{
  "meta": {
    "exportedAt": "2026-09-22T18:28:29.515Z",
    "formatVersion": 2,
    "selection": {
      "q": "chatbot",
      "system": "",
      "harm": "",
      "context": "",
      "country": "",
      "role": "",
      "relation": "unknown",
      "evidence": "",
      "year": "",
      "response": "regulatory",
      "severity": "",
      "verification": "",
      "view": "incidents",
      "sort": "added"
    },
    "totalIncidents": 3,
    "coverage": {
      "cases": 3,
      "countries": 2,
      "languages": 2,
      "unknownLocation": 0,
      "locationPending": 0,
      "unknownLanguage": 1,
      "unknownDate": 0,
      "lawsuits": 0,
      "regulatory": 3,
      "minors": 3,
      "coreRelations": 0,
      "contextualRelations": 0,
      "mixedRelations": 0,
      "unknownRelations": 3,
      "relationPending": 3,
      "relationUnknown": 0
    },
    "countingNote": "Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.",
    "affectedCountNote": "Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.",
    "source": "NOPE Incident Tracker",
    "url": "https://nope.net/incidents",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0"
  },
  "incidents": [
    {
      "id": "2025-singapore-far-right-teen-ai-firearms",
      "metadataReview": {
        "version": 1,
        "geography": {
          "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed against the cited retained dossier passages. This is a metadata review, not a new source or causal review. Residence, event setting and court are recorded separately. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.",
          "evidence": [
            {
              "kind": "existing_record",
              "locator": "A 17-year-old far-right extremist in Singapore used an AI chatbot",
              "location": "summary",
              "supports": [
                "event_countries",
                "affected_person_countries"
              ],
              "countries": [
                "SG"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "court_countries": [],
          "event_countries": [
            "SG"
          ],
          "affected_person_countries": [
            "SG"
          ]
        },
        "unresolved": [
          "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts.",
          "Source languages remain unreviewed; no source body was newly inspected for this record during this metadata pass."
        ],
        "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15",
        "source_reviews": []
      },
      "name": "Singapore Far-Right Teen Plot (AI Ammunition Instructions)",
      "summary": "A 17-year-old far-right extremist in Singapore used an AI chatbot to obtain instructions for producing ammunition and considered 3D printing firearms to carry out attacks. Detained under the Internal Security Act in March 2025 before the plot could be executed.",
      "incidentDate": "2025-03-15",
      "incidentKind": "single_event",
      "incidentDatePrecision": "month",
      "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions",
      "reportedDate": "2025-03-20",
      "aiSystem": "AI chatbot (unspecified)",
      "aiCompany": "Unknown",
      "severity": "high",
      "verificationStatus": "verified",
      "harmCategories": [
        "third_party_harm_facilitation",
        "method_provision",
        "minor_exploitation"
      ],
      "harmOutcomes": [
        "legal_harm",
        "loss_of_liberty"
      ],
      "harmOutcomeSummary": "A 17-year-old participant was detained under Singapore's Internal Security Act after using an AI chatbot to obtain ammunition-production instructions while considering firearm attacks.",
      "frameworkFacets": [
        "P1d",
        "P5d"
      ],
      "pathwayDirection": "outward",
      "causationStatus": "supported",
      "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1,
      "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0,
      "affectedCountStatus": "exact",
      "affectedCountEvidence": "The official record documents one detained minor AI participant. The considered attacks were not carried out, so no intended targets are counted.",
      "victimAgeRange": "minor",
      "jurisdiction": "SG",
      "platformType": "chatbot",
      "outcomeType": "regulatory_action",
      "outcomeStatus": "resolved",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.isd.gov.sg/news-and-resources/singapore-terrorism-threat-assessment-report-2025/",
      "primarySourceLabel": "Singapore Internal Security Department - Terrorism Threat Assessment Report 2025",
      "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-22T07:15:38.750068+00:00",
      "scopeVersion": "participant-v2",
      "tags": [
        "terrorism",
        "far-right",
        "radicalization",
        "minor",
        "singapore",
        "firearms",
        "ammunition",
        "3d-printing",
        "foiled-plot",
        "method-provision"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "2024-singapore-isis-teen-ai-baiah",
      "metadataReview": {
        "version": 1,
        "geography": {
          "basis": "Event and affected-person country Singapore from the ISD report's own account of the planned attack near Tampines West Community Club and the detention under the Internal Security Act. No court: an ISA detention is an executive order, and no court proceeding is reported.",
          "evidence": [
            {
              "kind": "existing_record",
              "locator": "planned to attack non-Muslim males in a Tampines open space",
              "location": "summary",
              "supports": [
                "event_countries",
                "affected_person_countries"
              ],
              "countries": [
                "SG"
              ]
            },
            {
              "kind": "source_body",
              "locator": "'The first youth is a 17-year-old male student who was detained in September 2024 ... against non-Muslim males at a crowded location near Tampines West Community Club during his September school holidays'",
              "location": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/155/3c41ba65-fa24-4ef1-9bf9-0b79d892a742/sttar-2025-(final).pdf",
              "supports": [
                "event_countries",
                "affected_person_countries"
              ],
              "countries": [
                "SG"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "court_countries": [],
          "event_countries": [
            "SG"
          ],
          "affected_person_countries": [
            "SG"
          ]
        },
        "unresolved": [
          "No court country: the detention is an Internal Security Act order, not a court proceeding.",
          "The two press sources remain uninspected; their languages are not recorded."
        ],
        "reviewed_on": "2026-09-18",
        "source_reviews": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.isd.gov.sg/news-and-resources/singapore-terrorism-threat-assessment-report-2025/",
            "notes": "Read in English on 2026-09-18. Landing page of 29 July 2025 summarising the report; it does not itself describe the Tampines case but links the PDF.",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/155/3c41ba65-fa24-4ef1-9bf9-0b79d892a742/sttar-2025-(final).pdf",
            "notes": "Read in English on 2026-09-18 (14.9 MB PDF, text extracted with pdftotext). Pages on youth self-radicalisation describe the 17-year-old detained in September 2024, the planned knife or scissors attack near Tampines West Community Club, and that he 'had used an AI chatbot to generate a bai'ah to ISIS, and a declaration of armed jihad'.",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2886312/singapore-foils-teen-terror-plot-weeks-before-planned-attack-in-public-housing-area",
            "notes": "HTTP 451 to this EEA-hosted box on 2026-09-18; body not inspected, language not established.",
            "access": "unavailable",
            "language": null
          },
          {
            "url": "https://theprint.in/world/singapore-warns-of-elevated-terror-threat-amid-rising-extremist-ideologies/2705989/",
            "notes": "HTTP 403 on 2026-09-18; body not inspected, language not established.",
            "access": "unavailable",
            "language": null
          }
        ]
      },
      "name": "Singapore ISIS Teen Plot (AI-Generated Oath of Allegiance)",
      "summary": "A 17-year-old self-radicalized Singaporean student used an AI chatbot to generate a bai'ah (oath of allegiance) to ISIS and planned to attack non-Muslim males in a Tampines open space with a knife or scissors. He crafted a declaration of armed jihad to release before the attack. Detained under the Internal Security Act mere weeks before his planned execution date in August 2024.",
      "incidentDate": "2024-08-15",
      "incidentKind": "single_event",
      "incidentDatePrecision": "month",
      "exposurePattern": "single_interaction",
      "reportedDate": "2025-01-15",
      "aiSystem": "AI chatbot (unspecified)",
      "aiCompany": "Unknown",
      "severity": "high",
      "verificationStatus": "verified",
      "harmCategories": [
        "third_party_harm_facilitation",
        "delusion_reinforcement",
        "minor_exploitation"
      ],
      "harmOutcomes": [
        "legal_harm",
        "loss_of_liberty"
      ],
      "harmOutcomeSummary": "A 17-year-old participant was detained under Singapore's Internal Security Act after preparing a knife attack and using an AI chatbot to generate a formal oath of allegiance to ISIS.",
      "frameworkFacets": [
        "P1d",
        "P3b",
        "P3d",
        "P5d"
      ],
      "pathwayDirection": "outward",
      "causationStatus": "supported",
      "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1,
      "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0,
      "affectedCountStatus": "exact",
      "affectedCountEvidence": "The official record documents one detained participant. The planned attack was foiled, so intended targets are not counted.",
      "victimAgeRange": "minor",
      "jurisdiction": "SG",
      "platformType": "chatbot",
      "outcomeType": "regulatory_action",
      "outcomeStatus": "resolved",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.isd.gov.sg/news-and-resources/singapore-terrorism-threat-assessment-report-2025/",
      "primarySourceLabel": "Singapore Internal Security Department - Terrorism Threat Assessment Report 2025",
      "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-22T07:15:30.289003+00:00",
      "scopeVersion": "participant-v2",
      "tags": [
        "terrorism",
        "isis",
        "radicalization",
        "minor",
        "singapore",
        "baiah",
        "knife-attack",
        "lone-wolf",
        "foiled-plot",
        "manifesto"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "2023-replika-italy-gdpr",
      "metadataReview": {
        "version": 1,
        "geography": {
          "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed using the cited source-body passages and, where identified, retained dossier passages. Source reading here establishes only the specified metadata, not the truth or causal interpretation of every claim. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.",
          "evidence": [
            {
              "kind": "source_body",
              "locator": "Italian paragraphs beginning “Il Garante della privacy ferma” and “Replika viola”: processing of Italian users’ personal data.",
              "location": "https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9852506",
              "supports": [
                "event_countries",
                "affected_person_countries"
              ],
              "countries": [
                "IT"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "court_countries": [],
          "event_countries": [
            "IT"
          ],
          "affected_person_countries": [
            "IT"
          ]
        },
        "unresolved": [
          "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts."
        ],
        "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15",
        "source_reviews": [
          {
            "url": "https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9852506",
            "notes": "Italian body and embedded official English translation read. Country relates to affected users/data rights. The Garante is a regulator, not a court.",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "it"
          }
        ]
      },
      "name": "Replika Italy GDPR Ban and Fine",
      "summary": "Italy's data protection authority (Garante) blocked Replika from processing Italian user data in February 2023 after finding the chatbot engaged in sexually suggestive conversations with minors. In May 2025, Replika was fined €5 million for GDPR violations.",
      "incidentDate": "2023-02-02",
      "incidentKind": "bounded_series",
      "incidentDatePrecision": "day",
      "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions",
      "reportedDate": "2023-02-02",
      "aiSystem": "Replika",
      "aiCompany": "Luka, Inc.",
      "severity": "high",
      "verificationStatus": "verified",
      "harmCategories": [
        "minor_exploitation",
        "romantic_escalation"
      ],
      "harmOutcomes": [
        "exploitation_or_abuse",
        "psychological_distress"
      ],
      "harmOutcomeSummary": "Italy's data-protection authority found that Replika engaged minors in sexually suggestive participant-facing conversations without effective age assurance and blocked the service from processing Italian user data.",
      "frameworkFacets": [
        "P1d",
        "P2b",
        "P2c",
        "P5a",
        "P5d"
      ],
      "pathwayDirection": "inward",
      "causationStatus": "established",
      "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0,
      "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 0,
      "affectedCountStatus": "unquantified",
      "affectedCountEvidence": "The regulator documents harmful sexualized interactions with minors but does not publish a reliable distinct-person count.",
      "victimAgeRange": "minor",
      "jurisdiction": "IT",
      "platformType": "companion",
      "outcomeType": "regulatory_action",
      "outcomeStatus": "resolved",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9852506",
      "primarySourceLabel": "Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (Italian DPA)",
      "firstPublishedAt": "2026-01-11T11:26:29.042792+00:00",
      "scopeVersion": "participant-v2",
      "tags": [
        "regulatory",
        "gdpr",
        "italy",
        "replika",
        "fine",
        "minor_exploitation",
        "eu"
      ]
    }
  ]
}