{ "meta": { "exportedAt": "2026-09-22T15:25:20.101Z", "formatVersion": 2, "selection": { "q": "ai-generated", "system": "", "harm": "", "context": "", "country": "", "role": "", "relation": "", "evidence": "", "year": "", "response": "lawsuit", "severity": "", "verification": "", "view": "incidents", "sort": "added" }, "totalIncidents": 4, "coverage": { "cases": 4, "countries": 1, "languages": 1, "unknownLocation": 2, "locationPending": 0, "unknownLanguage": 1, "unknownDate": 0, "lawsuits": 4, "regulatory": 0, "minors": 1, "coreRelations": 1, "contextualRelations": 2, "mixedRelations": 0, "unknownRelations": 1, "relationPending": 1, "relationUnknown": 0 }, "countingNote": "Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.", "affectedCountNote": "Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.", "source": "NOPE Incident Tracker", "url": "https://nope.net/incidents", "license": "CC BY 4.0" }, "incidents": [ { "id": "2026-newby-adelphi-ai-detector-vacated", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "corroborated", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'In November 2024, Newby submitted a paper on Christianity and Islam'; 'Oelze gave the paper a grade of zero, according to court filings, in part because he thought it was AI-generated'; 'According to the lawsuit, Adelphi relied in part on AI detection software'; 'Turnitin's AI detector marked the essay as fully AI-written, but Newby ran it through two other detectors that said it was written by a human, court records show'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'Adelphi University says an AI detection software flagged 19-year-old Orion Newby's work and claims the paper was \"too advanced\" for the first-year student'; 'That paper earned him a zero'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "In November 2024 Newby submitted a paper on Christianity and Islam for the fall 2024 World Civilizations 1 class; the professor graded it zero in part because he thought it was AI-generated, and Adelphi, per the lawsuit, relied in part on AI-detection software — court records show Turnitin's detector marked the essay as fully AI-written while two other detectors scored it human.", "causal_attribution": "The detector results and the lawsuit's contents are attributed to court filings as carried by Newsday; the professor's suspicion is attributed to court filings and ABC7." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "corroborated", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'University officials ordered Newby to attend a plagiarism workshop — which, while considered a \"nondisciplinary\" punishment, could have resulted in suspension or expulsion if he was found to have committed a second offense'; 'The university's denial of Newby's appeal left the family \"no choice\" but to sue'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'Adelphi told him he had to take an anti-plagiarism course, and until he did, he couldn't enroll in other classes. That's when his family sued.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "Newby was ordered to attend a plagiarism workshop — a 'nondisciplinary' punishment that could have led to suspension or expulsion on a second offense — was told he could not enroll in other classes until he complied, and his appeal was denied; the family sued in October 2025.", "causal_attribution": "Both chains independently carry the workshop order and the enrollment block (Newsday from the ruling stage, ABC7 from the filing stage)." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'state Supreme Court Judge Randy Sue Marber in Nassau County wrote on Jan. 28. The school must expunge his record, the judge ruled'; 'were \"without valid basis and devoid of reason\"'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "Inside Higher Ed's relay describes a 'federal judge' — erroneous; Judge Marber's state Supreme Court decision controls.", "relation": "contradicts", "source_id": "s3" } ], "assertion": "On 28 January 2026, New York State Supreme Court Judge Randy Sue Marber in Nassau County ruled that Adelphi's finding and its denial of his appeal were 'without valid basis and devoid of reason' and ordered the school to expunge his record.", "causal_attribution": "The ruling is documented by Newsday's report quoting the decision; the IHE forum error is recorded explicitly. The decision text itself was not fetched (Newsday's account is the inspected record)." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "corroborated", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'treated since he was about 2 years old for learning and neurological disabilities that include language and auditory processing disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder'; 'He had worked on it with a tutor from Bridges to Adelphi, the university's $5,000-a-semester program'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "'Newby has learning differences... issues specifically with language processing. At Adelphi, he's in a special program with extra support'; 'I told him I worked 15 to 20 hours with tutors'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "Newby has been treated since about age two for learning and neurological disabilities — language and auditory processing disorders and ADHD — and wrote the paper with a tutor from Bridges to Adelphi, the university's own $5,000-a-semester disability-support program, working 15-20 hours with tutors.", "causal_attribution": "The disability and support details come from his mother's and his own accounts, carried by both chains." }, { "id": "c5", "status": "reported", "evidence": [ { "locator": "'The family has spent six figures on legal costs, she said'; Lesko passages ('bellwether example'; 'I can't tell you how many parents have reached out to us with similar issues').", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The family spent six figures on legal costs; attorney Mark Lesko called the ruling a 'bellwether example' and said many parents had contacted him with similar issues.", "causal_attribution": "The mother's and the attorney's accounts; the 'many parents' figure is unquantified and no other persons are counted." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "false AI-plagiarism accusation with academic and financial consequences until a court ordered expungement", "claim_id": "c2", "direction": "negative" }, { "label": "recovery: court cleared his record; he continues at Adelphi as a second-year history major", "claim_id": "c3", "direction": "positive" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://www.newsday.com/long-island/education/adelphi-university-ai-plagiarism-lawsuit-oh07enyz", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-15 (datePublished 2026-02-09T10:00Z; 48 paragraphs).", "independence_group": "newsday" }, { "id": "s2", "url": "https://abc7ny.com/post/adelphi-student-long-island-sues-university-allegations-he-used-ai-write-essay/17980409/", "kind": "local_tv_news", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-15 (datePublished 2025-10-10T20:54Z).", "independence_group": "abc7" }, { "id": "s3", "url": "https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2026/02/11/adelphi-student-wins-ai-plagiarism-lawsuit", "kind": "trade_press_relaying_newsday", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in English on 2026-09-15 (2026-02-11). Relays Newsday; its 'federal judge' phrase is erroneous — Judge Marber sits in the state Supreme Court, and the claim records the discrepancy.", "independence_group": "newsday" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "institutional_use" ], "contexts": [ "education", "justice", "accessibility" ], "unknowns": [ "The decision text was not fetched; the ruling is recorded through Newsday's account quoting the judge.", "The similarity scores Turnitin returned and the university's full decision letter are not public in the inspected sources.", "Whether Adelphi changed its AI-detection or appeals policies afterward is not reported.", "The first-person Times account (28 Aug 2026) is paywalled and was not inspected; his later reflections are therefore not claimed.", "The workshop's completion status after the ruling (moot after expungement) is not reported." ], "geography": { "basis": "Event: Adelphi University, Garden City, New York. Affected person: Newby, a student there living in Lido Beach, NY. Court: New York State Supreme Court, Nassau County.", "court_countries": [ "US" ], "event_countries": [ "US" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "publication": { "basis": "Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as an institutional automated-decision case (made_decision_about / made_claim_about): a detector-driven false accusation with court-vacated sanctions. Newby and his parents spoke publicly; his disability is recorded because it is central to the case's facts (the university's own support program produced the writing process the detector misread), not as a label.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The lawsuit records that Adelphi relied in part on AI-detection software; court records show Turnitin's detector marked the essay as fully AI-written while two other detectors scored it human (Newsday). The university's process, not the tool alone, produced the sanction — recorded in the harm mechanism.", "status": "supported" }, "person_relations": [ "made_decision_about", "made_claim_about" ] }, "name": "Adelphi accused Orion Newby of AI plagiarism after a detector flagged his paper; a Nassau County judge ordered the finding expunged", "summary": "Orion Newby, an Adelphi University first-year student with language and auditory processing disabilities, received a zero in November 2024 on a World Civilizations paper after the professor suspected it was AI-generated and the university relied in part on AI-detection software; he was ordered to attend a plagiarism workshop and his appeal was denied, leaving him one finding from suspension or expulsion. Newby — who had written the paper with 15-20 hours of tutor support through the university's own disability program — said the detectors flagged his citations, and two other detectors scored the paper as human. After the family sued, New York State Supreme Court Judge Randy Sue Marber in Nassau County ruled on 28 January 2026 that Adelphi's finding and its denial of his appeal were 'without valid basis and devoid of reason' and ordered his record expunged. The family spent six figures on legal costs.", "incidentDate": "2024-11-01", "incidentEndDate": "2026-01-28", "incidentKind": "bounded_series", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "single_interaction", "reportedDate": "2025-10-10", "aiSystem": "Turnitin AI-detection software (and the university's reliance on it)", "aiCompany": "Turnitin", "severity": "medium", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [], "harmOutcomes": [ "educational_harm", "financial_loss", "psychological_distress" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "A false AI-plagiarism finding brought a zero, a plagiarism-workshop order one step from suspension, sleepless nights, and a year-plus fight costing six figures to clear his record — despite two other detectors scoring the paper human and the writing help coming from the university's own disability program.", "frameworkFacets": [], "causationStatus": "supported", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "One documented harmed person: Newby, the subject of the detector-driven accusation (court ruling and Newsday/ABC7 reporting). Other students mentioned by his attorney ('many parents have reached out') are unquantified and not counted.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US", "platformType": "other", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed", "outcomeStatus": "resolved", "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.newsday.com/long-island/education/adelphi-university-ai-plagiarism-lawsuit-oh07enyz", "primarySourceLabel": "Newsday (9 Feb 2026) — the ruling, the judge's words, the family and attorney accounts, the disability and Bridges program detail", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-15T09:31:23.493757+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "made-decision-about", "made-claim-about", "ai-detector", "turnitin", "education", "disability", "court-win", "new-york" ] }, { "id": "2025-keene-v-google-ai-overview-defamation", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Opinion page 2 lists Overviews 1–4 separately: 1, 2 and 4 concern life without parole; 2 mentions murders of three women; 3 says he was convicted of drug trafficking. The analysis of Overview 3 and conclusion explain its substantial-truth dismissal.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "Complaint excerpt: statements that he 'is serving a life sentence without parole for multiple convictions' and 'for the murders of 3 women'.", "relation": "context", "source_id": "s4" } ], "assertion": "The court’s opinion recounts four challenged Google AI Overviews between approximately 24 May and 27 June 2025. The complaint alleges that Overviews 1, 2 and 4 falsely said Keene was serving life without parole, with Overview 2 adding murders of three women. Overview 3 instead said he had been convicted of drug trafficking; the court considered that statement substantially true.", "causal_attribution": "Allegations of the complaint as recited by the court; accepted as true only for the motion to dismiss." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Page 2: 'Keene complained to Google about the false statements on three occasions ... Google allegedly apologized ... and deemed the statements errors made by its Artificial Intelligence.' and 'AI Overviews 1 and 2 were seen by various family members, friends, and acquaintances.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "Complaint excerpt: 27 May 2025 complaint; Google 'privately apologized', attributing the statements to 'an unknown error made by their Artificial Intelligence Platform'.", "relation": "context", "source_id": "s4" } ], "assertion": "The complaint alleges he notified Google on 27 May, 31 May and after 27 June 2025, that Google apologised each time and attributed the statements to errors by its AI, and that Overviews 1 and 2 were seen by family members, friends and acquaintances.", "causal_attribution": "Allegations as recited by the court." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Pages 1 and 12: 'that motion is granted in part and denied in part' ... 'the Court denies Google's motion to dismiss AI Overviews 1 and 2, and grants Google's motion to dismiss AI Overviews 3 and 4 without prejudice. Keene may file an amended complaint by October 13, 2026.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "Docket entry 29, 14 September 2026: 'Memorandum Opinion and Order AND Order on Motion to Dismiss'.", "relation": "context", "source_id": "s2" }, { "locator": "Post quoting the opinion's actual-malice and disclaimer holdings.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s3" } ], "assertion": "On 14 September 2026 Judge Thomas M. Durkin denied Google's motion to dismiss the defamation per se claim as to Overviews 1 and 2, holding that the plaintiff, a public figure, had plausibly pleaded actual malice through his three notifications, and dismissed the claims on Overviews 3 (substantially true) and 4 (publication not alleged) without prejudice, with leave to amend by 13 October 2026.", "causal_attribution": "Court ruling on the pleadings; no finding of liability." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Page 2: 'Keene filed his complaint ... on July 30, 2025, in the Circuit Court of Cook County. Google removed the suit to federal court on September 22, 2025.'", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "Docket header: filed 22 September 2025, No. 1:25-cv-11431.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "The suit was filed in the Circuit Court of Cook County on 30 July 2025 and removed by Google to federal court on 22 September 2025.", "causal_attribution": "Procedural history from the court record." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "reputational_harm_from_false_ai_statements", "claim_id": "c1", "direction": "negative" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ilnd.486629/gov.uscourts.ilnd.486629.29.0.pdf", "kind": "court_opinion", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Memorandum Opinion and Order, ECF No. 29, filed 14 September 2026; PDF read in full via CourtListener RECAP on 2026-09-15.", "independence_group": "court-record" }, { "id": "s2", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71417738/keene-v-google-llc/", "kind": "court_docket", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Public docket page read on 2026-09-15.", "independence_group": "court-record" }, { "id": "s3", "url": "https://reason.com/volokh/2026/09/14/federal-court-allows-libel-by-ai-claim-brought-by-protagonist-of-apple-tvs-black-bird-series-to-go-forward/", "kind": "legal_commentary", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read on 2026-09-15; quotes the opinion.", "independence_group": "court-record" }, { "id": "s4", "url": "https://reason.com/volokh/2025/09/23/from-prison-to-helping-the-fbi-to-an-apple-tv-miniseries-to-google-hallucinated-libel/", "kind": "legal_commentary", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read on 2026-09-15; quotes the complaint at removal.", "independence_group": "court-record" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "institutional_use" ], "contexts": [ "everyday_life", "privacy", "justice" ], "unknowns": [ "The plaintiff's residence and the locations where the Overviews were generated or viewed are not stated in the inspected records.", "No damages figure appears in the inspected records.", "The complaint exhibits (screenshots of the Overviews) were not inspected.", "The case continues; an amended complaint was due by 13 October 2026." ], "geography": { "basis": "The AI Overviews were generated online in response to searches; where they were generated or viewed is not stated. The plaintiff's residence is not stated in the inspected records, and the charter does not infer a country from the court. Court: United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, after removal from the Circuit Court of Cook County.", "court_countries": [ "US" ], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [] }, "publication": { "basis": "Published on the strength of the court's own opinion and docket, read in full, with legal commentary as context. The plaintiff is a public figure who sued under his own name; allegations are attributed to the complaint and the ruling is limited to the pleadings.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The statements at issue appeared in Google's AI Overviews, and the court's opinion recites the allegation that Google attributed them to errors by its artificial intelligence. The screenshots are exhibits to the complaint and were not inspected here; the court accepted the allegations as true for the motion to dismiss only.", "status": "supported" }, "person_relations": [ "made_claim_about" ] }, "name": "Keene v. Google: defamation claim over AI Overviews calling an author a convicted murderer survives dismissal", "summary": "An author and television producer, the subject of the Apple TV series 'Black Bird', sued Google, alleging that AI Overviews shown for searches about him in May and June 2025 falsely said he was serving a life sentence without parole, in one version for the murders of three women. He says he notified Google three times and received apologies attributing the statements to its AI, yet similar statements kept appearing. On 14 September 2026 the Northern District of Illinois denied Google's motion to dismiss as to two of the four challenged Overviews and dismissed the other two without prejudice. This was a ruling on the pleadings, not a finding that the allegations were proven.", "incidentDate": "2025-05-24", "incidentEndDate": "2025-06-27", "incidentKind": "bounded_series", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "unknown", "reportedDate": "2025-09-23", "aiSystem": "Google AI Overviews", "aiCompany": "Google LLC", "severity": "medium", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [], "harmOutcomes": [ "reputational_harm" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "The plaintiff alleges that false AI-generated statements that he was a convicted murderer serving life without parole were shown to searchers, including family, friends and acquaintances, and continued after he notified Google.", "frameworkFacets": [], "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "One person is the subject of the alleged defamatory statements and the plaintiff (court opinion). Family and acquaintances who saw the statements are not counted as harmed.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_ongoing", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ilnd.486629/gov.uscourts.ilnd.486629.29.0.pdf", "primarySourceLabel": "Memorandum Opinion and Order, Keene v. Google LLC, No. 25 C 11431 (N.D. Ill. 14 September 2026), ECF No. 29, via CourtListener RECAP", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-09-15T03:23:44.732123+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "defamation", "ai-overviews", "google", "hallucination", "lawsuit", "reputational-harm" ] }, { "id": "2025-doe-v-clothoff-nj", "caseFacts": { "claims": [ { "id": "c1", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Complaint caption and preliminary statement; ¶¶260-274, 338-340 (Telegram as nominal defendant).", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "Docket D.E. 1 (filed 2025-10-16; assigned judges).", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "Jane Doe, a minor suing through her parents, filed the complaint on 16 October 2025 in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC, Judge Esther Salas, Magistrate Judge James B. Clark) against AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. d/b/a ClothOff (BVI), Alaiksandr Babichau and Dasha Babicheva (of Minsk), and Telegram entities as nominal defendants.", "causal_attribution": "Established directly by the filing and the docket." }, { "id": "c2", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Complaint ¶¶33-40 (the discovery date, the Snapchat-group circulation, the age-14 source photo, the classmate uploader).", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" }, { "locator": "TechCrunch's complaint-based account, including that local authorities declined prosecution.", "relation": "context", "source_id": "s6" } ], "assertion": "On 20 October 2023 Doe, then 15, learned that ClothOff-generated CSAM of her and 'several other girls in her class' was circulating in a Snapchat group; the source was an ordinary photo of her at age 14 from Instagram, uploaded by a minor classmate; local authorities declined to prosecute.", "causal_attribution": "Established as the complaint's contents; they remain the plaintiff's allegations. The prosecution decline is TechCrunch's reading of the complaint, attributed." }, { "id": "c3", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Complaint ¶¶1-6, 54-55 (visitors, image rate, watermark, three clicks), ¶¶220-255 (affiliated services), ¶¶695-697 (bots, API).", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s1" } ], "assertion": "The complaint describes ClothOff as a purpose-built 'undress' service producing hyper-realistic output 'indistinguishable from real photographs' without a watermark in three clicks, with at least 27 million visitors and about 200,000 images per day, at least ten affiliated services, Telegram bots and an API.", "causal_attribution": "Established as the complaint's contents. These are the plaintiff's allegations, not independently audited figures; the historical record's '3 million users' and '15+ affiliated services' were corrected to the complaint's figures." }, { "id": "c4", "status": "corroborated", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Guardian passages naming the operators, the fake CEO, Texture Oasis and GGSel/GG Technology; the Almendralejo and Westfield links; '>4m monthly visits'.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s4" }, { "locator": "Bellingcat's network map and payment-laundering account (G2A/Skinsback/Steam/PayPal/Stripe/Patreon), 23 Feb 2024.", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s5" } ], "assertion": "Reporting before the suit identified the operators: the Guardian's Black Box investigation named Babichau and Babicheva (Minsk), a fake AI 'CEO', the Texture Oasis payment front and GGSel/GG Technology links, and tied ClothOff to the Almendralejo (Spain) and Westfield NJ school incidents; Bellingcat's independent investigation mapped the same network and its payment laundering six days earlier.", "causal_attribution": "Two independent investigations six days apart; they overlap on GG Technology/Bondarenko but were conducted separately. The complaint itself relies on the Guardian's reporting (per Yale)." }, { "id": "c5", "status": "documented", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Docket entries D.E. 12-20 (24 Jun notice; 29 Jun vacatur; 8 Jul order; 9 Jul motion and exhibits; 3 Aug setting).", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s2" } ], "assertion": "The 2026 docket shows continuing service efforts: a Rule 4(m) call for dismissal on 24 June 2026 (service not effected; the pseudonym motion administratively terminated), vacated by Judge Salas on 29 June after the plaintiff showed ongoing foreign-service efforts; an order allowing service by email on 8 July; and a motion for service by publication or email on 9 July, set for decision on 3 August 2026.", "causal_attribution": "Established by the docket through the RECAP mirror's end (15 July 2026); nothing later is visible in this review." }, { "id": "c6", "status": "disputed", "evidence": [ { "locator": "Yale's account of the removal letters and platform responses (X, Discord, Google, YouTube).", "relation": "supports", "source_id": "s3" }, { "locator": "TechCrunch: the service was 'still available... through a Telegram bot' (12 Jan 2026).", "relation": "contradicts", "source_id": "s6" } ], "assertion": "X, Discord, Google and YouTube removed ClothOff following the clinics' summer 2025 letters (Yale); the historical claim that Telegram removed the ClothOff bot in October 2025 is contradicted by TechCrunch, which found the service still available through a Telegram bot on 12 January 2026.", "causal_attribution": "The platform removals are a party account (Yale); the Telegram-bot status is contradicted by later reporting and recorded as disputed rather than resolved either way." } ], "effects": [ { "label": "AI-generated CSAM of a minor circulated in her school community; federal suit against the platform", "claim_id": "c2", "direction": "negative" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "url": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.njd.585002/gov.uscourts.njd.585002.1.0.pdf", "kind": "court_filing", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Complaint PDF (45 pages) fetched and read via pdftotext on 2026-09-15. The filing establishes its own contents; its allegations remain allegations.", "independence_group": "court-record" }, { "id": "s2", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71665449/doe-v-airobotics-venture-strategy-3-ltd/", "kind": "court_docket", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Docket reviewed on 2026-09-15 through D.E. 20 (mirror ends 15 July 2026).", "independence_group": "court-record" }, { "id": "s3", "url": "https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/clinics-file-suit-against-website-generates-nonconsensual-nude-images", "kind": "party_announcement", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read on 2026-09-15. Party source (the clinics bringing the suit); used for the clinics' role and the X/Discord/Google/YouTube removal letters.", "independence_group": "yale" }, { "id": "s4", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/29/clothoff-deepfake-ai-pornography-app-names-linked-revealed", "kind": "news_investigation", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in full on 2026-09-15 (29 Feb 2024, Black Box).", "independence_group": "guardian" }, { "id": "s5", "url": "https://bellingcat.com/news/2024/02/23/behind-a-secretive-global-network-of-non-consensual-deepfake-pornography/", "kind": "news_investigation", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in full on 2026-09-15 (23 Feb 2024).", "independence_group": "bellingcat" }, { "id": "s6", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/01/12/a-new-jersey-lawsuit-shows-how-hard-it-is-to-fight-deepfake-porn/", "kind": "news_report", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read in full on 2026-09-15 (12 Jan 2026); own interview with co-lead counsel.", "independence_group": "techcrunch" }, { "id": "s7", "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/10/teen-haunted-by-fake-nudes-sues-to-kill-nudify-app-block-telegram-bots/", "kind": "news_relaying_wsj", "access": "read", "language": "en", "translation_note": "Read on 2026-09-15 (17 Oct 2025). Relays the WSJ report; adds Telegram's ToS statement and the separate suit against the boy.", "independence_group": "wsj" }, { "id": "s8", "url": "https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/teen-sues-maker-of-fake-nude-software-b88f316f", "kind": "news_report", "access": "unavailable", "language": null, "translation_note": "HTTP 401 paywall on 2026-09-15; not read; language not established.", "independence_group": "wsj" }, { "id": "s9", "url": "https://www.nj.com/news/2026/01/this-nj-girl-was-a-victim-of-deepfake-porn-shes-suing-the-app-that-generated-it.html", "kind": "news_report", "access": "unavailable", "language": null, "translation_note": "HTTP 403 on 2026-09-15; not read; language not established.", "independence_group": "nj-com" } ], "version": 1, "ai_roles": [ "others_use" ], "contexts": [ "education", "justice" ], "unknowns": [ "The service-by-publication/email motion's outcome after 3 August 2026 is not visible in the RECAP mirror (ends 15 July 2026); whether default judgment or dismissal followed is unknown.", "Whether Doe's school is the Westfield High School of the earlier New Jersey incident is unverified: the complaint names only 'a high school in Union County', and the historical record's 'separate victim from Francesca Mani' is not established by any inspected document. The school is deliberately not inferred or named.", "The current availability of the generated images is unknown.", "The platforms' and registries' responses to the requested injunctions are not yet reported.", "The complaint's platform figures (visitors, image rate) are the plaintiff's allegations and are not independently audited." ], "geography": { "basis": "Event: a high school in Union County, New Jersey (complaint; the school is not named and is not inferred). Affected person: the New Jersey minor. Court: U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The defendants' BVI/Belarus connections are recorded without becoming event or court countries.", "court_countries": [ "US" ], "event_countries": [ "US" ], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "publication": { "basis": "Restored under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case (depicted_or_impersonated) with the federal complaint as the primary record. The plaintiff is a minor protected by court-ordered pseudonymity; no school, classmate or image description beyond the minimum case facts is reproduced. The complaint's contents are recorded as allegations; operator identity rests on two independent investigations.", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15" }, "ai_involvement": { "basis": "The complaint alleges the images of Doe were generated by ClothOff from her photo; the platform's purpose-built undress function is documented by the complaint and the Guardian/Bellingcat investigations. The allegations remain allegations against the unserved defendants; the platform's existence, function and operator identity are independently investigated.", "status": "supported" }, "person_relations": [ "depicted_or_impersonated" ] }, "name": "Doe v. ClothOff (D.N.J.): a New Jersey minor sues the AI 'undressing' platform over generated CSAM", "summary": "On 16 October 2025, Jane Doe, a New Jersey minor suing through her parents, filed a federal complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC) against the operators of ClothOff, an AI 'undressing' service, after ClothOff-generated sexual images of her — created from an ordinary photo of her at 14 — circulated in a Snapchat group when she was 15. The complaint, brought by Yale Law School clinics, alleges the platform was purpose-built to produce hyper-realistic non-consensual intimate imagery and names AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. (British Virgin Islands), Alaiksandr Babichau and Dasha Babicheva (Minsk), and Telegram as nominal defendant. As of mid-July 2026 the docket shows a continuing effort to serve the foreign defendants by email or publication.", "incidentDate": "2023-10-20", "incidentEndDate": "2025-10-16", "incidentKind": "bounded_series", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "repeated_interactions", "reportedDate": "2025-10-16", "aiSystem": "ClothOff (AI undressing service)", "aiCompany": "AI/Robotics Venture Strategy 3 Ltd. d/b/a ClothOff (BVI); operators identified in reporting as based in Minsk, Belarus", "severity": "high", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "minor_exploitation", "third_party_harm_facilitation" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "psychological_distress", "reputational_harm" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "ClothOff-generated CSAM of a 15-year-old circulated in her school's Snapchat group from an ordinary childhood photo — persistent image-based abuse of a minor that local authorities declined to prosecute, leaving the federal suit as the remedy path.", "frameworkFacets": [], "causationStatus": "established", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 0, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1, "affectedCountStatus": "partial", "affectedCountEvidence": "One counted depicted person: Jane Doe (complaint). The complaint's 'several other girls in her class' are depicted but unnamed and unquantified, so the total is counted-plus-unquantified (partial). Platform visitor and image-rate figures (27 million visitors, ~200,000 images/day) are not people and are never counted.", "victimAgeRange": "minor", "jurisdiction": "US-NJ", "platformType": "other", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.njd.585002/gov.uscourts.njd.585002.1.0.pdf", "primarySourceLabel": "Federal complaint, D.N.J. 2:25-cv-16671-ES-JBC (45 pages, read via pdftotext)", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-05-10T10:35:08.921808+00:00", "scopeVersion": "facts-v3", "tags": [ "lawsuit", "federal", "minor", "new-jersey", "clothoff", "deepfake", "csam", "ncii", "yale-law", "ongoing" ] }, { "id": "2026-doe-v-openai-stalking", "metadataReview": { "version": 1, "geography": { "basis": "Geographic fields reviewed against the cited retained dossier passages. This is a metadata review, not a new source or causal review. Residence, event setting and court are recorded separately. Affected-person countries refer to reported location or residence, not citizenship or a complete residence history.", "evidence": [ { "kind": "existing_record", "locator": "California", "location": "victim_description", "supports": [ "affected_person_countries" ], "countries": [ "US" ] } ], "court_countries": [], "event_countries": [], "affected_person_countries": [ "US" ] }, "unresolved": [ "The event setting was not established in this metadata pass. A person’s home country alone was not used as its location.", "No court country established in this review. Regulatory authorities and police locations are not automatically courts.", "Source languages remain unreviewed; no source body was newly inspected for this record during this metadata pass." ], "reviewed_on": "2026-09-15", "source_reviews": [] }, "name": "Doe v. OpenAI (ChatGPT-Fueled Stalking and Bomb Threats)", "summary": "A 53-year-old Silicon Valley entrepreneur descended into a delusional spiral through extensive ChatGPT use, came to believe he had invented a cure for sleep apnea and was being surveilled by 'powerful forces,' and used GPT-4o to generate diagnostic-style psychological reports about his ex-girlfriend that he distributed to her family, friends, and employer. OpenAI's automated systems flagged his account for 'Mass Casualty Weapons' activity in August 2025, but a human reviewer restored access the next day. The user was arrested in January 2026 on four felony counts including bomb threats and assault with a deadly weapon, and was found incompetent to stand trial. The victim ('Jane Doe') filed suit against OpenAI on April 9, 2026.", "incidentDate": "2025-07-15", "incidentKind": "single_event", "incidentDatePrecision": "range", "exposurePattern": "cumulative_relationship", "reportedDate": "2026-04-09", "aiSystem": "ChatGPT", "aiCompany": "OpenAI", "severity": "high", "verificationStatus": "verified", "harmCategories": [ "third_party_harm_facilitation", "delusion_reinforcement", "psychological_manipulation", "crisis_response" ], "harmOutcomes": [ "psychological_distress", "reputational_harm", "exploitation_or_abuse", "harm_to_others", "legal_harm", "loss_of_liberty", "psychiatric_deterioration" ], "harmOutcomeSummary": "A participant distributed AI-generated diagnostic claims about his former partner, was later arrested for alleged bomb threats and assault, and was found incompetent to stand trial. The former partner sued over the resulting stalking and abuse.", "frameworkFacets": [ "P1a", "P1c", "P1d", "P3a", "P3b", "P3d", "P5b", "P5d" ], "pathwayDirection": "both", "causationStatus": "alleged", "participantUsersAffectedMin": 1, "otherPeopleHarmedMin": 1, "affectedCountStatus": "exact", "affectedCountEvidence": "The complaint and criminal record document one AI participant's psychiatric and legal harms and one former partner's stalking, reputational, and psychological harms.", "victimAgeRange": "adult", "jurisdiction": "US-CA", "platformType": "assistant", "outcomeType": "lawsuit_filed", "outcomeStatus": "ongoing", "primarySourceUrl": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/04/10/stalking-victim-sues-openai-claims-chatgpt-fueled-her-abusers-delusions-and-ignored-her-warnings/", "primarySourceLabel": "TechCrunch — Stalking victim sues OpenAI", "firstPublishedAt": "2026-04-28T13:00:08.422853+00:00", "scopeVersion": "participant-v2", "tags": [ "lawsuit", "chatgpt", "openai", "stalking", "harassment", "bomb-threats", "third-party-harm", "delusion", "us", "california", "edelson" ] } ] }