{"meta":{"exportedAt":"2026-10-22T12:02:02.773Z","formatVersion":2,"selection":{"q":"ai-composite","system":"","harm":"","context":"","country":"","role":"","relation":"core","evidence":"","year":"2025","response":"","severity":"","verification":"","view":"incidents","sort":"added"},"totalIncidents":2,"coverage":{"cases":2,"countries":2,"languages":4,"unknownLocation":0,"locationPending":0,"unknownLanguage":0,"unknownDate":0,"lawsuits":0,"regulatory":1,"minors":1,"coreRelations":2,"contextualRelations":0,"mixedRelations":0,"unknownRelations":0,"relationPending":0,"relationUnknown":0},"countingNote":"Distinct public cases in this selection. People counts apply within individual cases only; cross-case person overlap has not been resolved. No population incidence estimate.","affectedCountNote":"Interpret person counts with affectedCountStatus and the reported effects. Unquantified zeros are placeholders, not a measured zero.","source":"AI incidents","publisher":"NOPE","url":"https://nope.net/incidents","license":"CC BY 4.0"},"incidents":[{"id":"2025-seoul-court-fines-district-office-official-for-posting-generative-ai-fake-couple-photos-of-female-colleague","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'구청 조직도에서 내려받은 같은 과 B씨의 사진을 생성형 AI를 활용해 자신과 연인 사이인 것처럼 합성한 뒤 네 차례에 걸쳐 자신의 SNS 프로필에 게시한 혐의를 받는다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'AI로 이를 합성해 마치 연인 관계인 것처럼 꾸며 자신의 SNS 프로필에 게시한 것으로 조사됐다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'동료 여직원의 얼굴을 인공지능(AI)으로 합성해 마치 연인 사이인 것처럼 가짜 사진을 만들어 자신의 소셜미디어(SNS)에 올린'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Under the charges, in November 2025 he took a photo of a female colleague in the same department from the office's organisation chart, used generative AI to composite it into pictures making them look like a couple, and posted them four times on his social media profile.","causal_attribution":"The charges as reported by Yonhap and Newslaw; Kyeonggi Ilbo also says the faces were composited with AI and names a photo-editing app (claim c5)."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'총 600만원(성폭력처벌법 위반 500만원·명예훼손 100만원)의 벌금을 선고했다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'공소사실 전부를 유죄로 인정했다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"On 11 September 2026 the Seoul Southern District Court convicted him on all counts and fined him 6 million won in total (5 million won under the Sexual Violence Punishment Act and 1 million won for defamation).","causal_attribution":"Court outcome as reported; the judgment was not inspected."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'피해자는 피고인이 올린 허위 영상물을 보고 수치심, 모욕감, 혐오감이 한 번에 몰려왔다고 진술하고 있다'; '사건 이후 사내에 소문이 퍼져 수치심과 두려움이 크다고 말하는 상황'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The judge cited the colleague's statement that she felt shame, insult and disgust on seeing the images and that rumours had spread at work, leaving her ashamed and afraid.","causal_attribution":"The judge's account of the victim's statement."},{"id":"c4","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'초기 수사 단계에서는 '혐의없음' 처분을 받으며 논란이 됐다'; '지난 17일 법원에 항소장을 냈고, 검찰 역시 양형이 가볍다고 보고 항소한 것으로 알려졌다'; '해임 처분을 의결했다'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"}],"assertion":"Police initially found no offence; afterwards he and the prosecution both appealed and the Seoul city personnel committee voted to dismiss him.","causal_attribution":"Newslaw report; the dismissal decision itself was not inspected."},{"id":"c5","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'사진 편집 애플리케이션(앱)을 이용해'; '동료 여직원의 얼굴을 인공지능(AI)으로 합성해'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Kyeonggi Ilbo, which also says the compositing was done with AI, says he made the pictures with a photo-editing app.","causal_attribution":"Detail on the tool; the same report says the compositing was done with AI, so it does not contradict the charges reported by Yonhap. No product is named."},{"id":"c6","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'명예훼손 혐의와 허위 영상물 제작·게시 사실은 인정하면서도'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"},{"locator":"'자신이 게시한 영상물이 피해자의 성적 수치심을 유발하기 어렵고 그럴 고의도 없었다고 주장했지만'","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"In court he admitted the defamation and making and posting the false images, but denied that they could cause sexual shame or that he intended that.","causal_attribution":"The defendant's position in court as reported by Kyeonggi Ilbo and Yonhap."}],"effects":[{"label":"colleague felt shame, insult and disgust and faced workplace rumours after AI-composited fake couple photos were posted, per the court","claim_id":"c3","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20260911101300004","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Read in the original Korean on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Report of the 11 September 2026 ruling and the charges.","independence_group":"seoul-southern-district-court-ruling-reporting"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.kyeonggi.com/article/20260911580223","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Read in the original Korean on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Separate report of the same hearing; it describes the tool as a photo-editing app.","independence_group":"seoul-southern-district-court-ruling-reporting"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://www.newslaw.co.kr/ko-kr/articles/2255","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ko","translation_note":"Read in the original Korean on 2026-10-22 (HTTP 200). English renderings in this record are the research agent's (an AI's) own translations; no human translator reviewed them. Later report on the dismissal, the appeals and the initial police decision.","independence_group":"newslaw-dismissal-and-appeal-report"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["work","relationships","justice"],"unknowns":["Which AI tool or app was used; the reports name generative AI and a photo-editing app but no product.","The outcome of the appeals and of any challenge to the dismissal.","How widely the photos were seen."],"geography":{"basis":"The photo came from a Seoul district office's organisation chart, the colleague works at that office, and the Seoul Southern District Court decided the case.","court_countries":["KR"],"event_countries":["KR"],"affected_person_countries":["KR"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published as a core case (depicted_or_impersonated): a Seoul court convicted and fined an official whose charges say he used generative AI to make fake couple photos of a colleague and posted them, and cited her shame and workplace rumours. Two reporting chains (ruling reports; Newslaw on the dismissal); one report also describes the tool as a photo-editing app.","reviewed_on":"2026-10-22"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The charges, as reported by Yonhap and Newslaw, state that he used generative AI to composite the colleague's photo into fake couple pictures, and the court convicted him on all counts. The pictures depicted the colleague (depicted_or_impersonated) and the judge cited her shame and the rumours that followed. Kyeonggi Ilbo also says he composited the photos with AI and describes the tool as a photo-editing app; he admitted in court making and posting the false images. The technical basis of the AI description is not disclosed.","status":"supported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Seoul court fines a district office official 6 million won for posting generative-AI fake couple photos of a female colleague on his social media profile","summary":"The Seoul Southern District Court on 11 September 2026 fined a male official in his fifties at a Seoul district office a total of 6 million won for making and posting false images and for defamation, according to Korean reports of the ruling. Under the charges, in November 2025 he took a photo of a female colleague in his department from the office's organisation chart, used generative AI to composite it into pictures that made them look like a couple, and posted them four times on his social media profile. The judge cited the colleague's statement that she felt shame, insult and disgust, and that rumours had spread at work. Police had initially found no offence before the case was sent back to prosecutors. Both he and the prosecution appealed, and the Seoul city personnel committee voted to dismiss him.","incidentDate":"2025-11-01","incidentKind":"single_event","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2026-09-11","aiSystem":"Generative AI, not named in the reports, used to composite a colleague's photo into fake couple pictures (one report also describes the tool as a photo-editing app)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"medium","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["psychological_distress","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"According to the court as reported, a colleague whose photo was composited with generative AI into fake couple pictures posted on an official's social media felt shame, insult and disgust, and rumours spread at work; the official was fined and dismissed.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"established","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":1,"affectedCountStatus":"exact","affectedCountEvidence":"One person, the colleague depicted in the photos (court ruling as reported). Exact 1.","victimAgeRange":"adult","jurisdiction":"KR","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"criminal_charges","outcomeStatus":"ongoing","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20260911101300004","primarySourceLabel":"Yonhap News Agency, 11 September 2026: district official who composited a colleague's face with AI fined","firstPublishedAt":"2026-10-22T03:23:44.455411+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-10-22T03:23:44.455411+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["ai-composite","workplace","false-images","criminal-fine","south-korea","depicted-or-impersonated"]},{"id":"2025-muar-johor-school-ai-deepfake-three-pupils-expelled","caseFacts":{"claims":[{"id":"c1","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'Sebuah sekolah Cina di Muar, Johor, mengambil tindakan buang sekolah terhadap tiga pelajar lelaki kerana menggunakan kecerdasan buatan (AI) untuk menghasilkan imej lucah deepfake melibatkan rakan sekelas perempuan mereka' (a Chinese school in Muar, Johor, expelled three male pupils for using AI to produce indecent deepfake images involving their female classmates); 'China Press melaporkan bahawa sebahagian daripada imej yang diubahsuai itu tersebar di internet, melibatkan sekurang-kurangnya dua pelajar perempuan yang telah membuat laporan polis' (China Press reported that some of the altered images spread on the internet, involving at least two female pupils who lodged police reports).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"},{"locator":"'3名涉案学生分别就读初二、初三及高一。据了解，他们利用人工智能软体，将多名女生的头像合成至不雅照片中，部分影像更已在网路上流传' (the three pupils are in junior two, junior three and senior one; they used AI software to composite several girls' faces into indecent photos, some of which had already circulated online); '至少有2名女学生受害，受害者已向警方报案' (at least two girls were affected and the victims have reported to police).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'expelled three male students for using artificial intelligence to make explicit AI deepfake images of their female classmates'; 'affecting at least two female students who filed police reports'.","relation":"supports","source_id":"s2"}],"assertion":"Three male pupils in Forms 2, 3 and 4 at a Chinese secondary school in Muar used AI software to composite several female classmates' faces onto indecent images; some of the images spread on the internet; at least two girls lodged police reports.","causal_attribution":"School statement and principal's account as first reported by China Press and relayed by FMT and Seehua; single reporting chain."},{"id":"c2","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'校方是本周一接获校内流传不雅合成照片的消息，鉴于事态严重，立即展开调查，并在确认涉案学生与受害女生身分后，安排双方家长到校会面' (the school received word on Monday this week that composited indecent photos were circulating in the school, began an investigation immediately given the seriousness, and after confirming the identities of the pupils involved and the affected girls arranged for both sets of parents to meet at the school); '男生家长也接受校方开除学籍的决定' (the boys' parents accepted the school's decision to expel them).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'telah membuang pelajar Tingkatan 2, 3 dan 4 tersebut selaras peraturan sekolah' (expelled the Form 2, 3 and 4 pupils in line with school rules); 'Ibu bapa ketiga-tiga pelajar terbabit menerima keputusan sekolah untuk membuang mereka' (the parents of all three pupils accepted the school's decision to expel them).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The school was told of the images on Monday 1 December 2025, investigated immediately, met the parents of all pupils involved, expelled the three boys under its rules citing zero tolerance, urged the victims to report to police and parents to delete such images; the boys' parents accepted the decision.","causal_attribution":"School statement and principal's account; single chain."},{"id":"c3","status":"reported","evidence":[{"locator":"'麻坡警区主任拉益慕克里兹受询时证实，警方已接获相关报案，并已传召涉案男学生协助调查，案件仍在进一步调查中' (the Muar district police chief confirmed when asked that police had received the reports, had summoned the boys involved to assist the investigation, and the case was still under investigation).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s3"},{"locator":"'Ketua Polis Muar ... mengesahkan laporan telah diterima dan siasatan sedang dijalankan' (the Muar police chief confirmed reports had been received and an investigation was under way).","relation":"supports","source_id":"s1"}],"assertion":"The Muar district police chief confirmed that reports had been received, that the boys had been summoned to assist the investigation, and that an investigation was under way.","causal_attribution":"Police chief's confirmation as quoted in the same reports."}],"effects":[{"label":"female classmates' faces were composited with AI onto indecent images, some of which spread online; at least two girls lodged police reports","claim_id":"c1","direction":"negative"}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/bahasa/tempatan/2025/12/04/3-pelajar-dibuang-sekolah-buat-imej-lucah-rakan-sekelas-guna-ai","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"ms","translation_note":"Read in Malay on 2026-09-19 (FMT Malay edition, published 2025-12-04 11:03 UTC). Credits China Press; carries the school statement and the Muar police chief's confirmation. Model reading of the original; English glosses are the reviewer's.","independence_group":"china-press-school-and-police-2025-12-03"},{"id":"s2","url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2025/12/04/3-muar-students-booted-for-making-explicit-ai-deepfakes-of-classmates","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"en","translation_note":"Read in English on 2026-09-19 (FMT, published 2025-12-04 10:49 UTC). English version of the same China Press-derived report.","independence_group":"china-press-school-and-police-2025-12-03"},{"id":"s3","url":"https://news.seehua.com/post/1412690","kind":"news_report","access":"read","language":"zh","translation_note":"Read in Chinese on 2026-09-19 through a Wayback Machine capture (the live page returns HTTP 403); Seehua, published 2025-12-03 22:37 +08:00, Muar dateline 3 December. Same school statement and police confirmation with more detail on the school's steps; no attribution to another outlet is shown, so independence from China Press is not established.","independence_group":"china-press-school-and-police-2025-12-03"}],"version":1,"ai_roles":["others_use"],"contexts":["education","privacy","justice"],"unknowns":["How many girls were affected beyond the two who lodged police reports; Seehua says several.","The ages of the three boys beyond their forms (Form 2 to Form 4, roughly 14 to 16).","When the images were made and how widely they circulated; the school learned of them on 1 December 2025.","The AI software used.","Any charge or outcome of the police investigation.","The China Press original was not read (HTTP 403), so the reporting chain is established from FMT's attribution only."],"geography":{"basis":"The school and the police district are in Muar, Johor, Malaysia; the pupils are of that school. No court proceeding is reported.","court_countries":[],"event_countries":["MY"],"affected_person_countries":["MY"]},"publication":{"basis":"Published under the 2026-09-15 charter as a harmful-artifact case involving minors with an institutional response and a police investigation, on the school's own statement and the district police chief's confirmation as relayed by three outlets in Malay, English and Chinese (one reporting chain, recorded as reported). The pupils are minors and unnamed; the school is described by type and district; the principal and police chief are not named in the record.","reviewed_on":"2026-09-19"},"ai_involvement":{"basis":"The school and the China Press report describe the images as AI deepfakes made with AI software ('menggunakan kecerdasan buatan (AI)', '利用人工智能软体'); the police confirmation does not describe the tool. No forensic finding and no tool name.","status":"reported"},"person_relations":["depicted_or_impersonated"]},"name":"Muar, Johor: three boys were expelled from a Chinese secondary school for using AI to make indecent deepfake images of female classmates; some images spread online and at least two girls lodged police reports","summary":"In early December 2025 a Chinese secondary school in Muar, Johor, expelled three male pupils in Forms 2, 3 and 4 after finding they had used AI software to composite several female classmates' faces onto indecent images, some of which had spread online. The school said it was told of the images on Monday 1 December, investigated immediately, met the parents of all pupils involved, expelled the three under its rules with a stated zero-tolerance policy, and urged victims to lodge police reports and parents to delete any such images. The boys' parents accepted the decision. At least two girls lodged police reports; the Muar district police chief confirmed reports had been received, that the boys had been summoned to assist the investigation, and that an investigation was under way. No charge or later outcome has been reported.","incidentDate":"2025-12-01","incidentKind":"bounded_series","incidentDatePrecision":"month","exposurePattern":"repeated_interactions","reportedDate":"2025-12-03","aiSystem":"AI image software used by pupils to composite classmates' faces onto indecent images (software not identified)","aiProduct":"Unidentified image tool","severity":"high","verificationStatus":"credible","harmCategories":[],"harmOutcomes":["exploitation_or_abuse","reputational_harm"],"harmOutcomeSummary":"AI-composited indecent images of female classmates were made and some circulated online; at least two girls lodged police reports and the school expelled the three boys.","frameworkFacets":[],"causationStatus":"supported","participantUsersAffectedMin":0,"otherPeopleHarmedMin":2,"affectedCountStatus":"documented_minimum","affectedCountEvidence":"At least two female pupils lodged police reports ('sekurang-kurangnya dua pelajar perempuan yang telah membuat laporan polis'; '至少有2名女学生受害'); Seehua says several girls' faces were composited ('多名女生'), which is not quantified. The three expelled boys are not counted as harmed.","victimAgeRange":"minor","jurisdiction":"MY","platformType":"other","outcomeType":"investigation_opened","outcomeStatus":"unknown","primarySourceUrl":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2025/12/04/3-muar-students-booted-for-making-explicit-ai-deepfakes-of-classmates","primarySourceLabel":"Free Malaysia Today, 4 December 2025: 3 Muar students booted for making explicit AI deepfakes of classmates (citing China Press)","firstPublishedAt":"2026-09-20T03:19:35.893689+00:00","updatedAt":"2026-09-30T01:17:10.979949+00:00","scopeVersion":"facts-v3","tags":["deepfake","ncii","minors","school","malaysia","johor","expulsion","depicted-or-impersonated","image-based-abuse"]}]}