of intimate images. According to the report, he secretly filmed female family members showering from 2024 and shared images with other men, and investigations also found that he used AI to create fake nude images of female relatives. He shared some of the AI images with a male cousin, who was also involved in creating and distributing them. AI-generated nude images and secret recordings were found on another phone he had borrowed after his release on bail, and a family member made a further police report. One female relative said the incident left her depressed and unable to eat or sleep properly. The court barred the media from publishing information that could identify the victims, including the man’s name.","incidentDate":"2024-01-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"year","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-04","aiSystem":"An unnamed AI tool used to create fake nude images of the man’s female relatives, per Stomp citing Shin Min Daily News","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Female relatives were depicted without consent in AI-made fake nude images that a man created and shared with a cousin, according to Stomp citing Shin Min Daily News; he was jailed for 27 months on intimate-image charges that also covered secret shower recordings.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"unquantified","affectedCountEvidence":"The report says the man used AI to create fake nude images of \"other female relatives\" and of \"his relatives\" without giving a number, so no reliable count of the depicted relatives exists and the numeric zero is a placeholder. Family members harmed only by the non-AI secret recordings are not counted here.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.stomp.sg/trending-now/man-films-wife-and-mother-showering-sends-fake-nudes-female-relatives-cousin-gets-27-months-jail","primarySourceLabel":"Stomp, 4 October 2026: Man films wife and mother showering, sends fake nudes of female relatives to cousin, gets 27 months’ jail","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-06T03:23:16.720676+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-06T03:23:16.720676+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ai-nude-images","image-based-sexual-abuse","family","criminal-sentence","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2024-pontevedra-three-minors-ai-undress-app-fake-nudes-of-two-classmates-ruling-upheld","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Sobre las 20.30 horas del día 15 de enero de 2024, en la localidad de Pontevedra'; 'se registraron en la aplicación Undress Up, utilizando para ello el móvil y una cuenta de Gmail de uno de ellos, e hicieron montajes de fotos sexuales de dichas menores, empleando la Inteligencia Artificial'; 'fueron capturadas de las historias que ellas mismas subían a Instagram'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'utilizaron la aplicación Undress App para manipular fotografías que las jóvenes habían publicado en Instagram'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the ruling as reported, on 15 January 2024 three boys, then 15, registered with an AI undressing app and used it to make sexual photo montages of two female classmates from photos the girls had posted on Instagram.","causal_attribution":"Facts found by the court, as reported by two outlets; the ruling was not read and the app name differs between the reports."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Al día siguiente, uno de ellos, estando en clase, exhibió las imágenes generadas con IA a otros dos compañeros.'; 'otro de los ahora condenados exhibió las imágenes de las dos niñas alteradas con IA a otros cuatro amigos.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'destaca que las imágenes circularon durante más de quince días entre alumnos del colegio.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The boys showed the AI-generated images to other pupils, in class and during a school trip on 1 February 2024, and the images circulated among pupils for more than fifteen days.","causal_attribution":"Facts found by the court, as reported."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'El Juzgado de Menores declaró a los tres autores de dos delitos contra la integridad moral y les impuso cinco meses de tareas socioeducativas.'; 'deberán indemnizar con 1.000 euros a cada una de las dos víctimas por el daño moral causado.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'les impuso dos penas de cinco meses de tareas socioeducativas a cada uno de ellos'; 'deberán indemnizar con 1.000 euros a cada una de las víctimas por los daños morales causados'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Juzgado de Menores found the three responsible for two offences against moral integrity, imposed socio-educational tasks on each (reported as two five-month measures by Diario de Pontevedra and as five months by Faro de Vigo) and ordered €1,000 compensation to each of the two girls for moral damage.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as reported; the judgment was not read."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'La Audiencia Provincial de Pontevedra ha confirmado íntegramente la condena impuesta a tres menores'; 'es firme, por lo que contra ella no cabe recurso.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'la sentencia que acaba de suscribir (y otorgarle firmeza) la Audiencia Provincial de Pontevedra'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Audiencia Provincial de Pontevedra rejected one boy's appeal and confirmed the judgment in full, and the ruling is final.","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as reported."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'los tres menores fueron objeto de un procedimiento corrector en el centro escolar, que les impuso la sanción de expulsión de 15, 21 y 30 días, en cada caso.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The school expelled the three boys for 15, 21 and 30 days.","causal_attribution":"As reported from the ruling."}],"effects":[{"label":"two classmates were depicted in AI-generated fake nude images shown to other pupils","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.diariodepontevedra.es/articulo/pontevedra/condenan-tres-menores-pontevedra-crear-desnudos-companeras-clase-ia/202610011859211470177.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in Spanish on 2026-10-04 (HTTP 200). Researcher translation. Quotes the Audiencia Provincial ruling at length.","independence_group":"audiencia-pontevedra-ruling-2026-10"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.farodevigo.es/pontevedra/2026/10/01/tres-menores-pontevedra-crean-exhiben-134900086.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"es","translation_note":"Read in Spanish on 2026-10-04 (HTTP 200; dated 1 Oct 2026 19:51). Researcher translation. Summarises the same ruling, so it is grouped with s1 as one chain resting on one court document.","independence_group":"audiencia-pontevedra-ruling-2026-10"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["The exact name of the app (Undress Up in one report, Undress App in the other) and who operates it.","How the girls learned of the images and what effects they themselves describe.","Whether the images spread beyond the pupils named in the ruling.","The date of the first-instance judgment.","Whether each boy received one or two five-month socio-educational measures (the reports differ)."],"geography":{"basis":"The ruling, as reported, places the creation and showing of the images in the town of Pontevedra (Galicia, Spain) and concerns pupils of a school there. The Juzgado de Menores and the Audiencia Provincial de Pontevedra are Spanish courts.","court_countries":["ES"],"event_countries":["ES"],"affected_person_countries":["ES"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a core case: according to two regional reports describing a final court ruling, an AI undressing app was used to depict two schoolgirls in fake nude images that were shown to other pupils. All parties are minors and none is identified; no image content is described beyond what is needed.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-04"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Both reports say the ruling found that the boys used an AI app to turn the girls' Instagram photos into fake nude images, and Diario de Pontevedra quotes the ruling as saying they used artificial intelligence. The images depicted the girls (depicted_or_impersonated). The ruling was not read directly, and the app's name differs between the two reports.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Pontevedra, Spain: court upholds sentences on three 15-year-olds who used an AI undressing app to make fake nude images of two classmates from their Instagram photos and showed them to other pupils","summary":"Diario de Pontevedra and Faro de Vigo reported on 1 October 2026 that the Audiencia Provincial de Pontevedra had upheld a juvenile-court judgment against three boys who, aged 15 in January 2024, used an AI undressing app to turn photos two female classmates had posted on Instagram into fake nude images. According to the ruling as reported, the images were made from 15 January 2024 and shown to other pupils in class and on a school trip on 1 February 2024, and they circulated among pupils for more than fifteen days. The Juzgado de Menores found the three responsible for two offences against moral integrity and imposed socio-educational tasks on each (two five-month measures according to Diario de Pontevedra, five months according to Faro de Vigo), plus €1,000 compensation to each girl for moral damage. The school had expelled them for 15, 21 and 30 days. The appeal ruling is final.","incidentDate":"2024-01-15","incidentEndDate":"2024-02-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-10-01","aiSystem":"An AI undressing app that the ruling, as quoted by Diario de Pontevedra, calls Undress Up (Faro de Vigo: Undress App), used to generate fake nude images from photos taken from Instagram","aiProduct":"Undress Up app (reported)","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Two female classmates were depicted in AI-generated fake nude images that three boys made from their Instagram photos and showed to other pupils, the images circulating for more than fifteen days; a court ordered €1,000 compensation to each for moral damage (ruling as reported by Diario de Pontevedra and Faro de Vigo).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Two girls, the classmates whose photos were turned into fake nude images. The judgment orders compensation to each of the two victims, and both reports describe two girls. The pupils who were shown the images are not counted. Exact 2.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"ES","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.farodevigo.es/pontevedra/2026/10/01/tres-menores-pontevedra-crean-exhiben-134900086.html","primarySourceLabel":"Faro de Vigo, 1 October 2026: Tres menores de Pontevedra crean y exhiben falsos desnudos de dos compañeras de clase con IA","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-04T03:29:26.66868+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-04T03:29:26.66868+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfakes","ai-generated-imagery","ncii","minor","school","nudify-app","spain","pontevedra","court-ruling","spanish-language"]},{"id":"2024-us-otter-notetaker-recorded-non-users-meetings-privacy-suit","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'participated in a Zoom meeting in California on February'; '24, 2025, where the Otter Notetaker was used by a meeting participant to transcribe the'; 'participated in a Zoom meeting in California in March 2025'; 'used Zoom to communicate with a medical professional, and'; 'Illinois on January 10, 2025 and May 19, 2025 where the Otter Notetaker was used to'; 'participated in a Zoom meeting in Washington state in March'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Plaintiffs are seven individuals from California, Illinois, and Washington state who'; 'participated in virtual meetings where the Otter Notetaker was allegedly used without their'; 'consent to record, transcribe, and store the contents of their communications.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Otter lacks knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of the'; 'allegations concerning the named Plaintiff’s personal knowledge, experiences, expectations, or'","relation":"contradicts","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'who alleges his privacy was \"severely invaded\" upon realizing Otter was secretly recording a confidential conversation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"Seven people who were not Otter account holders allege that, on Zoom or Microsoft Teams calls (six give dates between March 2024 and May 2025), another participant used Otter Notetaker and Otter recorded, transcribed and stored their conversations without their consent; the calls include one with a medical professional and meetings with a financial professional.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiffs attribute the recording to Otter's product design, which they say lets the notetaker record without every participant's consent; Otter denies the allegations."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'other personal information for its own commercial use, including to train its automatic speech'; 'The Illinois Plaintiffs allege that, during their virtual meetings, Otter'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Otter claims that before the audio of meetings is fed into its machine learning systems to help improve an AI speech recognition feature, it is \"de-identified,\"'","relation":"context","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The plaintiffs allege that Otter keeps their conversational data on its servers and uses it to train its speech-recognition and machine-learning models, and that it captured the Illinois plaintiffs' voiceprints; Otter's policy, as reported by NPR, says it trains on transcripts with users' permission and de-identifies audio.","causal_attribution":"Alleged by the plaintiffs; Otter denies the allegations."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'felt frustrated, embarrassed, and stressed to learn that his'; 'conversation was recorded without his consent, and his information, voice, and'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"One California plaintiff alleges that he felt frustrated, embarrassed and stressed to learn that his conversation had been recorded without his consent.","causal_attribution":"Alleged by the plaintiffs as a consequence of Otter's recording."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Accordingly, the motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims for lack of standing is denied.'; 'Accordingly, the motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ ECPA claim is denied.'; 'Accordingly, the motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ BIPA claims for lack of standing is denied.'; 'The motion to dismiss is GRANTED with leave to amend as to Count 2'; 'The motion is DENIED in all other respects.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 13 August 2026 the court denied Otter's motion to dismiss for lack of standing, holding that the alleged interception and retention of private conversations was a concrete injury, let the federal wiretap, California eavesdropping and Illinois biometric claims proceed, and dismissed some other claims.","causal_attribution":"Procedural ruling on the pleadings; no finding that Otter recorded anyone unlawfully."}],"effects":[{"label":"the plaintiffs say Otter's notetaker recorded, transcribed and stored their conversations on calls they joined, without their consent, including a medical call and calls with a financial professional","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"the plaintiffs say their conversations stay on Otter's servers for training its models and that it captured voiceprints of the Illinois plaintiffs","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"one plaintiff says he felt frustrated, embarrassed and stressed to learn he had been recorded","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.454675/gov.uscourts.cand.454675.35.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Consolidated Class Action Complaint, ECF 35, filed 5 December 2025; RECAP PDF (68 pages) read on 2026-09-29 (HTTP 200), plaintiffs' experience sections read in full. Plaintiffs' allegations, not findings.","independence_group":"plaintiffs-account"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.454675/gov.uscourts.cand.454675.68.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Order Granting Motion to Dismiss in Part, ECF 68, 13 August 2026 (Judge Eumi K. Lee); RECAP PDF read in full on 2026-09-29. Rules on the pleadings and accepts the allegations as true for that purpose; it makes no finding of fact.","independence_group":"ndcal-court-record"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.454675/gov.uscourts.cand.454675.80.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Otter.ai's Answer and Affirmative Defenses to Plaintiffs' Consolidated Class Action Complaint, ECF 80, 17 September 2026; RECAP PDF read on 2026-09-29, plaintiff-experience paragraphs and responses read.","independence_group":"otter-answer"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.454675/gov.uscourts.cand.454675.1.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Brewer v. Otter.ai, Inc., original Class Action Complaint, ECF 1, filed 15 August 2025; RECAP PDF read on 2026-09-29.","independence_group":"plaintiffs-account"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.npr.org/2025/08/15/g-s1-83087/otter-ai-transcription-class-action-lawsuit","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"NPR, 15 August 2025, read live on 2026-09-29 (HTTP 200). Reports the original complaint and summarises Otter's privacy policy; says neither side responded to requests for comment.","independence_group":"plaintiffs-account"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.454675/gov.uscourts.cand.454675.79.0.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Amended Case Management and Scheduling Order, ECF 79, 16 September 2026; read on 2026-09-29. Procedural facts only.","independence_group":"ndcal-court-record"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","work","health","finance"],"unknowns":["Whether Otter's product notified the plaintiffs on their calls that the notetaker was present, and what the other participants' Otter settings were.","Whether the plaintiffs' conversations were in fact used to train Otter's models, and in what form.","The exact date of one Illinois plaintiff's meetings, which the complaint places only within the limitations period."],"geography":{"basis":"The consolidated complaint places the plaintiffs' calls in California, in Chicago and elsewhere in Illinois, and in Washington state; the order describes the plaintiffs as individuals from California, Illinois and Washington state. The case is in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a bounded series of concrete privacy harms reported by identified people in a pending federal suit: each named plaintiff describes a call on which another participant's AI notetaker recorded and transcribed them without consent. The account rests on the plaintiffs' pleadings and the court's ruling on them; Otter denies the allegations. Plaintiff names are omitted.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Each plaintiff alleges that another participant's Otter account joined the Otter Notetaker, an AI transcription assistant, to a Zoom or Microsoft Teams call the plaintiff was on, and that the notetaker recorded, transcribed and stored the plaintiff's conversation on Otter's servers without the plaintiff's knowledge or consent (ECF 35, the consolidated complaint; the court's 13 August 2026 order summarises the same allegation). That alleged capture of the plaintiffs' conversations by an AI service is the reported harm. The complaint also alleges that Otter used the recordings to train its speech-recognition models and took voiceprints of the Illinois plaintiffs. Otter admits it offers an AI meeting assistant called Otter Notetaker but says it lacks knowledge of the plaintiffs' calls and denies the allegations. The capture is alleged, not established, so the status is reported.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["received_personal_information"]},"name":"United States: seven people who say they had no Otter account allege its AI Notetaker recorded calls without consent; a judge let core privacy claims proceed","summary":"Seven people in California, Illinois and Washington state are suing Otter.ai in a consolidated class action in the Northern District of California. Each says another meeting participant used Otter's AI Notetaker on a Zoom or Microsoft Teams call they joined, and that Otter recorded, transcribed and stored their conversation without their consent; six of them date their calls between March 2024 and May 2025. They say they were not Otter account holders. The calls they describe include a medical consultation, meetings with a financial professional and work discussions. They allege that Otter keeps the recordings and uses them to train its speech-recognition models, that it captured voiceprints of the Illinois plaintiffs, and one of them says learning of the recording left him frustrated, embarrassed and stressed. On 13 August 2026 the court found that the alleged interception of private conversations was a concrete injury and let the federal wiretap, California eavesdropping and Illinois biometric claims proceed, while dismissing some claims. Otter's answer to the consolidated complaint, filed on 17 September 2026, says it lacks knowledge of the plaintiffs' experiences and denies the allegations.","incidentDate":"2024-03-01","incidentEndDate":"2025-05-19","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-08-15","aiSystem":"Otter Notetaker, Otter.ai's AI meeting assistant, joined to Zoom and Microsoft Teams calls by another participant's Otter account","aiProduct":"Otter Notetaker","aiCompany":"Otter.ai, Inc.","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["other_material_harm","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The plaintiffs allege that Otter recorded, transcribed and kept their private conversations on calls they joined without their consent, including medical and financial discussions, used them to train its models and took voiceprints, and one plaintiff says learning this left him frustrated, embarrassed and stressed (plaintiffs' allegations in a pending suit; Otter denies them).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":7,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"The court order says 'Plaintiffs are seven individuals from California, Illinois, and Washington state' who participated in meetings where the Otter Notetaker was allegedly used without their consent; each describes their own call in the consolidated complaint. They were not Otter account holders (one says only that to her knowledge she did not create an account), so they are counted as other people. The proposed class members are not counted. Documented minimum 7.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"assistant","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.454675/gov.uscourts.cand.454675.68.0.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"Order granting motion to dismiss in part, In re Otter.AI Privacy Litigation, No. 5:25-cv-06911-EKL (N.D. Cal.), 13 August 2026","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-29T09:04:08.493618+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-13T03:15:43.76525+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["otter-ai","ai-notetaker","meeting-transcription","privacy","wiretap","bipa","voiceprint","training-data","class-action","non-user"]},{"id":"2025-tsuda-v-tiktok-ai-voice-imitation-tokyo","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'生成AI（人工知能）によって自身の声を無断で模倣した動画が公開されているとして、人気声優の津田健次郎さんが、TikTok（ティックトック）の運営会社に動画の削除を求めて東京地裁に提訴していたことが23日分かった。'; '2024年7月〜25年9月、津田さんの声質を模したナレーションを付け、都市伝説やオカルト、雑学をテーマとした動画を188本投稿したとされる。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'訴状などによると、２０２４年７月～２５年９月、都市伝説や陰謀論を扱う画像に津田さんの声質を模したナレーションを付けた動画１８８件が投稿された。'; '動画には「ツダケンの声がする」「声が似ている」などのコメントが相次いだ。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'訴状によると、問題の動画アカウントは2024年7月以降、津田さんの声を模したナレーションで都市伝説や心霊現象を語る内容で、少なくとも188件投稿した。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"According to Mr Tsuda's complaint, an account run by an unidentified person posted at least 188 videos between July 2024 and September 2025 narrated by a generative-AI imitation of his voice, without his permission, and viewers commented that the voice sounded like him.","causal_attribution":"Plaintiff's allegations as reported from the complaint and his lawyer (one chain); the court has not ruled."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'ティックトックには再生回数に応じて金銭が支払われる仕組みがあり、月50万〜75万円の収益を上げたとしている。'; '提訴は25年11月。この時点で投稿者は21万人以上のフォロワーを有し、動画の平均再生回数は147万回に上るという。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'動画の再生数に応じて投稿者は月50万～75万円の収益を上げていた、と津田さん側は主張している。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"His side says the account had about 210,000 followers when he sued in November 2025, videos averaged 1.47 million views, and the poster earned 500,000 to 750,000 yen a month from TikTok's view-based payments.","causal_attribution":"Plaintiff's figures; not independently verified."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'これに対して運営会社側は「投稿者は『友人の声を生成ＡＩに学習させた』と述べており、普遍的な男性の声にすぎない」などと反論。提訴後に動画データがアカウントごと削除されたとし、「訴えの利益はない」として請求却下も求めている。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'一方、ティックトック側は答弁書で、問題の音声が「津田さんと『同一の声』かどうかは客観的に明らかではない」などと反論。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'25年8月、東京地裁がティックトック側に投稿者の情報の開示を命じたが、開示された情報が古く、投稿者の特定に至らなかったという。'","relation":"context","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"TikTok's operator disputes the claim, saying it is not objectively clear the voice is the same as his and that it is a generic male voice, that the poster said they had trained AI on a friend's voice, and that the account and videos were deleted after the suit was filed; it asks for the claim to be dismissed.","causal_attribution":"Defendant's position as reported."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'高橋裁判長は判決理由で、一般論として人の声は「肖像と同様に個人の人格の象徴と言える」と指摘。実演家の声を無断で使用する行為は、もっぱらその声がもつ顧客吸引力の利用が目的と認められる場合にはパブリシティー権の侵害に当たるとの考え方を示した。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'判決は、人の声は容姿と同じように「個人の人格の象徴といえる」と指摘。'; '人の声が法的な保護の対象になると認めた司法判断は初めて。'; '声優らの声を無断で使う行為について、その声に商品の販売などを促す顧客吸引力があり、もっぱらその声の顧客吸引力を利用する目的で使っている場合は「パブリシティー権の侵害にあたると解するのが相当だ」と述べた。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"'30日の判決で東京地裁は「人の声は肖像と同様に個人の人格の象徴」と指摘しました。'; 'そのうえで実演家の声を無断で使用することについて、顧客吸引力の利用する目的があれば「パブリシティー権」の侵害に当たるとする初めての判断を示しました。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"},{"locator":"'模倣された声が入った動画の削除を求めた訴訟の判決が３０日、東京地裁で言い渡される。生成ＡＩによる声の権利侵害を巡る初の訴訟で'","relation":"context","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'ベテラン声優らは「声の権利を認めてほしい」と訴え、津田健次郎さんが起こした訴訟の判決を見守っている。'","relation":"context","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"On 30 September 2026 the Tokyo District Court held, as a general principle, that a person's voice is a symbol of individual personality like a likeness, and that using a performer's voice without permission solely to exploit its power to attract customers infringes the right of publicity; it was described as the first such judicial finding in Japan.","causal_attribution":"Court's general holding as reported by three outlets that each reported the judgment; the judgment text itself was not read."},{"id":"c5","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'ただ今回の動画はすでに運営会社のサーバーからも削除されているとし、これ以上削除する義務を負っておらず原告の請求は理由がないと結論付けた。問題の動画がパブリシティー権を侵害しているかは判断を示さなかった。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'一方で判決は、今回の裁判で津田さん側が問題とした動画は削除済みだと認定。津田さんの声の権利が侵害されたかについては判断しなかった。'; 'ただ、今回の事例では動画がすでに消えており、ティックトックの運営会社に削除義務はないと判断。津田さん側の請求は退けた。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"'一方で、動画の削除についてはアカウントがすでに削除されているため、削除義務がないとし、津田さん側の請求を退けました。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"The court dismissed Mr Tsuda's claim because the videos had already been deleted, so TikTok's operator had no duty to delete them, and it did not decide whether the videos infringed his publicity right.","causal_attribution":"Court's disposition as reported; no finding that the videos imitate or infringe his voice."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'原告側は津田さんの声と混同させて月50万〜75万円の収益を得ていたなどとして、不正競争防止法違反にも当たると主張したが、この点については判決は言及しなかった。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"According to Nikkei, the judgment did not address his separate argument that the videos breached the Unfair Competition Prevention Act by passing them off as his voice.","causal_attribution":"Single report (Nikkei)."},{"id":"c7","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'今年5月には投稿者がアカウントを削除した。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'提訴後の今年5月、投稿者がアカウントを削除し、問題の動画は表示されなくなっていた。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"The poster deleted the account in May 2026, after the suit was filed.","causal_attribution":"Reported by Nikkei and the Asahi Shimbun from the proceedings."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'判決後、津田さんの代理人弁護士は控訴しない方針を示した。'; 'ティックトックの運営会社は「今後も、テクノロジーの発展と権利保護のバランスのとれた在り方について、誠実に取り組んでいく」とコメントした。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"After the judgment his lawyer said they did not plan to appeal, and TikTok's operator said it would keep working on a balance between technological development and rights protection.","causal_attribution":"Statements reported by the Asahi Shimbun."}],"effects":[{"label":"voice allegedly imitated by generative AI without permission in at least 188 monetised TikTok videos that viewers associated with him","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2026092600287&g=soc","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"ja","translation_note":"Read live in Japanese on 2026-09-28; summarised in English by the researcher (no human translation). Reports the complaint and TikTok's filings. Re-read on 2026-10-01.","independence_group":"tsuda-complaint"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUD231K30T20C26A5000000/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ja","translation_note":"Read live in Japanese on 2026-09-28 (23 May 2026); sourced to the plaintiff's lawyer and the complaint. Researcher translation. Re-read on 2026-10-01.","independence_group":"tsuda-complaint"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASV5T2J1LV5TUTIL00FM.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ja","translation_note":"Read live in Japanese on 2026-09-28 (May 2026); the visible article text was read and quotes the complaint and TikTok's answer. Researcher translation. Re-read on 2026-10-01.","independence_group":"tsuda-complaint"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2026092600297&g=soc","kind":"wire_report","access":"read","language":"ja","translation_note":"Read live in Japanese on 2026-09-28 (26 September 2026). Industry context; does not add facts about the Tsuda videos. Researcher translation. Re-read on 2026-10-01.","independence_group":"jiji-industry-feature"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUD262B00W6A920C2000000/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ja","translation_note":"Read live in Japanese on 2026-10-01 (30 September 2026 judgment report by Nikkei; photo credited to Kyodo). Researcher translation.","independence_group":"nikkei-judgment-report"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASV9Z11V1V9ZUTIL02SM.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ja","translation_note":"Read live in Japanese on 2026-10-01; the visible text before the paywall was read (about 1,000 characters remain unread). Bylined by the Asahi Tokyo city news court reporter. Researcher translation.","independence_group":"asahi-judgment-report"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_society/articles/900200797.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ja","translation_note":"Read live in Japanese on 2026-10-01 (TV Asahi running summary of the 30 September 2026 judgment). Researcher translation.","independence_group":"tv-asahi-judgment-report"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["work","justice"],"unknowns":["Who ran the account and which AI tool produced the voice (a court-ordered disclosure in August 2025 did not identify the poster, according to the Asahi Shimbun).","Whether the voice was modelled on Mr Tsuda's voice and whether the videos infringed his publicity right; the court dismissed the claim because the videos had already been deleted, without deciding either.","Mr Tsuda's own account of personal or financial effects; no statement from him was read.","The full judgment text; it was not read, and the court's reasoning is taken from news reports."],"geography":{"basis":"Mr Tsuda is a Japanese voice actor working in Japan and the suit is in the Tokyo District Court (Nikkei; Jiji). The poster is unidentified and the place where the videos were made is not reported, so no event country is recorded.","court_countries":["JP"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":["JP"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a core case (a generative-AI voice alleged to impersonate a real, named performer in monetised videos). Updated after the 30 September 2026 judgment: the facts of the videos come from his complaint as reported by Nikkei, the Asahi Shimbun and Jiji Press, with TikTok's rebuttal; the ruling is taken from Nikkei, Asahi and TV Asahi reports. Imitation and infringement remain undecided because the court dismissed the claim on the ground that the videos had already been deleted. Mr Tsuda is a public figure suing in his own name; the poster is unidentified.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-01"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint alleges generative-AI imitation of his voice (Nikkei; Asahi; Jiji). TikTok's side and the poster reportedly say the voice was generated by AI trained on a friend's voice, so AI generation is asserted by both sides; whether it imitates Tsuda was not decided by the court, which dismissed the claim because the videos had been deleted.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Tokyo: voice actor Kenjiro Tsuda sued TikTok's operator over at least 188 monetised videos he says were narrated by a generative-AI imitation of his voice; on 30 September 2026 the Tokyo District Court held that a voice can be protected by publicity rights but dismissed his deletion claim because the videos had already been deleted","summary":"Kenjiro Tsuda, a Japanese voice actor known for roles in Jujutsu Kaisen, sued the operator of TikTok in the Tokyo District Court in November 2025, seeking removal of videos he says use a generative-AI imitation of his voice without permission. According to his complaint, as reported by Jiji Press, Nikkei and the Asahi Shimbun, an account run by an unidentified person posted at least 188 short videos on urban legends, the occult and trivia between July 2024 and September 2025, narrated in a voice modelled on his; the account had about 210,000 followers, videos averaged 1.47 million views, and his side says the poster earned 500,000 to 750,000 yen a month from TikTok's view-based payments. TikTok's operator said the voice was a generic male voice that the poster said came from AI trained on a friend's voice. The poster deleted the account in May 2026. On 30 September 2026 the court held, as a general principle, that a person's voice is a symbol of personality like a likeness and that using a performer's voice without permission solely to exploit its power to attract customers infringes the right of publicity, the first such ruling in Japan. It dismissed the claim because the videos were already gone and TikTok's operator had no remaining duty to delete them, and it did not decide whether these videos infringed his rights (Nikkei; Asahi Shimbun; TV Asahi). His lawyer said they did not plan to appeal.","incidentDate":"2024-07-01","incidentEndDate":"2025-09-30","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-05-23","aiSystem":"An unidentified generative-AI voice tool used by an anonymous TikTok account to produce narration (the plaintiff alleges the voice imitates his; the poster reportedly said the model was trained on a friend's voice); videos distributed on TikTok","aiProduct":"Unidentified voice-cloning tool","severity":"low","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Mr Tsuda alleges that an anonymous poster used a generative-AI imitation of his voice, without permission, to narrate at least 188 monetised TikTok videos that viewers took to be his, infringing his rights over his voice; TikTok disputes that the voice is his, and the court dismissed his deletion claim without deciding infringement because the videos had been deleted (Nikkei, Asahi and Jiji Press).","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"disputed","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the plaintiff Kenjiro Tsuda, whose voice is alleged to have been imitated (Nikkei; Asahi; Jiji Press). Followers and viewers are not counted. Other voice actors described in the Jiji industry feature are separate accounts and are not counted. Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"JP","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_dismissed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUD262B00W6A920C2000000/","primarySourceLabel":"Nikkei, 30 September 2026: 声にもパブリシティー権、初の司法判断　津田健次郎さんの請求は棄却","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-28T03:31:37.82387+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-10T03:20:05.706932+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["voice-cloning","voice-actor","publicity-rights","tiktok","japan","tokyo-district-court","lawsuit","depicted-or-impersonated","court-ruling"]},{"id":"2024-york-county-sc-flock-alpr-misread-plate-gunpoint-stop-melvin-lawsuit","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'was stopped by a York County sheriff’s deputy on Feb. 14, 2024, while pulling into his apartment complex near Lake Wylie.'; 'received an alert from a Flock license plate reader that a stolen, dark-colored BMW sedan was traveling in the area, according to the filing.'; 'ordering him to kneel on the ground with his hands over his head for over five minutes, the filing said.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'approached Melvin with his firearm drawn and ordered him out of the car, according to the lawsuit.'; 'remained there for roughly five minutes while deputies checked his information.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'ordered him out of his car at gunpoint.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"According to the lawsuit, on 14 February 2024 a York County deputy who had received a Flock license-plate-reader alert for a stolen dark-coloured BMW approached Melvin's black BMW with his gun drawn as Melvin pulled into his apartment complex near Lake Wylie, and made him kneel with his hands over his head for more than five minutes until deputies established that the car was not stolen.","causal_attribution":"The plaintiff's lawsuit as reported; the Post and Courier says he was handcuffed, the Herald and Military.com describe him kneeling. The complaint itself was not read."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The Flock camera incorrectly identified the first letter of the license plate.'; 'tinted license plate cover was illegal, and obscured the camera, according to the filing.'; 'correctly identified Melvin’s plate 13 times that month prior to the traffic stop, according to the filing.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The stop resulted from erroneous information associated with a Flock alert,'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The Flock camera misread the first letter of Melvin's South Carolina plate; the sheriff's office blamed an illegal tinted plate cover and its internal-affairs report says the stop resulted from erroneous information associated with a Flock alert, while an internal email cited in the filing says the cameras had read his plate correctly 13 times that month.","causal_attribution":"Filing and internal records as reported; the sheriff's office and the plaintiff disagree about why the plate was misread."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'said he suffered trauma and “emotional distress” because of the traffic stop.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'feared for his life and reasonably believed he could be shot.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Melvin says he suffered trauma and emotional distress and feared he could be shot.","causal_attribution":"Plaintiff's own account in the complaint."},{"id":"c4","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'NOTICE OF REMOVAL from York County Court of Common Pleas, case number 2026CP4602329.'; 'Melvin v. York County Sheriff's Office, 0:26-cv-03474'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The defendants removed Melvin's suit from the York County Court of Common Pleas (case 2026CP4602329) to the US District Court for the District of South Carolina, where it is docketed as Melvin v. York County Sheriff's Office, 0:26-cv-03474.","causal_attribution":"Docket entry."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The York County Sheriff’s Office denies violating Melvin’s rights and has asked a federal judge to dismiss the case.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'The sheriff’s office found in November 2024 that'; 'actions were “reasonable” after Melvin filed an internal affairs complaint against them.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The sheriff's office denies violating Melvin's rights and has asked the federal court to dismiss the case; a November 2024 internal-affairs review found the deputy's actions reasonable.","causal_attribution":"Defendants' position as reported; no dismissal motion appears among the docket entries read (through 8 September 2026)."}],"effects":[{"label":"held at gunpoint and made to kneel for more than five minutes after a misread license-plate-reader alert flagged his car as stolen","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"says the stop caused him trauma and emotional distress","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/crime/article316428323.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-28 from the Internet Archive capture of 25 September 2026 (The Herald, Rock Hill, 9 July 2026); the live site timed out. Reports from the lawsuit and attached documents; includes a Flock statement.","independence_group":"melvin-lawsuit-filings"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/york-county/news/flock-license-plate-readers-york-county-cameras/article_21d1fac9-69b0-4706-93ab-f0e43c0ede6e.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-28 (Post and Courier, 19 August 2026). Draws on the lawsuit and quotes the internal-affairs report; does not name the plaintiff.","independence_group":"melvin-lawsuit-filings"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.military.com/iraq-war-veteran-says-flock-camera-error-led-to-police-gunpoint-stop","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-28 (Military.com, 16 September 2026). Relays the lawsuit and the Herald's reporting on the dismissal request.","independence_group":"melvin-lawsuit-filings"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/74652791/melvin-v-york-county-sheriffs-office/","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-28: CourtListener docket for Melvin v. York County Sheriff's Office, 0:26-cv-03474 (D.S.C.); entries through 8 September 2026. No filed documents were available to read.","independence_group":"dsc-docket-0-26-cv-03474"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["justice"],"unknowns":["Whether Melvin was handcuffed as well as held kneeling (the Post and Courier and the Herald differ).","Whether the misread was caused by the tinted plate cover, the camera or both, and why the alert was not visually confirmed before the weapon was drawn.","The outcome of the dismissal request and of the suit."],"geography":{"basis":"The stop took place at Melvin's apartment complex near Lake Wylie, York County, South Carolina (Herald); the suit was filed in the York County Court of Common Pleas and removed to the US District Court for the District of South Carolina (docket).","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a contextual case consistent with the existing Flock rows: an automated plate reader misread a man's plate and flagged his car as stolen, and deputies held him at gunpoint. The account rests on his lawsuit and the sheriff's own records as reported, with the federal docket confirming the case. He is named as the plaintiff in his own suit.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-28"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"According to the filing reported by the Herald, the deputy acted on a Flock license-plate-reader alert for a stolen BMW; the camera misread the first letter of Melvin's plate, and the sheriff's internal-affairs report says the stop 'resulted from erroneous information associated with a Flock alert' (Post and Courier). The misread plate matched against a hotlist is the automated system's claim about his car. The sheriff's office attributes the misread to an illegal tinted plate cover; an internal email says the cameras had read his plate correctly 13 times that month. The decision to draw a weapon was the deputy's.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["made_claim_about"]},"name":"York County, South Carolina: Iraq War veteran Steven Melvin says deputies held him at gunpoint and made him kneel for more than five minutes outside his Lake Wylie apartment complex in February 2024 after a Flock license-plate reader misread his plate and flagged his BMW as stolen; he sued in June 2026","summary":"According to a lawsuit filed on 29 June 2026 and reported by The Herald (Rock Hill), a York County sheriff's deputy stopped Steven Melvin, 42, on 14 February 2024 as he pulled into his apartment complex near Lake Wylie, after receiving a Flock license-plate-reader alert that a stolen dark-coloured BMW sedan was in the area. The deputy approached Melvin's black BMW with his gun drawn and aimed at him and made him kneel with his hands over his head for more than five minutes; after calling for backup and checking his information, the deputy determined the car was not stolen. The camera had read the first letter of his South Carolina tag incorrectly, matching a stolen BMW one letter off. A sheriff's internal-affairs review in November 2024 found the deputy's actions reasonable and blamed an illegally tinted plate cover, for which Melvin received a verbal warning; an email cited in the filing says the cameras had read his plate correctly 13 times that month. Melvin says the stop caused him trauma and emotional distress. The sheriff's office removed the case to federal court in August 2026 and denies violating his rights.","incidentDate":"2024-02-14","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2026-07-09","aiSystem":"Flock Safety automated license-plate reader (a camera the Herald describes as AI-enabled) that read passing plates, matched Melvin's misread plate against a stolen-vehicle hotlist record and sent an alert to the deputy","aiProduct":"Flock Safety license plate readers","aiCompany":"Flock Safety","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["loss_of_liberty","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Melvin says he was held at gunpoint and detained kneeling for more than five minutes after a misread Flock alert and suffered trauma and emotional distress (his complaint as reported by the Herald and Military.com); the sheriff's office disputes that the stop was unlawful.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, Steven Melvin, detained at gunpoint (lawsuit via the Herald, Military.com, Post and Courier). Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US-SC","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/crime/article316428323.html","primarySourceLabel":"The Herald (Rock Hill), 9 July 2026: York man was held at gunpoint over incorrect Flock hit. Sheriff blames illegal tag cover","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-28T03:31:25.729021+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:16:54.634302+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["flock","alpr","license-plate-reader","wrongful-stop","gunpoint","south-carolina","york-county","justice","made-claim-about","lawsuit"]},{"id":"2026-adelaide-yeates-deepfake-graduation-photo-first-federal-prosecution","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Netherby resident William Hamish Yeates, 19, appeared in the Adelaide Magistrates Court on Wednesday charged with eight counts of creating or altering sexual material without consent'; 'The Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions confirmed the case was the first prosecution of its type in SA.'; 'is also facing 12 counts of using a carriage service in a harassing or offensive way, a charge that carries a maximum prison term of five years'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On 25 February 2026 William Hamish Yeates, 19, of Netherby, appeared in the Adelaide Magistrates Court charged with eight counts of creating or altering sexual material without consent, a Commonwealth offence introduced in 2024 against deepfake pornography, and 12 counts of using a carriage service in a harassing or offensive way; the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions said it was the first prosecution of its type in South Australia and a suppression order on his identity was lifted.","causal_attribution":"Court reporting by the ABC of the charges as read in court."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'pleaded guilty to two counts of creating or altering sexual material without consent between October 2024 and February 2025.'; 'Yeates also pleaded guilty to two counts of using a carriage service in a harassing or offensive way.'; 'The first person in Australia to be charged under new deepfake laws has admitted his guilt'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'He pleaded guilty in April to two counts of creating or altering sexual material without consent between October 2024 and February 2025, and two counts of using a carriage service in a harassing or offensive way.'; 'William Hamish Yeates, now aged 20, is the first person to be prosecuted under federal laws introduced in 2024 to combat adult deepfake pornography.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'The 20-year-old was the first person in Australia to be charged under federal laws introduced in 2024 to combat the rise of deepfake pornography.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"On 15 April 2026 he pleaded guilty to two counts of creating or altering sexual material without consent between October 2024 and February 2025 and two counts of using a carriage service in a harassing or offensive way, and he is the first person prosecuted in Australia under the 2024 federal deepfake law.","causal_attribution":"Guilty pleas recorded in court and reported by two independent court reporters."},{"id":"c3","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'The offending, which occurred between October 2024 and February 2025, involved the creation of sexually explicit deepfake images and videos of his victim that he shared online.'; 'The first time I saw my actual graduation picture was on a pornography website'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'The material was distributed across multiple accounts on the social media platform, X.'; 'The first time I saw my actual graduation photo was on a pornographic website'; 'confronted the man behind doctoring her graduation photo'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'on the social media platform X and that he was'; 'used two different X accounts on 12 occasions between September 2024 and February 2025'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The offending involved creating sexually explicit deepfake images and videos of the victim from her graduation photograph and sharing them across accounts on X; she told the court the first time she saw her actual graduation picture was on a pornography website.","causal_attribution":"The pleas establish that he created and shared the material; the X accounts are in the court documents reported by ABC in February and in AAP's account; the pornography-website detail is the victim's statement to the court, reported by both outlets."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'these images of me were fake but the impact they had is painfully real.'; 'Every time I now see that photo, I feel sick.'; 'of her life but said she would not let it define her.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'These images of me were fake, but the impact they had is painfully real.'; 'she would not let it dictate her world'; 'I will heal from this.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"In her victim impact statement she said the images were fake but their impact was painfully real, that she feels sick every time she sees her graduation photo, and that she would not let it define her or dictate her world.","causal_attribution":"The victim's own statement to the court, quoted by both court reporters."},{"id":"c5","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'a psychologist had diagnosed the 20-year-old with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)'; 'She asked the court not to sentence Yeates to time behind bars'; 'My actions were repulsive and will continue to plague my mind for as long as I breathe'; 'Yeates faces a maximum penalty of seven years behind bars and will be sentenced next month.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Yeates read an apology in court, saying he was in a constant state of self-loathing and shame.'; 'his diagnoses of autism, compulsive sexual behaviour disorder and persistent adjustment disorder'; 'was warranted, the prosector said'; 'Judge Anne Barnett will sentence Yeates on October 22.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"At the pre-sentence hearing on 22 September 2026 Yeates read an apology calling his actions repulsive; his counsel cited diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder and asked for no custody; the Commonwealth prosecutor argued for a custodial sentence; sentencing is in October 2026.","causal_attribution":"Submissions made in open court and reported by both outlets."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'offending resulted in the'; 'of her life but said she would not let it define her.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"She said the discovery of the offending resulted in the darkest period of her life.","causal_attribution":"The victim's statement as paraphrased by the ABC; AAP does not carry this line."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The body in those images were not mine, but you somehow made me hate my body'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The Sun quotes her as saying the body in the images was not hers but he had made her hate her body; the line does not appear in the ABC or AAP reports.","causal_attribution":"The Sun's rendering of her statement; not in the two independent court reports."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'beside altered videos of me with my full name and school attached to it.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"She told the court that the pornography website showed her real graduation photo beside altered videos of her with her full name and school attached.","causal_attribution":"The victim's statement as quoted by the ABC; AAP's quotation stops at the website."},{"id":"c9","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The 19-year-old was initially charged with 20 offences, but the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP) withdrew those counts in lieu of the pleas to the four charges.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"He had initially been charged with 20 offences; the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions withdrew those counts in lieu of the pleas to the four charges.","causal_attribution":"ABC court reporting of the April 2026 hearing."},{"id":"c10","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Judge Anne Barnett will sentence Yeates on October 22.'; 'This gross material will be forever in perpetuity online'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"AAP reports that Judge Anne Barnett will sentence him on 22 October 2026 and that the prosecutor said the material will be online in perpetuity.","causal_attribution":"AAP court reporting; the ABC gives October without a date or the judge's name."}],"effects":[{"label":"a teenage girl was depicted in sexually explicit deepfake images and videos posted on X and on a pornography website; she describes lasting distress and the prosecutor said the material will remain online","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"she describes the discovery as the darkest period of her life and feeling sick at her own graduation photo","claim_id":"c6","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-25/william-yeates-charged-deepfake-image-creation/106387272","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en-AU","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-23 (ABC News, Eva Blandis, 25 February 2026, updated 27 February): charges, suppression order lifted, first prosecution of its type in SA, court-document allegations.","independence_group":"abc"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-15/sa-teen-pleads-guilty-over-deepfake-images/106567132","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en-AU","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-23 (ABC News, Eva Blandis, 15 April 2026): guilty pleas, withdrawal of the other counts, committal to the District Court.","independence_group":"abc"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-09-22/survivor-of-first-australian-charged-under-deepfake-laws-speaks/107180484","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en-AU","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-23 (ABC News, Eva Blandis, 22 September 2026): pre-sentence hearing, victim impact statement, apology, defence and prosecution submissions.","independence_group":"abc"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.easternriverinachronicle.com.au/story/9355441/i-will-heal-deepfake-porn-survivors-courageous-vow/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en-au","translation_note":"Read live on 2026-09-23 (Australian Associated Press, Abe Maddison, 22 September 2026, published by the Eastern Riverina Chronicle; an identical copy ran in The Singleton Argus): the same hearing with additional quotations and the 22 October sentencing date.","independence_group":"aap"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/40457969/law-student-created-deepfake-nudes-teen-girl/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read on 2026-09-23 through the r.jina.ai reader proxy (the live page returned a shell). Foreign-desk rewrite carrying the ABC and AAP quotations; adds that he was a second-year University of Adelaide law student and had become infatuated with the girl. Its text tracks the AAP copy (same quotations and truncations), so it shares the AAP independence group and is not used to corroborate any claim.","independence_group":"aap"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["everyday_life","justice"],"unknowns":["The software used to make the images and videos.","The victim's exact age at the time of the offending (a teenage girl finishing school; now 19).","The sentence, due on 22 October 2026.","Whether the material has been removed from the pornography website and X (the prosecutor said it will remain online).","Whether the two X accounts were his own or anonymous.","The date he was charged (the 25 February 2026 report covers a court appearance, not the charging)."],"geography":{"basis":"The offender lived in Netherby, Adelaide, and was prosecuted in the Adelaide Magistrates Court and the South Australian District Court (ABC, AAP); the victim delivered her statement in person in the Adelaide court (ABC, AAP); her residence and school are not reported. Court: South Australia (Commonwealth prosecution in a state court).","court_countries":["AU"],"event_countries":["AU"],"affected_person_countries":["AU"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case with a criminal record: guilty pleas under Australia's 2024 deepfake offence and a victim impact statement given in open court, reported by ABC News across three hearings and independently by the Australian Associated Press at the pre-sentence hearing. The victim is unnamed and not further identified here; the adult defendant is named as in the court reporting after the suppression order was lifted.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The offence to which he pleaded guilty is creating or altering sexual material without consent under the Commonwealth deepfake provisions; ABC and AAP describe the material as sexually explicit deepfake images and videos made from her graduation photograph. The software used is not identified.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Adelaide: a law student who turned a teenage girl's school graduation photograph into sexually explicit deepfake images and videos shared across accounts on X, in Australia's first prosecution under the 2024 federal deepfake law, heard her victim impact statement at a pre-sentence hearing on 22 September 2026; she told the court the fake images had a 'painfully real' impact and that she first saw her real graduation photo on a pornography website beside the altered videos with her full name and school","summary":"William Hamish Yeates, then 18, of Netherby in Adelaide, created sexually explicit deepfake images and videos of a teenage girl with whom, his counsel said, he had developed an obsession (The Sun describes her as a former friend), using her school graduation photograph, and shared them across multiple accounts on X between October 2024 and February 2025. Appearing in court in February 2026 charged with eight counts of creating or altering sexual material without consent and 12 counts of using a carriage service in a harassing or offensive way, he became the first person in Australia prosecuted under the Commonwealth offence introduced in 2024 against adult deepfake pornography; in April 2026 he pleaded guilty to two counts of creating or altering sexual material without consent (October 2024 to February 2025) and two of the carriage-service offence, and the remaining counts were withdrawn. At a pre-sentence hearing in the South Australian District Court on 22 September 2026 the victim, now 19, told the court that the first time she saw her actual graduation picture was on a pornography website beside altered videos of her with her full name and school attached, that she feels sick whenever she sees the photo, that the discovery led to the darkest period of her life, and that although the images were fake their impact was painfully real. Yeates read an apology; his counsel cited diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder and asked for no custody; the Commonwealth prosecutor sought imprisonment. Sentencing is listed for 22 October 2026.","incidentDate":"2024-10-01","incidentEndDate":"2025-02-28","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-02-25","aiSystem":"AI image and video manipulation ('deepfake') software; the tools are not identified in the court reporting","aiProduct":"Unidentified image and video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A teenage girl was depicted in sexually explicit deepfake images and videos made from her graduation photograph and posted across accounts on X and, with her full name and school attached, on a pornography website; in court she described lasting distress (feeling sick at her own graduation photo; the darkest period of her life) and the prosecutor said the material will remain online. The offender's guilty pleas establish that he made and shared the material; the harms are the victim's own account given in court.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One victim: every report refers to a single teenage girl (the alleged victim; his victim), and the pleas concern material depicting her. Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"unknown","jurisdiction":"AU","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"pending","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-09-22/survivor-of-first-australian-charged-under-deepfake-laws-speaks/107180484","primarySourceLabel":"ABC News (Australia), 22 September 2026: Woman tells court of 'painfully real' impacts of sexually explicit deepfake images","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-23T03:45:53.574177+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:23.456953+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","australia","south-australia","adelaide","criminal-charges","non-consensual-images","x-twitter","first-prosecution","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2026-netherlands-mrdeepfakes-74-year-old-prosecuted-deepfake-sex-videos-public-figures","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'Managers en woordvoerders van verschillende slachtoffers bevestigen aan de NOS dat zij aangifte hebben gedaan of dat zij juridische stappen overwegen'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'BBB-leider Caroline van der Plas, die bij Humberto zei dat de video voelt als \"digitale verkrachting\"'; '\"Ik doe geen aangifte voor mezelf, maar om nieuwe, jonge slachtoffers te voorkomen.\"'; 'Erachter komen dat ik in een deepfake pornovideo zit, was misselijkmakend.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'De zaak kwam in maart 2024 aan het licht. Vrouwelijke politici, olympische sporters, presentatrices en leden van het Koninklijk Huis doken op in gemanipuleerde pornovideo's'; 'Tientallen vrouwen deden aangifte.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In March 2024 a large number of Dutch women in public life, including presenters and politicians, were found to appear in manipulated pornographic videos on an online platform; dozens filed complaints and several described the harm publicly.","causal_attribution":"AD's 2024 investigation as reported by NOS, with victims' public statements."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Op zijn computer en andere gegevensdragers werden beelden aangetroffen van ongeveer zestig bekende Nederlanders en politici'; 'Naar aanleiding daarvan deden meer dan twintig mensen aangifte. De Noord-Hollander zou volgens het AD de meest actieve Nederlandse gebruiker van het platform zijn geweest'; 'Sommige video's werden tienduizenden keren bekeken'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'De man kwam in beeld door onderzoek naar het beruchte platform MrDeepFakes. Dat leidde tot meer dan twintig aangiftes'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Images of about sixty well-known Dutch people and politicians were found on the suspect's computer and data carriers; AD's investigation into MrDeepFakes led to more than twenty complaints; according to AD he had been the platform's most active Dutch user, and some videos were viewed tens of thousands of times.","causal_attribution":"AD's reporting of the OM's findings, relayed by NH Nieuws and Hart van Nederland; one chain."},{"id":"c3","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'Het Openbaar Ministerie gaat een 74-jarige man uit Noord-Holland vervolgen voor het maken van deepfakeporno van tientallen bekende Nederlandse vrouwen. Dat bevestigt een woordvoerder van het OM'; 'Na ruim een jaar onderzoek heeft justitie besloten hem voor de rechter te brengen'; 'De man riskeert een celstraf van maximaal twee jaar'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Het Openbaar Ministerie (OM) heeft na ruim een jaar onderzoek besloten de man voor de rechter te brengen'; 'De 74-jarige man kan daarvoor maximaal twee jaar gevangenisstraf krijgen'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"After more than a year of investigation the OM decided to prosecute a 74-year-old man from Noord-Holland for making deepfake porn of dozens of well-known Dutch women; the maximum sentence is two years' imprisonment.","causal_attribution":"OM spokesperson to NOS (after AD's report) and to AD (relayed by NH Nieuws); two chains for the decision itself."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Zij zegt tegen het AD opgelucht te zijn dat de zaak voor de rechter komt. Volgens haar heeft zij zelf ervaren welke impact dergelijke nepbeelden kunnen hebben.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"One of the presenters reported to be among the depicted said she was relieved the case would come to court, having experienced the impact of such fake images herself.","causal_attribution":"Her statement to AD as relayed by NH Nieuws."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Meerdere vrouwelijke bekende Nederlanders overwegen juridische stappen omdat zij zijn opgedoken in gemanipuleerde pornovideo's. Deze video's staan op een online platform met maandelijks 13 miljoen bezoekers, schrijft het AD'; 'Nederlandse artiesten, tv-presentatrices, olympische sporters, (oud-)ministers, burgemeesters en leden van het Koninklijk Huis voorkomen'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'De video's stonden op een online platform met maandelijks 13 miljoen bezoekers'","relation":"context","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"AD reported that the platform had 13 million monthly visitors and that the depicted people included Dutch artists, television presenters, Olympic athletes, current and former ministers, mayors and members of the royal family.","causal_attribution":"AD's 2024 investigation, relayed by NOS; one chain."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Hij is op de hoogte van het besluit, zegt het OM tegen de krant'; 'De website waar de video's op stonden, werd opgericht en gerund door een Canadees uit Toronto. Hij verwijderde eerder al beelden op verzoek van het OM en blokkeerde de website voor Nederlandse IP-adressen'; 'De Canadees wordt niet vervolgd. Wat hij deed, was in Canada niet strafbaar. En het Nederlandse Openbaar Ministerie gaat niet proberen om hem naar Nederland te halen. Dat zou te veel politiecapaciteit vergen, laat het OM weten aan het AD.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'De verdachte zit niet vast. Het is nog niet bekend wanneer de zaak inhoudelijk voor de rechter komt'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The suspect has been informed of the decision and is not in custody; no hearing date is known. The platform's founder-operator, a Canadian from Toronto who had removed images at the OM's request and blocked Dutch IP addresses before the site went offline, will not be prosecuted because his conduct was not punishable in Canada and the OM will not try to bring him to the Netherlands.","causal_attribution":"OM statements to AD, relayed by NOS and NH Nieuws; one chain."}],"effects":[{"label":"dozens of women in Dutch public life depicted without consent in pornographic deepfake videos on a platform AD said had 13 million monthly visitors; complaints filed; public statements of harm","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"a 74-year-old man to be prosecuted after more than a year of investigation, facing up to two years' imprisonment","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2631746-om-gaat-74-jarige-man-vervolgen-voor-maken-deepfakeporno-van-bn-ers","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read live in Dutch on 2026-09-21 (HTTP 200; published 2026-09-20 12:26). An OM spokesperson confirmed the prosecution decision to NOS after AD's reporting; NOS adds its own 2024 reporting and the OM's position on the platform operator. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"nos-2026"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.nhnieuws.nl/nieuws/363601/om-vervolgt-74-jarige-man-uit-noord-holland-voor-deepfake-seksvideos","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read live in Dutch on 2026-09-21 (NH Nieuws, published 2026-09-20 15:35 CEST (13:35 UTC)). Relays AD's report (which spoke to an OM spokesperson): devices, 'about sixty' people, more than twenty complaints, most active Dutch user, a presenter's reaction. AD itself answered 403. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"ad"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.hartvannederland.nl/tech/nieuws/artikelen/man-rechter-deepfake-seksvideos-bners","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read live in Dutch on 2026-09-21 (Hart van Nederland, published 2026-09-20 11:43). Relays AD; grouped with s2. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"ad"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2513371-vrouwelijke-bn-ers-overwegen-aangifte-vanwege-deepfake-pornovideo-s","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read live in Dutch on 2026-09-21 (NOS, 19 March 2024). NOS's own 2024 report on the AD revelations, with confirmations from victims' managers and the minister's reaction. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"nos-2024"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2513552-wel-of-niet-zeggen-dat-je-in-een-neppornovideo-zit-bn-ers-worstelen-ermee","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"nl","translation_note":"Read live in Dutch on 2026-09-21 (NOS, 20 March 2024). Own reporting with victims' public statements and a quote given to NOS. Translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"nos-2024"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/gepensioneerde-man-74-wordt-vervolgd-voor-maken-deepfake-seksvideos-van-zestig-bners~aa272972/","kind":"news_report","access":"unavailable","language":null,"translation_note":"Original AD report of 19 September 2026; the live page answered HTTP 403 (DPG paywall) and the Internet Archive CDX service was offline on 2026-09-21. Its contents are known only through s2, s3 and s1. The 19 September date rests on Google News feed metadata, not on the body.","independence_group":"ad"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["privacy","justice","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["When the videos were made and over what period; the tools used.","The exact number of depicted people and of complainants ('about sixty'; 'more than twenty').","The charges' legal basis and whether distribution as well as creation is charged; no hearing date.","The suspect's identity beyond age and province is not reported and is not sought here.","The AD original could not be read; its details are known through relays.","The range start (19 March 2024) is the date the videos' existence was publicly revealed and complaints began; the videos were made and posted at unreported earlier dates. The range end (19 September 2026) is the date the prosecution decision was reported; the OM's decision date is not stated."],"geography":{"basis":"The suspect is from Noord-Holland and the videos were made at his home (NH Nieuws citing AD); the depicted people are Dutch public figures; the platform was operated from Toronto (NOS). The prosecution decision is by the Dutch OM; no hearing has been scheduled, so no court country is recorded.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["NL"],"affected_person_countries":["NL"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an image-based abuse case affecting identifiable people, with harm described publicly by several of the depicted women and a prosecution decision confirmed by the Public Prosecution Service to NOS. Five Dutch bodies read (two NOS chains and the AD relay chain); the AD original is unavailable. Depicted people who spoke publicly are quoted in locators but not named in the record; the suspect is not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-21"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"NOS, NH Nieuws and Hart van Nederland describe the videos as deepfakes in which the faces of known women were placed on pornographic footage, and the OM's prosecution, as confirmed to NOS, is for making deepfake porn (Hart van Nederland says he is suspected of making and distributing the videos); the specific tools are not identified in any inspected source.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Netherlands: the Public Prosecution Service will prosecute a 74-year-old man from Noord-Holland for making deepfake sex videos of dozens of Dutch public figures, including presenters, politicians and a member of the royal family (images of about sixty people were found on his devices), after the 2024 revelations about the MrDeepFakes platform","summary":"In March 2024 the newspaper AD revealed that a large number of Dutch women in public life, including artists, television presenters, Olympic athletes, current and former ministers, mayors and members of the royal family, appeared in manipulated pornographic videos on an online platform with 13 million monthly visitors, later identified as MrDeepFakes. Dozens of women filed police complaints and several spoke publicly: one presenter said she was preparing a complaint, a party leader said the video felt like 'digital rape', another presenter said she would file a complaint 'because tomorrow it could happen to young girls of sixteen', a presenter-entrepreneur did so 'to prevent new, young victims', and a member of parliament, told of a video by the House security service, went public rather than 'keep it small'. On 19 and 20 September 2026 AD, and the Public Prosecution Service (OM) confirming to NOS, reported that after more than a year of investigation the OM will prosecute a 74-year-old man from Noord-Holland, who is not in custody, for making the videos (Hart van Nederland, citing AD, says he is suspected of making and distributing them); images of about sixty well-known Dutch people and politicians were found on his devices, AD reported that he had been the platform's most active Dutch user, and he faces up to two years' imprisonment. The platform's Canadian operator, who removed material at the OM's request and blocked Dutch IP addresses before the site went offline, will not be prosecuted. One of the presenters reported to be among the depicted told AD she was relieved the case would go to court, having experienced the impact of such images herself. No hearing date has been set.","incidentDate":"2024-03-19","incidentEndDate":"2026-09-19","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2024-03-19","aiSystem":"Face-swap deepfake video tools (not identified); videos published on the MrDeepFakes platform","aiProduct":"Unidentified video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Dozens of women in Dutch public life (images of about sixty people were found on the suspect's devices) were depicted without consent in pornographic deepfake videos, some viewed tens of thousands of times; those who spoke publicly described the experience as sickening and as 'digital rape', and one was advised by parliamentary security to stay silent (NOS 2024; NH Nieuws and Hart van Nederland citing AD, 2026). The 2026 prosecution decision is the consequence for the alleged maker.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":20,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"NH Nieuws and Hart van Nederland, citing AD, report that the MrDeepFakes investigation led to more than twenty complaints ('meer dan twintig aangiften'), a documented lower bound of 20 depicted complainants; images of about sixty well-known people were found on the suspect's devices, but 'ongeveer zestig' is approximate and not all are confirmed as depicted victims. Documented minimum 20.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"NL","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2631746-om-gaat-74-jarige-man-vervolgen-voor-maken-deepfakeporno-van-bn-ers","primarySourceLabel":"NOS, 20 September 2026: OM gaat 74-jarige man vervolgen voor maken deepfakeporno van BN'ers (OM spokesperson confirms after AD's report)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-21T04:11:25.939553+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:46.470563+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ncii","sexual-deepfake","mrdeepfakes","public-figures","politicians","royal-family","prosecution","netherlands","noord-holland","depicted"]},{"id":"2024-zurich-oerlikon-daycare-stabbing-chatgpt-planning","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'Ein Knabe wird von der 8,5 Zentimeter langen Klinge am Hals und am Oberkörper lebensgefährlich verletzt'; 'Den einen der beiden trifft der Täter am Herzen: Der Herzbeutel und die Brustschlagader werden durchtrennt'; 'Der andere wird an der Lunge und am Ohr verletzt'; 'Sie stoppt den Täter, schreit ihn an und hält seine Arme fest, bis er das Messer fallen lässt'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Zwei Knaben erlitten lebensgefährliche Stichverletzungen im Hals- und Brustbereich. Ein weiteres Kind wurde an der Schulter und am Ohr verletzt.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Am 01. Oktober 2024 verletzte eine männliche Person an der Berninastrasse in Oerlikon mit einer Stichwaffe mehrere Kinder.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s7"}],"assertion":"On 1 October 2024 at midday in Zurich-Oerlikon the accused stabbed three five-year-old boys who were walking with a daycare worker to their Hort; two suffered life-threatening neck and chest wounds and the third was wounded in the ear and the shoulder or lung; the daycare worker restrained him until he dropped the knife.","causal_attribution":"Attack attributed to the accused by the prosecutor's office and the court; he confessed."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'Mit Chat-GPT diskutiert er verschiedene Tötungsvarianten und deren Konsequenzen, das geht aus der Anklageschrift hervor.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'recherchierte mittels ChatGPT die juristischen Konsequenzen von Tötungsdelikten'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'Selon l'acte d'accusation, il s'était informé avec ChatGPT, en août 2024, à propos des conséquences juridiques d'homicides à l'arme blanche sur des victimes visées au hasard ou encore au sujet de l'anatomie du corps humain.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"According to the indictment and the court, the accused used ChatGPT in August and September 2024 to research ways of killing and their legal consequences, including knife killings of randomly chosen victims, and human anatomy.","causal_attribution":"Stated by the prosecution in the indictment and adopted in the court's reasoning; no prompt or reply is quoted."},{"id":"c3","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'er wisse auch nicht, warum er mithilfe von Chat-GPT versucht habe, herauszufinden, wann und wo in Oerlikon Kinder anzutreffen seien'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Deck: 'Mit «ChatGPT» recherchierte er, wo und wann er in Zürich Kinder antreffen könnte'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'Am 18. September fragt er die Software, wo und wann er in der Stadt Zürich Kinder antreffen könne' (as recorded in the 2026-09-09 signal review)","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"}],"assertion":"The accused used ChatGPT to try to find out where and when children could be encountered in Zurich (Oerlikon).","causal_attribution":"Reported from the indictment; whether the query produced the Hort's location is not stated by any source."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'verurteilt den Studenten wegen mehrfachen versuchten Mordes zu fünfzehn Jahren Freiheitsstrafe. Weiter wird eine vollzugsbegleitende ambulante Therapie verordnet'; 'Genugtuung in der Gesamthöhe von 106 000 Franken'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'wegen mehrfachen versuchten Mordes zu 15 Jahren Freiheitsstrafe verurteilt'; 'Zudem wird der Täter für 15 Jahre des Landes verwiesen.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'condamné à verser aux trois garçons 30'000 francs et deux fois 38'000 francs pour préjudice moral. Le tribunal a également prononcé une interdiction de territoire de 15 ans'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"On 18 September 2026 the Zurich District Court convicted the accused of multiple attempted murder and imposed 15 years' imprisonment, ambulatory therapy during custody, a 15-year expulsion and CHF 106,000 in moral damages to the three boys.","causal_attribution":"Court judgment as reported; RTS rounds the damages to 100,000 francs."},{"id":"c5","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'Er attestiert dem jungen Chinesen eine akute psychotische Störung'; 'Der Täter konnte uns nicht glaubhaft darlegen, dass die Stimmen derart drängend waren, dass er sich ihnen nicht hätte entziehen können.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'verneinten jedoch eine komplette Schuldunfähigkeit. Der Täter habe nicht glaubhaft darlegen können, dass die Stimmen derart drängend gewesen seien'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"A forensic psychiatrist diagnosed an acute psychotic disorder and considered the accused unable to control his actions; the court accepted the illness but found he had not credibly shown the voices were irresistible, and convicted him with diminished responsibility.","causal_attribution":"Expert opinion and court finding as reported."},{"id":"c6","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'Er macht sich bis heute Vorwürfe, dass er nicht schneller zum Hort gerannt ist. Er kann schlecht einschlafen, weil er Angst hat vor seinen Träumen. Fast jede Nacht wacht er auf.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'ihr Sohn seither unter schrecklichen Träumen leide und sich Vorwürfe mache, weil er beim Angriff nicht schnell genug in den rettenden Hort rennen konnte'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"The parents of one injured boy told the court, 23 months after the attack, that he blames himself for not running faster, sleeps badly for fear of his dreams, wakes almost every night and is constantly asked about the scar on his nose.","causal_attribution":"Parents' letter read in court, attributing the effects to the attack."},{"id":"c7","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'son avocat qui a annoncé aux médias qu'il faisait appel de ce jugement qui n'est pas encore entré en force'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Son avocat a annoncé faire appel du jugement.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"The defence announced an appeal against the judgment.","causal_attribution":"Single agency chain (Keystone-ATS)."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Am 18. September fragt er die Software, wo und wann er in der Stadt Zürich Kinder antreffen könne'; 'Am 28. September studierte er ... über Google und ChatGPT anatomische Darstellungen des menschlichen Kopfes, Halses und Oberkörpers sowie der Blutgefässe' (2026-09-09 signal review)","relation":"supports","source_id":"s6"},{"locator":"'en août 2024' for the legal-consequences and anatomy queries","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Blick's reading of the indictment dates the ChatGPT sessions to 8 August 2024 (legal consequences of variants of killing random victims by stabbing), 18 September 2024 (where and when to find children in Zurich) and 28 September 2024 (anatomy via Google and ChatGPT).","causal_attribution":"Dates as reported from the indictment; only the August dating has a second chain."}],"effects":[{"label":"three five-year-old boys were stabbed, two with life-threatening neck and chest wounds","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"},{"label":"one boy's parents describe nightmares, self-blame and scars 23 months after the attack","claim_id":"c6","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.nzz.ch/zuerich/messerattacke-oerlikon-chinese-zu-15-jahren-freiheitsstrafe-verurteilt-ld.10024179","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Read in German on 2026-09-19 (NZZ, 18 September 2026, own court reporter; full body served to curl). Quotations translated by the reviewer.","independence_group":"nzz"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.nau.ch/news/schweiz/messerstecher-von-oerlikon-muss-15-jahre-in-haft-67178142","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Read in German on 2026-09-19 (Nau.ch, 18 September 2026). The text matches the Keystone-SDA verdict report and is grouped with it.","independence_group":"keystone-sda-ats"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.rts.ch/info/regions/autres-cantons/2026/article/zurich-l-auteur-de-l-attaque-au-couteau-condamne-a-15-ans-de-prison-29361349.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"fr","translation_note":"Read in French on 2026-09-19 (RTS, 18 September 2026). Carries the Keystone-ATS verdict report with the psychiatric-expert dating and the appeal announcement; grouped with the agency chain. The page's AI-generated summary was not used.","independence_group":"keystone-sda-ats"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.20min.ch/fr/story/zurich-l-auteur-de-l-attaque-au-couteau-d-oerlikon-ecope-de-15-ans-103635523","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"fr","translation_note":"Read in French on 2026-09-19 (20 minutes, 18 September 2026), explicitly citing Keystone-ATS; gives the three moral-damages amounts.","independence_group":"keystone-sda-ats"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.limmattalerzeitung.ch/limmattal/zuerich/messerangriff-auf-hortkinder-in-zuerich-tat-minutioes-geplant-ld.4232969","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Limmattaler Zeitung (CH Media), 14 September 2026. On 2026-09-19 only the headline, deck and lead were served (paywall): 'Mit «ChatGPT» recherchierte er, wo und wann er in Zürich Kinder antreffen könnte'. The body was read by the 2026-09-14 signal review.","independence_group":"ch-media"},{"id":"s6","url":"https://www.blick.ch/schweiz/zuerich/drei-kindergaertler-in-zuerich-oerlikon-mit-messer-attackiert-und-schwer-verletzt-chinese-hatte-tat-zusammen-mit-chatgpt-geplant-id22244459.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Blick, 8 September 2026, reading of the indictment with the three dated ChatGPT sessions. Read in full via WebFetch on 2026-09-09 (signal review); curl returns a script shell. Not re-read today.","independence_group":"blick"},{"id":"s7","url":"https://www.zh.ch/de/news-uebersicht/medienmitteilungen/2024/10/241002_medienmitteilung_osta_oerlikon.html","kind":"official_statement","access":"read","language":"de","translation_note":"Read in German on 2026-09-19: Oberstaatsanwaltschaft des Kantons Zürich media release of 2 October 2024 (arrest, confession, age and residence status of the accused).","independence_group":"oberstaatsanwaltschaft-zh"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["justice","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["No source quotes the ChatGPT prompts or replies, or states whether the model answered, refused or warned; OpenAI is not reported to have alerted Swiss authorities.","Whether the 18 September 2024 query produced the location or route of the Hort is not stated.","The third boy's injury is given as the lung (NZZ) or the shoulder (Keystone-SDA), plus the ear in both.","RTS reports moral damages of 100,000 francs in total; NZZ and 20 minutes give 106,000 (30,000 + 2 × 38,000).","Whether the announced appeal has been lodged, and the outcome, are unknown; the judgment is not final.","The accused's real name is not published (press use a changed name)."],"geography":{"basis":"The attack took place at Berninastrasse, Zurich-Oerlikon (Oberstaatsanwaltschaft Zürich release of 2 October 2024); the children attended an Oerlikon kindergarten and Hort (NZZ: 'eine Gruppe Oerliker Kinder'); judgment by the Bezirksgericht Zürich on 18 September 2026 (NZZ, Nau, RTS).","court_countries":["CH"],"event_countries":["CH"],"affected_person_countries":["CH"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a court-established violent-harm case in which the AI system's involvement (planning research on ChatGPT) is described in the indictment and the court's reasoning and reported by three independent chains; the absence of quoted model replies limits claims about model behaviour and is recorded, not treated as an exclusion. Victims are unnamed minors; the accused is not named. Converted from a private monitoring signal after the 18 September 2026 verdict.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-19"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The indictment and the court's oral reasoning, as reported by three independent chains (NZZ's own court reporter; Keystone-SDA/ATS via Nau, RTS and 20 minutes; CH Media's Limmattaler Zeitung and Blick reading the indictment), state that the accused used ChatGPT between August and September 2024 to research the legal consequences of killing random victims by stabbing, ways of killing and their consequences, human anatomy, and where and when children could be found in Zurich, and on the morning of the attack to choose a meal. The AI system communicated with the user whose planned attack injured the children; that is why communicated_with is recorded although the children themselves did not use the system. No source quotes the prompts or ChatGPT's replies, so nothing is recorded about what the model answered or whether it refused or warned. The court attributed the planning and the attack to the accused; this record makes no causal claim about the model.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Zurich-Oerlikon, Switzerland: a student who researched killing methods, anatomy and where to find children with ChatGPT stabbed three five-year-olds walking to their daycare; sentenced on 18 September 2026 to 15 years for multiple attempted murder","summary":"At midday on 1 October 2024 a Chinese master's student, then 23, attacked a group of five-year-old kindergarten children walking with a daycare worker to their after-school Hort near Berninaplatz in Zurich-Oerlikon with a kitchen knife. Two boys suffered life-threatening neck and chest wounds (one had the jugular vein severed, one the pericardium and aorta cut); a third was wounded in the ear and the shoulder or lung. The daycare worker held the attacker's arms until he dropped the knife. The indictment and the court's oral reasoning, as reported by NZZ, Keystone-SDA/ATS and CH Media, describe weeks of preparation from summer 2024: he discussed ways of killing and their legal consequences with ChatGPT, studied anatomy, bought raw beef to practise stabbing, and used ChatGPT to find out where and when children could be encountered in Zurich. No source quotes the prompts or ChatGPT's replies. On 18 September 2026 the Zurich District Court convicted him of multiple attempted murder and imposed 15 years' imprisonment, treatment during custody, a 15-year expulsion from Switzerland and CHF 106,000 in moral damages to the three boys; it accepted that he was psychotic but found diminished, not absent, criminal responsibility. His lawyer announced an appeal. The parents of one boy described nightmares, self-blame and scars 23 months on.","incidentDate":"2024-10-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"day","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2024-10-02","aiSystem":"ChatGPT (OpenAI)","aiProduct":"ChatGPT","aiCompany":"OpenAI","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["physical_injury","hospitalization","psychological_distress","harm_to_others"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Three five-year-old boys were stabbed, two with life-threatening wounds requiring emergency surgery; one boy's parents describe persistent nightmares, self-blame and visible scars nearly two years later. The court found the attack was planned over weeks, including ChatGPT research described in the indictment; the record attributes the attack to the accused and makes no causal claim about the model.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"unclear","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":3,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"Three five-year-old boys were stabbed (Oberstaatsanwaltschaft release: 'mehrere Kinder'; NZZ and Keystone-SDA: three boys, two life-threateningly injured). Exact count of three. The daycare worker, parents and the accused are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"CH-ZH","platformType":"chatbot","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.nzz.ch/zuerich/messerattacke-oerlikon-chinese-zu-15-jahren-freiheitsstrafe-verurteilt-ld.10024179","primarySourceLabel":"Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 18 September 2026: Messerattacke von Oerlikon: «Besonders verwerflich war die Motivation» – chinesischer Student wegen mehrfachen versuchten Mordes schuldig gesprochen (court report from both trial days)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-19T03:12:16.848581+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:16:54.842738+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["chatgpt","knife-attack","children","switzerland","zurich","attempted-murder","planning-queries","court-verdict","psychosis"]},{"id":"2024-incheon-teacher-deepfake-student-sentence","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'인천지법 형사1단독(부장판사 이창경)은 16일 선고공판에서... A(10대)군에게 장기 2년, 단기 1년6개월의 징역형을 선고했다'; '40시간의 성폭력 치료 프로그램 이수와 아동·청소년 관련 기관 취업제한 5년'; '도주 우려 등을 이유로 A군을 법정구속했다'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'장기 2년∼단기 1년6개월의 징역형을 선고하고 법정 구속했다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'장기 2년, 단기 1년6개월의 징역형을 선고하고 법정 구속했다. 소년법상 만 19세 미만 미성년자에게는... 부정기형이 내려진다.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"On 16 September 2026 the Incheon District Court (Criminal Division 1, Judge 이창경) sentenced the teenage defendant to an indeterminate term of 2 years maximum / 1 year 6 months minimum for violating the Sexual Violence Punishment Act (editing and distributing false sexual images), ordered 40 hours of treatment and a five-year child-institution employment ban, and detained him in court.","causal_attribution":"Sentence reported identically by three outlets from the sentencing hearing."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'2024년 8월 인공지능을 이용해 교사 5명의 얼굴을 나체사진에 합성한 뒤 사회관계망서비스(SNS)에 유포한 혐의'; '모두 11명의 허위영상물을 35차례 제작'; ''지인 능욕'을 테마로 한 텔레그램 대화방'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'2024년 8월 인공지능(AI) 기술을 이용해 교사와 학생들의 얼굴을 나체 사진에 합성한 혐의'; '교사 5명과 함께 태권도 학원에 다닌 여중생 등 총 11명을 대상으로 35차례에 걸쳐 합성물을 제작, 텔레그램 '지인 능욕' 대화방 등에 유포'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'2024년 인천의 한 중학교에 재학하던 중 딥페이크 기술을 이용해 교사 등 20여명의 얼굴을 나체 사진과 영상에 합성한 뒤 SNS에 유포한 혐의' (the prosecution's figure of about twenty).","relation":"context","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In 2024, while a middle-school student in Incheon, he used AI deepfake technology to composite the faces of five teachers and six female middle- and high-school students from his taekwondo academy onto nude photographs and videos, 35 productions of 11 people in all, and distributed them in Telegram 'acquaintance humiliation' chat rooms.","causal_attribution":"Court findings as reported; the 11-in-35 count is Hankyoreh's and Munhwa's, and Newsis's 'about twenty' is the prosecution's charge description."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'자신의 담임교사에게 \"연락처와 사진이 지워졌다\"고 속여 사진을 받아내는 등 치밀하게 범행을 준비한 것으로 조사됐다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"He obtained his homeroom teacher's photographs by telling her that his contacts and photos had been deleted.","causal_attribution":"Investigation finding reported by Munhwa Ilbo only."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"Judge: '반포한 교사 5명의 합성 사진과 영상물에는 피해자의 얼굴이 그대로 드러나 있고 실명, 나이, 학교, 교과목도 명시돼 있다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"Judge: '피해 교사들의 얼굴뿐 아니라 실명, 학교, 휴대전화 번호까지 명시해 반포했다'; '피해자들이 장기간 심리치료를 받는 등 상당한 트라우마를 겪고 있는 점'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"Judge: '피해교사들은 말할 수 없는 충격을 받고 트라우마를 겪고 있으며 A군의 엄벌 탄원하고 있다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'합성물에는 피해 교사의 얼굴뿐 아니라 이름과 나이, 학교, 담당 교과목이 적혀 있었고 일부에는 휴대폰 번호와 인스타그램 아이디도 담겼다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The distributed images showed the teachers' faces together with their real names, ages, schools, subjects and phone numbers, and the court found the teachers are suffering considerable trauma and receiving long-term psychological treatment.","causal_attribution":"The judge's sentencing remarks as reported by three outlets; phone numbers appear in Munhwa's and Hankook Ilbo's accounts; Hankook Ilbo adds Instagram IDs on some."},{"id":"c5","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'A군은 지역교권보호위원회가 열리기 일주일 전 자퇴해 학교 차원의 별다른 징계 처분은 받지 않았다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'피해 교사들은 올해 1월에야 피해 사실을 인지했으나, A 군은 교권보호위원회가 열리기 전 자퇴해 학교 측의 징계를 피했다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'ㄱ군은 교권보호위원회가 열리기 전 자퇴해 징계 처분을 받지 않았다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"He withdrew from school a week before the regional teachers'-rights protection committee met and received no school discipline; the teachers learned of the images only in January 2026.","causal_attribution":"The withdrawal is reported by all three; the January 2026 discovery by Munhwa only."},{"id":"c6","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'검찰이 구형한 부정기형 장기 3년6개월∼단기 2년은... 그러나 이날 선고는 검찰 구형에도 미치지 못했다'; the superintendent's pledge.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'인천교사노동조합은 입장문을 내고... 이번 선고에 깊은 유감을 표한다'; the superintendent: '법적·심리 치료 지원과 함께... 예방교육도 강화하겠다'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Incheon Teachers' Union expressed regret that the sentence fell below the prosecution's request of 3 years 6 months to 2 years; the superintendent of education attended and pledged legal and psychological support and prevention education.","causal_attribution":"Statements reported by two outlets."},{"id":"c7","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'22일 인천교사노조에 따르면 교사 A씨 등 2명은 최근 학생 졸업사진 촬영과정에서 학교로부터 함께하자는 요구를 받았다.'; 'A씨 등은 전근 사유를 밝히지 않아 지금 학교는 피해사실을 모르는 것으로 전해졌다. 사정을 밝히지 못한 A씨 등은 결국 사진을 촬영했다.'; 'B군은 A씨 등 교사·학생 11명의 사진으로 성착취물을 제작·유포했으며 16일 장기 2년~단기 1년6개월의 징역을 선고받았다.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'딥페이크 성범죄 피해 교사 2명이 옮긴 고등학교에서'; '피해 사실을 밝히지 않으면 촬영에 응해야 하고, 거부하려면 피해 사실을 설명해야 하는 분위기 속에서 결국 사진을 찍을 수밖에 없었다고 호소했다'; '이들 교사 2명은 2024년 발생한 10대 A군의 딥페이크 성범죄 피해 교사 5명에 포함된 피해자들이다.'; '사진 촬영과 게재가 교직원의 자율적 선택에 따라 이뤄질 수 있도록 하는 절차를 마련하라'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"On 22 September 2026 the Incheon Teachers' Union said two of the five victim teachers in this case, who had transferred to other schools without disclosing the reason, were recently asked by their new schools to join graduation-album photo sessions and took the photographs because refusing would have required explaining the victimisation; the union asked the education office to make staff photo sessions a voluntary choice.","causal_attribution":"The union's statement of 22 September as reported by two separately bylined outlets, each of which ties the two teachers to this sentenced case; Hankook Ilbo frames it as a tip received by the union. Not independently confirmed by the schools."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'등의 말로 촬영 압박을 받았다는 제보가 접수됐다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"},{"locator":"'거절 사유를 밝히지 않도록 강제하는 제도망을 갖추도록 요구했다'; '강요 분위기도 일지 않도록 대책을 강구하겠다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"}],"assertion":"Hankook Ilbo reports the union as saying the pressure came with remarks such as 'let's leave memories' and 'don't spoil the mood' at the high schools the two teachers had moved to, while Kyeonggi Ilbo attributes such remarks to an atmosphere in some schools generally; Kyeonggi Ilbo also reports the union's demand that reasons for refusal need not be disclosed, and an education-office official's reply that the office would devise measures to ensure thorough consent procedures and prevent a coercive atmosphere.","causal_attribution":"Union and education-office statements as reported by each outlet."}],"effects":[{"label":"teachers and students depicted in AI-composited sexual images distributed with their names, schools and phone numbers; long-term trauma treatment","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"two victim teachers pressed into graduation-album photographs at their new schools because refusing would have meant disclosing the deepfake victimisation (union account, 22 September 2026)","claim_id":"c7","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20260916_0003791674","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Read in Korean on 2026-09-16 (datePublished 2026-09-16T10:51+09:00; Incheon bureau reporter 이루비; '종합' consolidated report). Model reading; no human bilingual review.","independence_group":"newsis"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/capital/1278039.html","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Read in Korean on 2026-09-16 (datePublished 2026-09-16T11:00+09:00). Model reading; no human bilingual review.","independence_group":"hani"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.munhwa.com/article/11617393","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Read in Korean on 2026-09-16 (datePublished 2026-09-16T10:51+09:00). Model reading; no human bilingual review.","independence_group":"munhwa"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.kyeonggi.com/article/20260922580361","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Read live in Korean on 2026-09-23 (Kyeonggi Ilbo, 박기웅, 22 September 2026 15:43; a Daum copy is identical): the Incheon teachers' union's account that two victim teachers were asked to join graduation-photo sessions after transferring. Model reading; no human bilingual review.","independence_group":"kyeonggi-ilbo"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.hankookilbo.com/news/article/A2026092210370000589","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Read live in Korean on 2026-09-23 (Hankook Ilbo, 이환직, 22 September 2026 14:04): the union's statement of the same day and its demands to the education office. Model reading; no human bilingual review.","independence_group":"hankook-ilbo"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["The AI tool used is not named; the written judgment was not inspected.","The number of people depicted differs between the prosecution's charge description (about twenty, per Newsis) and the court reporting (eleven); eleven is used as the documented minimum.","When the distribution began and ended within 2024 and whether the additional indicted conduct extended later are not stated; the record uses August 2024 with month precision and no end date.","Whether either side appeals, and the outcome of any separate proceedings against the Telegram room operators, are not reported.","Earlier coverage of the arrest or indictment was not inspected; the reported_date is the sentencing coverage.","Korean bodies were read by the model without human bilingual review.","Which schools pressed the two teachers is not reported; the education office said it would devise measures (Kyeonggi Ilbo), and whether graduation-album procedures changed is not reported."],"geography":{"basis":"Event: an Incheon middle school and a taekwondo academy in Incheon (Newsis: '인천의 한 중학교'); victims are Incheon teachers and students; court: Incheon District Court.","court_countries":["KR"],"event_countries":["KR"],"affected_person_countries":["KR"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case with a criminal judgment: a court found that AI deepfake images of five teachers and six students were made and distributed with identifying details, and described the victims' ongoing trauma. Three separately bylined Korean outlets were read. The defendant is a minor and unnamed in the sources and here; no victim is named; the superintendent, union chair and judge are public officials. Updated 2026-09-23 with the union's report that two victim teachers were pressed into graduation-album photographs at their new schools (Kyeonggi Ilbo, Hankook Ilbo); the two teachers are not named.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"Three outlets report the court's findings that the images were made with AI deepfake (image-compositing) technology and the conviction under the false-sexual-image provisions; the specific tool is not named. The Korean bodies were read by the model; no written judgment was inspected.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Incheon, South Korea: teenager sentenced to up to two years for AI deepfake sexual images of five teachers and six students, distributed on Telegram with the victims' names and schools","summary":"On 16 September 2026 the Incheon District Court sentenced a teenage defendant to an indeterminate term of two years (maximum) to one year six months (minimum) under the Sexual Violence Punishment Act for making and distributing false sexual images, ordered a 40-hour treatment programme and a five-year ban on working with children, and took him into custody in court. As a middle-school student in Incheon in 2024 he had used AI deepfake technology to composite the faces of five teachers, including his homeroom teacher whom he tricked into sending photographs, and six female middle- and high-school students from his taekwondo academy onto nude images and videos, 35 productions in all, and distributed them in Telegram 'acquaintance humiliation' chat rooms with the victims' real names, ages, schools, subjects and, per two reports, phone numbers (Hankook Ilbo adds Instagram IDs on some). The teachers learned of the images only in January 2026; the court said they are receiving long-term psychological treatment. He had withdrawn from school a week before the teachers'-rights committee met, avoiding school discipline. The Incheon teachers' union called the sentence, below the prosecution's request, regrettable.","incidentDate":"2024-08-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-09-16","aiSystem":"AI deepfake image-compositing tools (not named in the inspected court reporting)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Five teachers and six students had their faces composited by AI onto nude images and videos that were distributed on Telegram with their real names, ages, schools, subjects and phone numbers; the court found the teachers are suffering considerable trauma and receiving long-term psychological treatment.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":11,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"Hankyoreh and Munhwa Ilbo both report 11 people (five teachers and six students) in 35 composites, as found by the court; Newsis reports the prosecution's charge sheet as 'about twenty', which is not used as a count. Eleven is the documented minimum.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"KR","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20260916_0003791674","primarySourceLabel":"뉴시스 (Newsis), 16 September 2026, Incheon bureau: sentencing report with the judge's reasons, the superintendent's and the union's statements","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-16T03:16:35.128819+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:16:52.00163+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","south-korea","incheon","teachers","minors","telegram","criminal-sentence","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2026-newby-adelphi-ai-detector-vacated","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'In November 2024, Newby submitted a paper on Christianity and Islam'; 'Oelze gave the paper a grade of zero, according to court filings, in part because he thought it was AI-generated'; 'According to the lawsuit, Adelphi relied in part on AI detection software'; 'Turnitin's AI detector marked the essay as fully AI-written, but Newby ran it through two other detectors that said it was written by a human, court records show'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Adelphi University says an AI detection software flagged 19-year-old Orion Newby's work and claims the paper was \"too advanced\" for the first-year student'; 'That paper earned him a zero'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"In November 2024 Newby submitted a paper on Christianity and Islam for the fall 2024 World Civilizations 1 class; the professor graded it zero in part because he thought it was AI-generated, and Adelphi, per the lawsuit, relied in part on AI-detection software — court records show Turnitin's detector marked the essay as fully AI-written while two other detectors scored it human.","causal_attribution":"The detector results and the lawsuit's contents are attributed to court filings as carried by Newsday; the professor's suspicion is attributed to court filings and ABC7."},{"id":"c2","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'University officials ordered Newby to attend a plagiarism workshop — which, while considered a \"nondisciplinary\" punishment, could have resulted in suspension or expulsion if he was found to have committed a second offense'; 'The university's denial of Newby's appeal left the family \"no choice\" but to sue'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Adelphi told him he had to take an anti-plagiarism course, and until he did, he couldn't enroll in other classes. That's when his family sued.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Newby was ordered to attend a plagiarism workshop — a 'nondisciplinary' punishment that could have led to suspension or expulsion on a second offense — was told he could not enroll in other classes until he complied, and his appeal was denied; the family sued in October 2025.","causal_attribution":"Both chains independently carry the workshop order and the enrollment block (Newsday from the ruling stage, ABC7 from the filing stage)."},{"id":"c3","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'state Supreme Court Judge Randy Sue Marber in Nassau County wrote on Jan. 28. The school must expunge his record, the judge ruled'; 'were \"without valid basis and devoid of reason\"'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"Inside Higher Ed's relay describes a 'federal judge' — erroneous; Judge Marber's state Supreme Court decision controls.","relation":"contradicts","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"On 28 January 2026, New York State Supreme Court Judge Randy Sue Marber in Nassau County ruled that Adelphi's finding and its denial of his appeal were 'without valid basis and devoid of reason' and ordered the school to expunge his record.","causal_attribution":"The ruling is documented by Newsday's report quoting the decision; the IHE forum error is recorded explicitly. The decision text itself was not fetched (Newsday's account is the inspected record)."},{"id":"c4","status":"corroborated","evidence":[{"locator":"'treated since he was about 2 years old for learning and neurological disabilities that include language and auditory processing disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder'; 'He had worked on it with a tutor from Bridges to Adelphi, the university's $5,000-a-semester program'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Newby has learning differences... issues specifically with language processing. At Adelphi, he's in a special program with extra support'; 'I told him I worked 15 to 20 hours with tutors'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Newby has been treated since about age two for learning and neurological disabilities — language and auditory processing disorders and ADHD — and wrote the paper with a tutor from Bridges to Adelphi, the university's own $5,000-a-semester disability-support program, working 15-20 hours with tutors.","causal_attribution":"The disability and support details come from his mother's and his own accounts, carried by both chains."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The family has spent six figures on legal costs, she said'; Lesko passages ('bellwether example'; 'I can't tell you how many parents have reached out to us with similar issues').","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The family spent six figures on legal costs; attorney Mark Lesko called the ruling a 'bellwether example' and said many parents had contacted him with similar issues.","causal_attribution":"The mother's and the attorney's accounts; the 'many parents' figure is unquantified and no other persons are counted."}],"effects":[{"label":"false AI-plagiarism accusation with academic and financial consequences until a court ordered expungement","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"},{"label":"recovery: court cleared his record; he continues at Adelphi as a second-year history major","claim_id":"c3","direction":"positive"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.newsday.com/long-island/education/adelphi-university-ai-plagiarism-lawsuit-oh07enyz","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (datePublished 2026-02-09T10:00Z; 48 paragraphs).","independence_group":"newsday"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://abc7ny.com/post/adelphi-student-long-island-sues-university-allegations-he-used-ai-write-essay/17980409/","kind":"local_tv_news","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (datePublished 2025-10-10T20:54Z).","independence_group":"abc7"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2026/02/11/adelphi-student-wins-ai-plagiarism-lawsuit","kind":"trade_press_relaying_newsday","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-15 (2026-02-11). Relays Newsday; its 'federal judge' phrase is erroneous — Judge Marber sits in the state Supreme Court, and the claim records the discrepancy.","independence_group":"newsday"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["institutional_use"],"contexts":["education","justice","accessibility"],"unknowns":["The decision text was not fetched; the ruling is recorded through Newsday's account quoting the judge.","The similarity scores Turnitin returned and the university's full decision letter are not public in the inspected sources.","Whether Adelphi changed its AI-detection or appeals policies afterward is not reported.","The first-person Times account (28 Aug 2026) is paywalled and was not inspected; his later reflections are therefore not claimed.","The workshop's completion status after the ruling (moot after expungement) is not reported."],"geography":{"basis":"Event: Adelphi University, Garden City, New York. Affected person: Newby, a student there living in Lido Beach, NY. Court: New York State Supreme Court, Nassau County.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an institutional automated-decision case (made_decision_about / made_claim_about): a detector-driven false accusation with court-vacated sanctions. Newby and his parents spoke publicly; his disability is recorded because it is central to the case's facts (the university's own support program produced the writing process the detector misread), not as a label.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-15"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The lawsuit records that Adelphi relied in part on AI-detection software; court records show Turnitin's detector marked the essay as fully AI-written while two other detectors scored it human (Newsday). The university's process, not the tool alone, produced the sanction — recorded in the harm mechanism.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["made_decision_about","made_claim_about"]},"name":"Adelphi accused Orion Newby of AI plagiarism after a detector flagged his paper; a Nassau County judge ordered the finding expunged","summary":"Orion Newby, an Adelphi University first-year student with language and auditory processing disabilities, received a zero in November 2024 on a World Civilizations paper after the professor suspected it was AI-generated and the university relied in part on AI-detection software; he was ordered to attend a plagiarism workshop and his appeal was denied, leaving him one finding from suspension or expulsion. Newby — who had written the paper with 15-20 hours of tutor support through the university's own disability program — said the detectors flagged his citations, and two other detectors scored the paper as human. After the family sued, New York State Supreme Court Judge Randy Sue Marber in Nassau County ruled on 28 January 2026 that Adelphi's finding and its denial of his appeal were 'without valid basis and devoid of reason' and ordered his record expunged. The family spent six figures on legal costs.","incidentDate":"2024-11-01","incidentEndDate":"2026-01-28","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"single_interaction","reportedDate":"2025-10-10","aiSystem":"Turnitin AI-detection software (and the university's reliance on it)","aiProduct":"Turnitin AI-text detector","aiCompany":"Turnitin","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["educational_harm","financial_loss","psychological_distress"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"A false AI-plagiarism finding brought a zero, a plagiarism-workshop order one step from suspension, sleepless nights, and a year-plus fight costing six figures to clear his record — despite two other detectors scoring the paper human and the writing help coming from the university's own disability program.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One documented harmed person: Newby, the subject of the detector-driven accusation (court ruling and Newsday/ABC7 reporting). Other students mentioned by his attorney ('many parents have reached out') are unquantified and not counted.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"US","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"lawsuit_filed","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.newsday.com/long-island/education/adelphi-university-ai-plagiarism-lawsuit-oh07enyz","primarySourceLabel":"Newsday (9 Feb 2026) — the ruling, the judge's words, the family and attorney accounts, the disability and Bridges program detail","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-15T09:31:23.493757+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:46.697576+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["made-decision-about","made-claim-about","ai-detector","turnitin","education","disability","court-win","new-york"]},{"id":"2025-es-v-character-technologies","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'T.S. is a minor and lives in Colorado.'; 'In August 2024, T.S. told E.S. about an AI app that her friend was using called Character AI.'; 'She said no.'; 'T.S. had figured out how to create a new profile on the shared laptop; one that mimicked the administrator profile but had no password protection.'; 'Through this new profile T.S. was able to obtain access to C.AI.'; 'T.S. created her C.AI profile in August 2024 – almost immediately after the first time she asked to be able to download C.AI and was told no.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Her parents used strict controls to block the internet and apps they didn’t approve of, but their daughter was still able to get access to Character.AI.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The girl, who lives in Colorado, asked in August 2024 to use Character.AI and was refused by her mother; she reached the service through a new, password-free user profile she set up on the family's shared laptop, which she was allowed to use for homework, and the complaint says the Character.AI profile dates from August 2024, almost immediately after the first refusal.","causal_attribution":"The parents' complaint; the Denver Post restates it."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'C.AI and the individual Defendants recommended to K.S.’s thirteen-year-old child bots with names like, Your 4 Kidnappers, Funtime Freddy, Femboy Bully Victim, and Foot interrogation (Roblox feet).'; 'These are the bots these defendants recommended, not what T.S. searched for or even wanted to see.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"According to the complaint, Character.AI recommended to the girl bots with names such as Your 4 Kidnappers and Foot interrogation, which she had not searched for.","causal_attribution":"The complaint's allegation, citing two screenshots it reproduces."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'refusing to leave when asked, asking invasive questions and not taking no for an answer, and encouraging 13-year-old T.S. to “beg for it. I’d like you to humiliate yourself a bit before I tell you.”'; 'Defendants via a Two-Gassy Girls bot role played drugging T.S.'; 'Defendants escalated the abuse.'; 'a bot posing as a mother which not only engaged in fart fetish activities, but also, graphic and sexual descriptions and degradation.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'Bots she interacted with made sexually explicit and implicit comments to her, including telling her to “humiliate yourself a bit.”'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"According to the complaint and screenshots it reproduces, Character.AI bots engaged the girl in sexualised and degrading roleplay: a flirty bot refused to leave when asked, did not take no for an answer and told her to beg and humiliate herself; fetish-themed bots escalated the content; one bot role-played drugging her; and a bot posing as a mother produced graphic sexual descriptions and degradation.","causal_attribution":"Chat outputs as quoted and pictured in the complaint; the Denver Post relays the complaint."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'The evening of Tuesday, August 19, 2025, K.S. went upstairs to find T.S.’s bedroom door locked.'; 'he discovered the family laptop underneath her.'; 'was crying hysterically and began begging him to just let her get onto the laptop.'; 'She was devastated, upset with herself, and fearful for reasons he could not yet understand.'; 'After T.S. went to bed, K.S. checked the laptop and it all began to make sense.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On the evening of 19 August 2025 the girl's father found her sitting on the family laptop behind a locked door; she cried hysterically, begged to be allowed to do one thing on it and was devastated, and after she went to bed he found the open Character.AI conversations in the browser.","causal_attribution":"The parents' account in the complaint."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'T.S. is a minor and suffered serious harms as result of her use of C.AI.'; 'Defendants’ conduct caused severe emotional distress to T.S.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'The lawsuit alleges the conversations caused severe emotional distress for the girl.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The complaint alleges that the girl suffered severe emotional distress and serious harms from her use of Character.AI; it gives no clinical detail.","causal_attribution":"The complaint's allegation of harm and causation; no medical record or clinician is cited."},{"id":"c6","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Document 1 filed 09/15/25'; 'E.S. and K.S., individually and on behalf of minor T.S.,'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'E.S. v. Character Technologies, Inc., 1:25-cv-02906, (D. Colo.)'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'filed the federal lawsuits in the Denver Division of the U.S. District Court on Monday'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"The parents, suing for themselves and their daughter under initials, filed the complaint on 15 September 2025 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado (case 1:25-cv-02906) against Character Technologies, its founders Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas, Google and Alphabet.","causal_attribution":"The filed complaint and the court docket establish the filing; they do not establish the allegations."},{"id":"c7","status":"documented","evidence":[{"locator":"'Plaintiffs and Defendants have reached an agreement in principle to resolve the issues raised in this lawsuit.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'For good cause, this case is STAYED pending finalization of the settlement agreement.'; 'the parties shall file a joint status report on or before October 29, 2026. This matter remains STAYED.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s4"},{"locator":"'ORDER granting 32 Motion to Stay.'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"On 6 January 2026 the parties told the court they had reached an agreement in principle to resolve the case, and the court stayed it pending finalisation of the settlement agreement; on 2 August 2026 it ordered a joint status report by 29 October 2026 if no notice of dismissal had been filed, and the case remained stayed. No settlement terms are public.","causal_attribution":"The joint motion and the court's orders on the docket."},{"id":"c8","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Character.AI invests “tremendous resources” in a safety program and has self-harm resources and features “focused on the safety or our minor users,” said Kathryn Kelly, a spokesperson for Character.AI'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s5"}],"assertion":"A Character.AI spokesperson told the Denver Post that the company invests tremendous resources in its safety program and has features focused on the safety of minor users; the statement did not address this family's allegations specifically.","causal_attribution":"The company's emailed statement as reported by the Denver Post."}],"effects":[{"label":"sexualised, degrading and non-consensual roleplay from Character.AI bots delivered to a girl aged 12 to 13, as the complaint alleges","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"},{"label":"acute distress when her father found her on the laptop, and alleged severe emotional distress","claim_id":"c4","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cod.247437/gov.uscourts.cod.247437.1.0_1.pdf","kind":"civil_complaint","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-13: the complaint (ECF 1, filed 15 September 2025, 103 pages, with Exhibit A) from the CourtListener RECAP copy (HTTP 200). The plaintiffs' counsel's copy at techjusticelaw.org, cited before, returned HTTP 429 to the fetcher today. Plaintiff-specific allegations (paragraphs 15-20, 42-94) and the emotional-distress count (paragraphs 413-415) read in full; the exhibit and the general product allegations were skimmed only. The complaint documents what the parents allege; its allegations are not findings.","independence_group":"es-complaint"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cod.247437/gov.uscourts.cod.247437.32.0_1.pdf","kind":"court_filing","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-13 from the CourtListener RECAP copy (HTTP 200): ECF 32, the parties' unopposed joint motion of 6 January 2026 to stay the case pending finalisation of a settlement agreement.","independence_group":"es-docket"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71354739/es-v-character-technologies-inc/","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-13 (HTTP 200). CourtListener docket for 1:25-cv-02906 (D. Colo.) with entries from the complaint through the 2 August 2026 order.","independence_group":"es-docket"},{"id":"s4","url":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/60160699/ES_et_al_v_CHARACTER_TECHNOLOGIES,_INC_et_al","kind":"court_docket","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-13 (HTTP 200; docket last updated 10/11/2026). PacerMonitor copy of the same docket; it shows the stay order of 6 January 2026 and the status orders of 3 April and 2 August 2026.","independence_group":"es-docket"},{"id":"s5","url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2025/09/18/character-ai-bots-teens-suicide/","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-10-13 (HTTP 200), Denver Post, Elliott Wenzler, published 18 September 2025. Reports the lawsuit's allegations and a Character.AI spokesperson's emailed statement; for the girl's account it relays the complaint and the counsel's news release, so it shares the complaint's independence group.","independence_group":"es-complaint"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["own_use"],"contexts":["relationships","everyday_life"],"unknowns":["When the girl's use ended: the complaint says in paragraph 20 that she has not used Character.AI since August 2024, but its own narrative places her father's discovery of the open account on 19 August 2025 and calls her thirteen at the time of the quoted messages; incident_end_date is therefore left unset.","How long or how often she used the service: the parents say they first found 15 days of history and do not have all of her Character.AI data.","Any clinical consequence: the complaint alleges severe emotional distress but names no diagnosis or treatment.","Which of the bots were created by other users and whether Character.AI knew her age: the complaint alleges on information and belief that she identified as a minor.","The settlement terms and whether the case has been dismissed: the court ordered a joint status report by 29 October 2026.","Character.AI has not responded to these allegations on the merits in any inspected filing; the stay came before any answer."],"geography":{"basis":"The complaint states that the girl lives in Colorado, that she used Character.AI on the family's shared laptop at home, and, in its venue allegation, that a substantial part of the events giving rise to the claims occurred in the District of Colorado. The suit is in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado (docket 1:25-cv-02906). The event country rests on the complaint's own account of where the use took place.","court_countries":["US"],"event_countries":["US"],"affected_person_countries":["US"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (communicated_with). The parents' complaint quotes and reproduces Character.AI output addressed to their daughter from age 12 and describes her distress when the chats were found; the docket documents the filing and the settlement stay. One origin carries the account (the complaint, relayed by the Denver Post), so the allegations are reported and causation is alleged. The family appears only under the initials used in the caption; the county, the girl's medical condition and the explicit content of the messages beyond one quoted line are left out.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The complaint quotes and reproduces Character.AI output addressed to the girl: a bot that refused to leave when asked, did not take no for an answer and told her to beg and to humiliate herself; fetish-themed bots whose messages it quotes; a bot that role-played drugging her; a bot posing as a mother that produced graphic sexual descriptions; and recommendations of bots such as Your 4 Kidnappers. It connects those exchanges to her harm: her father found the conversations open after she became hysterical and devastated at being discovered, and the complaint alleges severe emotional distress from her use of the service. The output and its effect are the parents' allegations, supported in the filing by screenshots; no court has made findings, and the case is stayed for settlement.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["communicated_with"]},"name":"Colorado parents' lawsuit alleges Character.AI bots sent sexualised, degrading roleplay to their daughter from age 12; case stayed for settlement","summary":"Parents in Colorado allege in a federal lawsuit filed on 15 September 2025 that their daughter, refused permission to use Character.AI in August 2024, created a Character.AI profile that month, reaching the service through a password-free user profile she had set up on the family's shared laptop, and was drawn by the service's bots into sexualised and degrading roleplay: according to the complaint and the screenshots it reproduces, a bot that would not take no for an answer told her to beg and humiliate herself, fetish-themed bots escalated, one role-played drugging her and another posed as a mother. Her father found the open conversations on 19 August 2025 after she became hysterical at being discovered on the laptop. The complaint alleges severe emotional distress. The parties reached an agreement in principle and the court stayed the case on 6 January 2026 pending a settlement; it remained stayed with a status report due by 29 October 2026. The allegations have not been tested in court.","incidentDate":"2024-08-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-09-15","aiSystem":"Character.AI","aiProduct":"Character.AI","aiCompany":"Character Technologies, Inc.","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"verified","harmCategories":["minor_exploitation"],"harmOutcomes":["psychological_distress","exploitation_or_abuse"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The parents allege in a federal complaint that Character.AI bots drew their daughter, beginning when she was 12, into sexualised, degrading and non-consensual roleplay, which her father found in August 2025, and that she suffered severe emotional distress.","frameworkFacets":["P1d","P2b","P2c","P5a","P5d"],"pathwayDirection":"inward","causationStatus":"alleged","participantUsersAffectedMin":1,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":0,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person: the girl whose conversations the complaint quotes and whose distress it alleges. Her parents sue on their own behalf as well, but no source describes a distinct AI action toward them, so they are not counted.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"US-CO","platformType":"companion","outcomeType":"lawsuit_ongoing","outcomeStatus":"pending","primarySourceUrl":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cod.247437/gov.uscourts.cod.247437.1.0_1.pdf","primarySourceLabel":"E.S. v. Character Technologies, complaint (D. Colo. 1:25-cv-02906, ECF 1), 15 September 2025","firstPublishedAt":"2026-08-03T06:22:00.136927+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-13T03:06:49.692894+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["lawsuit","minor","character-ai","sexual-content","us"]},{"id":"2026-china-wang-ai-faceswap-defamation","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'2024年4月至2025年1月间，王某甲利用AI软件的深度合成技术，将于某（系化名）等多人的人脸信息与色情图片进行拼接，伪造大量不雅图片'; '多次在境外网站以公开发帖的形式予以散布。'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"Between April 2024 and January 2025 Wang used the deep-synthesis technology of AI software to splice the facial information of Yu (pseudonym) and several other people onto pornographic images, forged a large number of indecent images, fabricated 'sexual' topics about them and spread them repeatedly in public posts on overseas websites.","causal_attribution":"The court's account of the facts as published by the Jiangsu High People's Court and relayed by The Paper."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'2025年1月5日，王某甲又将两张AI换脸后面部为于某的裸照和于某有关证件图片发送给王某乙（另案处理），并捏造自己与于某存在性交易的不实信息。'; '后王某乙将上述图片转发至微信群，并在群里声称于某与他人存在性交易，引发群内外大量人员讨论，给于某的个人形象、工作、生活带来不利影响'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"On 5 January 2025 he sent two AI face-swapped nude images bearing Yu's face and images of Yu's identity documents to a second man with a fabricated claim that he had had a sex-for-money transaction with Yu; the second man forwarded them to Yu's work WeChat group and claimed there that Yu engaged in sex-for-money transactions with others, which the court found caused extensive discussion and adverse effects on Yu's image, work and life, seriously lowering Yu's social evaluation and violating Yu's dignity.","causal_attribution":"Court findings relayed by The Paper."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'张家港市人民法院于2025年12月1日作出一审判决，以诽谤罪判处被告人王某甲有期徒刑一年三个月。'; '宣判后，王某甲提出上诉。苏州市中级人民法院依法作出二审裁定，驳回上诉，维持原判。'; '1月27日，江苏省高级人民法院公布2025年度十大典型案例'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Zhangjiagang People's Court convicted him of defamation on 1 December 2025 and sentenced him to one year and three months' imprisonment, treating his voluntary surrender as mitigation; the Suzhou Intermediate People's Court rejected his appeal; on 27 January 2026 the Jiangsu High People's Court listed the case among its ten typical cases of 2025.","causal_attribution":"Court decisions as published by the High Court and relayed by The Paper; the written judgments were not inspected."}],"effects":[{"label":"the face of a person (pseudonym Yu) AI-swapped onto pornographic images posted on overseas sites and forwarded to Yu's work WeChat group with a fabricated claim of sex-for-money transactions; the court found harm to Yu's image, work, life and dignity","claim_id":"c2","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"http://thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_32473843","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read live in Chinese on 2026-09-23 (The Paper, 邱海鸿, 27 January 2026 19:07); relays the Jiangsu High People's Court's 2025 top-ten typical cases publication. The court judgment itself was not inspected. Model reading; no human bilingual review.","independence_group":"jiangsu-high-court"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["work","everyday_life","justice"],"unknowns":["The AI software used and the overseas websites.","How many other people's faces were used besides Yu.","The outcome of the separate case against the man who forwarded the images.","Whether Yu obtained civil compensation.","The judgment texts were not inspected; Chinese read by the model without human bilingual review.","Yu's sex and age are not stated in the cited body (于某, 其); earlier uncited reporting described a woman; victim_age_range adult is inferred from the work WeChat group.","Where the events took place and where Yu and the defendant live; the body names only the courts.","The conduct period is stated as ending in January 2025; 5 January 2025 is the last dated act and is used as the end date."],"geography":{"basis":"The Paper's account of the court's findings states no event location or residence for Yu or the defendant; the posts were made on overseas websites and the forwarding was to a WeChat work group. Under the charter a country is not inferred from the court, so event and affected-person countries are left empty as a reviewed unknown. Court: Zhangjiagang Municipal People's Court and Suzhou Intermediate People's Court, Jiangsu, China.","court_countries":["CN"],"event_countries":[],"affected_person_countries":[]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case with a criminal conviction: AI face-swapped pornographic images of a person forwarded to their workplace, with court findings of harm to their image, work, life and dignity, as published by the Jiangsu High People's Court and relayed by The Paper (one chain; all claims reported). The original ID and first-publication timestamp are preserved; the sentence and dates correct the historical row; the victim's sex, previously asserted, is not in the cited body and is recorded as unknown. The victim is identified only by a court pseudonym.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-23"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The court found that the defendant used the deep-synthesis technology of AI software to splice the victims' faces onto pornographic images (The Paper relaying the Jiangsu High People's Court). The software is not identified.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Jiangsu, China (Zhangjiagang court): a man used AI face-swap deep-synthesis to splice the faces of a person referred to as Yu and several others onto pornographic images, fabricated 'sexual' stories about them and posted the material repeatedly on overseas websites between April 2024 and January 2025; after two face-swapped nude images of Yu and Yu's ID were forwarded to Yu's work WeChat group with a fabricated claim of sex-for-money transactions, he was convicted of criminal defamation and sentenced to one year and three months (1 December 2025), upheld on appeal and listed by the Jiangsu High People's Court among its 2025 typical cases","summary":"According to the Jiangsu High People's Court's 2025 top-ten typical cases, published on 27 January 2026 and reported by The Paper, a man surnamed Wang used the deep-synthesis technology of AI software between April 2024 and January 2025 to splice the facial information of a person (pseudonym Yu) and several other people onto pornographic images, fabricated a large number of indecent images and 'sexual' topics about them, and repeatedly spread them in public posts on overseas websites. On 5 January 2025 he sent two AI face-swapped nude images bearing Yu's face and images of Yu's identity documents to a second man (dealt with separately) and fabricated the claim that he had had a sex-for-money transaction with Yu; although the second man said he would forward the material to Yu's work WeChat group, Wang did not clarify that it was false or effectively stop him, only deleting the contact. The second man forwarded the images to the WeChat group and claimed there that Yu sold sex, prompting extensive discussion inside and outside the group and, the court found, adverse effects on Yu's personal image, work and life, a serious lowering of Yu's social evaluation and a violation of Yu's dignity. The Zhangjiagang People's Court held that using deep-synthesis technology that ordinary people cannot easily identify to generate indecent images and fabricate sexual topics, spread repeatedly through information networks, was defamation of serious circumstances that seriously harmed social order; taking into account his voluntary surrender, it sentenced him on 1 December 2025 to one year and three months' imprisonment for defamation. The Suzhou Intermediate People's Court rejected his appeal. The High Court described the case as a typical example of punishing online defamation committed with AI.","incidentDate":"2024-04-01","incidentEndDate":"2025-01-05","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"range","exposurePattern":"unknown","reportedDate":"2026-01-27","aiSystem":"AI deep-synthesis ('face-swap') software; not identified in the court's account","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"The face of a person (pseudonym Yu) was AI-swapped onto pornographic images that were posted repeatedly on overseas websites and then forwarded to Yu's workplace WeChat group with a fabricated claim that she sold sex; the court found adverse effects on Yu's image, work and life, a serious lowering of Yu's social evaluation and a violation of Yu's personal dignity. The court's findings are relayed by The Paper; the judgment itself was not inspected.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"partial","affectedCountEvidence":"One identified victim (Yu, pseudonym) whose images reached her work group; the court states that several other people's faces were also used (于某等多人) without a number. Partial: 1 counted plus unquantified others.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"CN","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"resolved","primarySourceUrl":"http://thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_32473843","primarySourceLabel":"The Paper (澎湃新闻), 27 January 2026: 利用AI换脸生成不雅照片诽谤他人，男子被判一年三个月","firstPublishedAt":"2026-06-15T06:50:02.798485+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:31.844756+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["criminal","deepfake","face-swap","defamation","china","jiangsu","non-consensual-images","conviction","workplace","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-valencia-spain-deepfake-school","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'began investigating in December last year after a female student reported the creation of a social media account in her name that featured an AI-generated video'; '\"All these photos had been modified from the originals, which had been manipulated so that the people in them appeared completely naked\"'; 'a webpage devoted to advertising the images for commercial purposes'; 'After 15 other minors came forward with similar complaints'; 'a 17-year-old boy was being investigated on suspicion of corrupting minors'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"From December 2024 a girl in the Ribera Alta area reported fake accounts in her name with an AI-generated video and AI-manipulated nude photos of minors, plus a webpage advertising the images commercially; 15 other minors complained; the Guardia Civil traced the accounts to a 17-year-old schoolmate, now investigated for corrupting minors under a Valencia youth court.","causal_attribution":"Guardia Civil statement as reported by the Guardian; single chain."}],"effects":[{"label":"16 minors depicted in AI-generated nude images and videos on fake accounts, one impersonated by name, images advertised for sale","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/27/spanish-teenager-investigated-ai-generated-nude-videos","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-18 (The Guardian, 27 July 2025). Reports and quotes the Guardia Civil's statement of 27 July 2025; the Spanish original of the statement was not read.","independence_group":"guardian"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["The outcome of the youth-court proceeding is not known.","The AI tools and the platforms hosting the accounts are not named.","Whether any images were actually sold is not stated."],"geography":{"basis":"Guardia Civil officers in the Ribera Alta area of Valencia province investigated; the victims are the suspect's schoolmates there; a youth court in Valencia oversees the case (Guardian).","court_countries":["ES"],"event_countries":["ES"],"affected_person_countries":["ES"]},"publication":{"basis":"Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case involving identified (unnamed) depicted minors, an impersonation and a police investigation under a youth court. One chain read; claims recorded as reported. Original ID and first-publication timestamp preserved; incident date corrected to the first complaint.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-18"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The Guardia Civil statement, as quoted by the Guardian, describes AI-generated videos and AI-modified photos and a website advertising AI image-modification services; no forensic detail is published. The artifacts depicted the minors and impersonated one girl by name.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Ribera Alta, Valencia: a 17-year-old was investigated for making AI-generated nude images and videos of 16 schoolmates, impersonating a girl on fake accounts and advertising the images for sale","summary":"In December 2024 a female student in the Ribera Alta area of Valencia province reported to the Guardia Civil that a social-media account had been created in her name featuring an AI-generated video, and later a second account in her name, other accounts showing AI-generated nude videos, and a webpage advertising the images for commercial purposes; the Guardia Civil said the photos, all of minors, had been manipulated so that the people in them appeared completely naked. After 15 other minors came forward with similar complaints, officers traced IP addresses and account emails to the home of a 17-year-old schoolmate, who is being investigated on suspicion of corrupting minors under a Valencia youth court. The Guardia Civil announced the investigation on 27 July 2025.","incidentDate":"2024-12-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-07-27","aiSystem":"AI image and video manipulation tools (not named; police examined a website advertising AI image-modification services)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image and video tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"Sixteen minors were depicted in AI-generated nude images and videos published on fake accounts, with one girl also impersonated by name, and the images were advertised for sale; a schoolmate is under youth-court investigation.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":16,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One complainant plus 15 other minors who came forward with similar complaints (Guardian, quoting the Guardia Civil): exact count of 16 depicted minors.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"ES","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/27/spanish-teenager-investigated-ai-generated-nude-videos","primarySourceLabel":"The Guardian, 27 July 2025: Spanish teenager investigated over AI-generated nude videos of 16 schoolmates (Guardia Civil statement)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-03-09T05:45:25.741735+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:20.032625+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ai-generated-imagery","minors","school","impersonation","spain","valencia","guardia-civil","youth-court","depicted"]}]}