{
  "meta": {
    "exportedAt": "2026-09-22T17:47:50.842Z",
    "formatVersion": 2,
    "selection": {
      "q": "ai-generated",
      "system": "",
      "harm": "",
      "context": "",
      "country": "",
      "role": "",
      "relation": "",
      "evidence": "",
      "year": "2025",
      "response": "lawsuit",
      "severity": "",
      "verification": "",
      "view": "incidents",
      "sort": "added"
    },
    "totalIncidents": 2,
    "coverage": {
      "cases": 2,
      "countries": 0,
      "languages": 1,
      "unknownLocation": 2,
      "locationPending": 0,
      "unknownLanguage": 1,
      "unknownDate": 0,
      "lawsuits": 2,
      "regulatory": 0,
      "minors": 0,
      "coreRelations": 0,
      "contextualRelations": 1,
      "mixedRelations": 0,
      "unknownRelations": 1,
      "relationPending": 1,
      "relationUnknown": 0
    },
    "countingNote": "Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.",
    "affectedCountNote": "Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.",
    "source": "NOPE Incident Tracker",
    "url": "https://nope.net/incidents",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0"
  },
  "incidents": [
    {
      "id": "2025-keene-v-google-ai-overview-defamation",
      "caseFacts": {
        "claims": [
          {
            "id": "c1",
            "status": "documented",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "Opinion page 2 lists Overviews 1–4 separately: 1, 2 and 4 concern life without parole; 2 mentions murders of three women; 3 says he was convicted of drug trafficking. The analysis of Overview 3 and conclusion explain its substantial-truth dismissal.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s1"
              },
              {
                "locator": "Complaint excerpt: statements that he 'is serving a life sentence without parole for multiple convictions' and 'for the murders of 3 women'.",
                "relation": "context",
                "source_id": "s4"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "The court’s opinion recounts four challenged Google AI Overviews between approximately 24 May and 27 June 2025. The complaint alleges that Overviews 1, 2 and 4 falsely said Keene was serving life without parole, with Overview 2 adding murders of three women. Overview 3 instead said he had been convicted of drug trafficking; the court considered that statement substantially true.",
            "causal_attribution": "Allegations of the complaint as recited by the court; accepted as true only for the motion to dismiss."
          },
          {
            "id": "c2",
            "status": "documented",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "Page 2: 'Keene complained to Google about the false statements on three occasions ... Google allegedly apologized ... and deemed the statements errors made by its Artificial Intelligence.' and 'AI Overviews 1 and 2 were seen by various family members, friends, and acquaintances.'",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s1"
              },
              {
                "locator": "Complaint excerpt: 27 May 2025 complaint; Google 'privately apologized', attributing the statements to 'an unknown error made by their Artificial Intelligence Platform'.",
                "relation": "context",
                "source_id": "s4"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "The complaint alleges he notified Google on 27 May, 31 May and after 27 June 2025, that Google apologised each time and attributed the statements to errors by its AI, and that Overviews 1 and 2 were seen by family members, friends and acquaintances.",
            "causal_attribution": "Allegations as recited by the court."
          },
          {
            "id": "c3",
            "status": "documented",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "Pages 1 and 12: 'that motion is granted in part and denied in part' ... 'the Court denies Google's motion to dismiss AI Overviews 1 and 2, and grants Google's motion to dismiss AI Overviews 3 and 4 without prejudice. Keene may file an amended complaint by October 13, 2026.'",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s1"
              },
              {
                "locator": "Docket entry 29, 14 September 2026: 'Memorandum Opinion and Order AND Order on Motion to Dismiss'.",
                "relation": "context",
                "source_id": "s2"
              },
              {
                "locator": "Post quoting the opinion's actual-malice and disclaimer holdings.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s3"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "On 14 September 2026 Judge Thomas M. Durkin denied Google's motion to dismiss the defamation per se claim as to Overviews 1 and 2, holding that the plaintiff, a public figure, had plausibly pleaded actual malice through his three notifications, and dismissed the claims on Overviews 3 (substantially true) and 4 (publication not alleged) without prejudice, with leave to amend by 13 October 2026.",
            "causal_attribution": "Court ruling on the pleadings; no finding of liability."
          },
          {
            "id": "c4",
            "status": "documented",
            "evidence": [
              {
                "locator": "Page 2: 'Keene filed his complaint ... on July 30, 2025, in the Circuit Court of Cook County. Google removed the suit to federal court on September 22, 2025.'",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s1"
              },
              {
                "locator": "Docket header: filed 22 September 2025, No. 1:25-cv-11431.",
                "relation": "supports",
                "source_id": "s2"
              }
            ],
            "assertion": "The suit was filed in the Circuit Court of Cook County on 30 July 2025 and removed by Google to federal court on 22 September 2025.",
            "causal_attribution": "Procedural history from the court record."
          }
        ],
        "effects": [
          {
            "label": "reputational_harm_from_false_ai_statements",
            "claim_id": "c1",
            "direction": "negative"
          }
        ],
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "s1",
            "url": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ilnd.486629/gov.uscourts.ilnd.486629.29.0.pdf",
            "kind": "court_opinion",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Memorandum Opinion and Order, ECF No. 29, filed 14 September 2026; PDF read in full via CourtListener RECAP on 2026-09-15.",
            "independence_group": "court-record"
          },
          {
            "id": "s2",
            "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71417738/keene-v-google-llc/",
            "kind": "court_docket",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Public docket page read on 2026-09-15.",
            "independence_group": "court-record"
          },
          {
            "id": "s3",
            "url": "https://reason.com/volokh/2026/09/14/federal-court-allows-libel-by-ai-claim-brought-by-protagonist-of-apple-tvs-black-bird-series-to-go-forward/",
            "kind": "legal_commentary",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read on 2026-09-15; quotes the opinion.",
            "independence_group": "court-record"
          },
          {
            "id": "s4",
            "url": "https://reason.com/volokh/2025/09/23/from-prison-to-helping-the-fbi-to-an-apple-tv-miniseries-to-google-hallucinated-libel/",
            "kind": "legal_commentary",
            "access": "read",
            "language": "en",
            "translation_note": "Read on 2026-09-15; quotes the complaint at removal.",
            "independence_group": "court-record"
          }
        ],
        "version": 1,
        "ai_roles": [
          "institutional_use"
        ],
        "contexts": [
          "everyday_life",
          "privacy",
          "justice"
        ],
        "unknowns": [
          "The plaintiff's residence and the locations where the Overviews were generated or viewed are not stated in the inspected records.",
          "No damages figure appears in the inspected records.",
          "The complaint exhibits (screenshots of the Overviews) were not inspected.",
          "The case continues; an amended complaint was due by 13 October 2026."
        ],
        "geography": {
          "basis": "The AI Overviews were generated online in response to searches; where they were generated or viewed is not stated. The plaintiff's residence is not stated in the inspected records, and the charter does not infer a country from the court. Court: United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, after removal from the Circuit Court of Cook County.",
          "court_countries": [
            "US"
          ],
          "event_countries": [],
          "affected_person_countries": []
        },
        "publication": {
          "basis": "Published on the strength of the court's own opinion and docket, read in full, with legal commentary as context. The plaintiff is a public figure who sued under his own name; allegations are attributed to the complaint and the ruling is limited to the pleadings.",
          "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15"
        },
        "ai_involvement": {
          "basis": "The statements at issue appeared in Google's AI Overviews, and the court's opinion recites the allegation that Google attributed them to errors by its artificial intelligence. The screenshots are exhibits to the complaint and were not inspected here; the court accepted the allegations as true for the motion to dismiss only.",
          "status": "supported"
        },
        "person_relations": [
          "made_claim_about"
        ]
      },
      "name": "Keene v. Google: defamation claim over AI Overviews calling an author a convicted murderer survives dismissal",
      "summary": "An author and television producer, the subject of the Apple TV series 'Black Bird', sued Google, alleging that AI Overviews shown for searches about him in May and June 2025 falsely said he was serving a life sentence without parole, in one version for the murders of three women. He says he notified Google three times and received apologies attributing the statements to its AI, yet similar statements kept appearing. On 14 September 2026 the Northern District of Illinois denied Google's motion to dismiss as to two of the four challenged Overviews and dismissed the other two without prejudice. This was a ruling on the pleadings, not a finding that the allegations were proven.",
      "incidentDate": "2025-05-24",
      "incidentEndDate": "2025-06-27",
      "incidentKind": "bounded_series",
      "incidentDatePrecision": "range",
      "exposurePattern": "unknown",
      "reportedDate": "2025-09-23",
      "aiSystem": "Google AI Overviews",
      "aiCompany": "Google LLC",
      "severity": "medium",
      "verificationStatus": "verified",
      "harmCategories": [],
      "harmOutcomes": [
        "reputational_harm"
      ],
      "harmOutcomeSummary": "The plaintiff alleges that false AI-generated statements that he was a convicted murderer serving life without parole were shown to searchers, including family, friends and acquaintances, and continued after he notified Google.",
      "frameworkFacets": [],
      "causationStatus": "alleged",
      "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0,
      "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1,
      "affectedCountStatus": "exact",
      "affectedCountEvidence": "One person is the subject of the alleged defamatory statements and the plaintiff (court opinion). Family and acquaintances who saw the statements are not counted as harmed.",
      "victimAgeRange": "adult",
      "outcomeType": "lawsuit_ongoing",
      "outcomeStatus": "ongoing",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ilnd.486629/gov.uscourts.ilnd.486629.29.0.pdf",
      "primarySourceLabel": "Memorandum Opinion and Order, Keene v. Google LLC, No. 25 C 11431 (N.D. Ill. 14 September 2026), ECF No. 29, via CourtListener RECAP",
      "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-15T03:23:44.732123+00:00",
      "scopeVersion": "facts-v3",
      "tags": [
        "defamation",
        "ai-overviews",
        "google",
        "hallucination",
        "lawsuit",
        "reputational-harm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "2026-doe-v-openai-stalking",
      "metadataReview": {
        "version": 1,
        "geography": {
          "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed against the cited retained dossier passages. This is a metadata review, not a new source or causal review. Residence, event setting and court are recorded separately. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.",
          "evidence": [
            {
              "kind": "existing_record",
              "locator": "California",
              "location": "victim_description",
              "supports": [
                "affected_person_countries"
              ],
              "countries": [
                "US"
              ]
            }
          ],
          "court_countries": [],
          "event_countries": [],
          "affected_person_countries": [
            "US"
          ]
        },
        "unresolved": [
          "The event setting was not established in this metadata pass. A person’s home country alone was not used as its location.",
          "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts.",
          "Source languages remain unreviewed; no source body was newly inspected for this record during this metadata pass."
        ],
        "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15",
        "source_reviews": []
      },
      "name": "Doe v. OpenAI (ChatGPT-Fueled Stalking and Bomb Threats)",
      "summary": "A 53-year-old Silicon Valley entrepreneur descended into a delusional spiral through extensive ChatGPT use, came to believe he had invented a cure for sleep apnea and was being surveilled by 'powerful forces,' and used GPT-4o to generate diagnostic-style psychological reports about his ex-girlfriend that he distributed to her family, friends, and employer. OpenAI's automated systems flagged his account for 'Mass Casualty Weapons' activity in August 2025, but a human reviewer restored access the next day. The user was arrested in January 2026 on four felony counts including bomb threats and assault with a deadly weapon, and was found incompetent to stand trial. The victim ('Jane Doe') filed suit against OpenAI on April 9, 2026.",
      "incidentDate": "2025-07-15",
      "incidentKind": "single_event",
      "incidentDatePrecision": "range",
      "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship",
      "reportedDate": "2026-04-09",
      "aiSystem": "ChatGPT",
      "aiCompany": "OpenAI",
      "severity": "high",
      "verificationStatus": "verified",
      "harmCategories": [
        "third_party_harm_facilitation",
        "delusion_reinforcement",
        "psychological_manipulation",
        "crisis_response"
      ],
      "harmOutcomes": [
        "psychological_distress",
        "reputational_harm",
        "exploitation_or_abuse",
        "harm_to_others",
        "legal_harm",
        "loss_of_liberty",
        "psychiatric_deterioration"
      ],
      "harmOutcomeSummary": "A participant distributed AI-generated diagnostic claims about his former partner, was later arrested for alleged bomb threats and assault, and was found incompetent to stand trial. The former partner sued over the resulting stalking and abuse.",
      "frameworkFacets": [
        "P1a",
        "P1c",
        "P1d",
        "P3a",
        "P3b",
        "P3d",
        "P5b",
        "P5d"
      ],
      "pathwayDirection": "both",
      "causationStatus": "alleged",
      "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1,
      "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1,
      "affectedCountStatus": "exact",
      "affectedCountEvidence": "The complaint and criminal record document one AI participant's psychiatric and legal harms and one former partner's stalking, reputational, and psychological harms.",
      "victimAgeRange": "adult",
      "jurisdiction": "US-CA",
      "platformType": "assistant",
      "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed",
      "outcomeStatus": "ongoing",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/04/10/stalking-victim-sues-openai-claims-chatgpt-fueled-her-abusers-delusions-and-ignored-her-warnings/",
      "primarySourceLabel": "TechCrunch — Stalking victim sues OpenAI",
      "firstPublishedAt": "2026-04-28T13:00:08.422853+00:00",
      "scopeVersion": "participant-v2",
      "tags": [
        "lawsuit",
        "chatgpt",
        "openai",
        "stalking",
        "harassment",
        "bomb-threats",
        "third-party-harm",
        "delusion",
        "us",
        "california",
        "edelson"
      ]
    }
  ]
}